1) The document evaluates evacuation at an engineering faculty building using manual and simulation methods. It includes an introduction, literature review, and experimental sections. 2) The literature review covers relevant fire safety acts and regulations regarding assembly areas, means of egress, fire drills, and fire simulation software. 3) Experimental work includes determining fire load, air flow rates, inspecting conditions and stairs, light levels, fire equipment, and locating optimal assembly points while calculating distances and suitability. A fire risk assessment and occupant questionnaire are also analyzed.

1. EVALUATION OF
EVACUATION AT
FACULTY ENGINEERING

2. INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION
The seven story building fitted with three lifts lies partially on a lake.
It houses offices for the Dean, Deputy Deans and eight engineering
departments as well as rooms for professors (JUSA A, B and C) and
associate professors, senior lecturers and other academic staff. This
is the biggest engineering faculty in Malaysia in terms of the number
of programmes offered and the number of postgraduates. Each
lecturer office has one wall almost covered with glass, standard
government size fitted with individual air conditioner, PA system,
sprinkler head and four foot fluorescent lights.
The objective of this work is to evaluate fire safety components using
manual and commercial software.

4. LITERATURE REVIEW

5. Literature
Review
Fire Services act
1988 (act 341)
Regulation,
Rules and Order
Best assembly
area
Fire fighting
access lobbies
Means of egressStairs
Fire drilss
Computer
simulation

6. FIRE SERVICES ACT 1988
(ACT 341) REGULATION,
RULES AND ORDER
Fire Services act 1988 (act 341) is an act that make provision for the
effective and efficient functioning of the Fire Services Department for
the protection of persons and property from the fire risk and for
purposes connected with it. (Fire Services Act 1988, 2006)

7. BEST ASSEMBLY AREA
Assembly area is an area where located outside the building in an
open space so everyone can gather and be identified but the area
should be clearing indicate by all occupants before emergency arise.
(Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

8. FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS
LOBBIES
Fire safety should conform to the following requirements:
Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.587 square
meters (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)
The open able area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall
be not less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and if ventilation is
by means of open able windows, Additional permanent ventilation
having a free opening of 464 square centimeters shall be provided
except that mechanical pressurization may be provided as an
alternative. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

9. HEAT LOAD
The heat load is the maximum heat that can be theoretically generated
by the combustible items and contents of the structure. The heat load
could be measured as the weight of the combustible material
multiplied by the calorific value per unit weight. Heat load is
conveniently expressed in terms of the floor space as MJ/m2or
Mcal/m2.More often it would be expressed in terms of equivalent
quantity of wood and expressed as Kg wood / m2 (1 Kg wood = 18MJ).
The amount of heat load and the values may change from one
environment to the other and also from country to country (Patterson,
1993)

10. MEANS OF EGRESS
A means of egress is an exit path that occupants may use to safely exit a
building. It is designed to provide safe and easy travel during a fire or other
emergency so that the risk of injury or death is minimized. (Uniform Building
By Law 1984, 2011)
Components of means of egress
Doors
Stairs
Guards and handrails
Smoke proof enclosures
Stair pressurization
Horizontal exits
Exit passageways

11. STAIRS
Stairs for emergency during fire has their own dimension that need to
follow by rules that stated in Uniform Building By Law 1984.the
dimension that be suggested by the law is the rise of any staircase
shall not be not more than 180 millimeters and tread shall be not less
than 255 millimeters and dimension of the rise and the tread of the
staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout. Other
than that, the width of staircase shall be in accordance by law 168
while the depth of landings shall be not less than the width of the
staircase. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

12. FIRE DRILLS
Fire drill is an exercise in the use of firefighting equipment or the
evacuation of a building in case of a fire
There are 4 stages that will be analyze during the fire drills, which are
1-Time before fire been aware (Δtdet)
2- Be aware of fire (Δta)
3 - Identify and respond to sound the alarm (Δtpre)
4 - Start clear the building and move to a place of assembly secure
(Δttrav)

13. PYRO SIM SOFTWARE
Pyro Sim is a graphical user interface for the Fire Dynamics Simulator
(FDS). FDS models can predict smoke, temperature, carbon monoxide,
and other substances during fires. The results of these simulations
have been used to ensure the safety of buildings before construction,
evaluate safety options of existing buildings, reconstruct fires for
post-accident investigation, and assist in firefighter training.
(Engineering, 2010)

14. EXPERIMENTAL

15. EXPERIMENTAL
1) Determination of fire load from types of files and books
2) Determine air flow rate in the lift lobby
3) Checking conditions and staircases
4) Measure the lumen in the corridor and stair cases
5) Checking the condition of firefighting devices
6) Determining optimum location of new assembley points
7) Calculating distance and suitability of assembly points
8) Questionnaire on fire safety awareness

16. DETERMINATION OF
FIRE LOAD FROM
TYPES OF FILES AND
BOOKS

17. DETERMINATION OF FIRE
LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES
AND BOOKS

18. DETERMINATION OF FIRE
LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES
AND BOOKSNo Classification Type Reference Quantity
1 Furniture Carpet
(16 m x 11 m)
Chair
Curtain
Table
Pic Frame
Sofa
Book Rack
Cupboard/Cabi
net
Dashboard
Whiteboard
2 Machine Refrigerator
Phone
Photostat
Computer

19. DETERMINATION OF FIRE
LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES
AND BOOKSMaterials Calorie Value
KJ/Kg
Acrylic 26051.2
Asphalt 40472.4
Coal 30935.8
Cotton 16747.2
Dynamite 5349.8
Nylon 23260
Paper ( average) 16282
Peats (average) 22097
Pitch 34890
Polyester 23260
Coal 30935.8
Cotton 16747.2
Dynamite 5349.8
Nylon 23260
Paper ( average) 16282
Peats (average) 22097
Pitch 34890
Polyester 23260
Polyurethane 37216
Polyvinylchloride 22097
Straw 13956
Waxes 39542
Woods (average hard and softwood) 18608

20. DETERMINATION OF FIRE
LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES
AND BOOKS
Heat load of material = Weight of material x calorie value of material
Average heat load (kJ) =
Heat load Furniture (kJ) + Heat load Machine (kJ) + Stationary equipment (kJ) + Papers (kJ) +
Miscellaneous (kJ)

21. EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION
OF HEAT LOAD
1,825 910
kJ

22. DETERMINATION OF FIRE
LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES
AND BOOKS
Room Heat load (KJ) Classification
1 3306292.7 Low
2 3434885.6 Low
3 4252509.5 Medium
4 5042651.7 High
5 5575073.1 Very High
6 6241704.7 Very High

23. DETERMINE AIR FLOW
RATE IN THE LIFT
LOBBY

24. DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE
IN THE LIFT LOBBY

25. DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE
IN THE LIFT LOBBY

26. CHECKING
CONDITIONS AND
STAIRCASES

27. CHECKING CONDITIONS AND
STAIRCASES
The time taken in actual experiment is 122
seconds which consists of 25 participants
evacuate from lift lobby level 5 to assembly
point. But by using pyro sim, the calculated time
is 119 seconds.

28. MEASURE THE LUMEN
IN THE CORRIDOR
AND STAIR CASES

29. MEASURE THE LUMEN IN THE
CORRIDOR AND STAIR
CASES
Place Lux number
Office lighting 320 -400 Lux
Emergency Staircase 80 – 90 Lux
Office Pavement 80 – 90 Lux
Exit Sign 0 Lux

30. CHECKING THE
CONDITION OF
FIREFIGHTING
DEVICES

31. CHECKING THE CONDITION
OF FIREFIGHTING DEVICES
Firefighting devices Equip Condition
Good Need to enhance
Door Y Y
Stair pressurization Y Y
Smoke proof enclosure Y Y
Guard and handrails Y Y
Fire door Y Y
Fire staircase Y Y
“KELUAR” Mimic Diagram Y Y

32. DETERMINING
OPTIMUM LOCATION
OF NEW ASSEMBLY
POINTS

33. FACULTY ENGINEERING UPM

34. 1
2 3
4

35. 1
2
3
4
Safest to
assemble
Safest to
assemble
Medium
Risk to
assembl
e
High risk
to
assemble

36. Assembly Area Reasons
1 The assembly area are high risk because the area are on a
roadway, accident could occur in this area. The best way to
control during evacuation by traffic control.
2 This assembly area has been gazette as medium risk as
because it is situated in the middle of lab.
3 This assembly are the safest place to assembly as it is in
the parking lot.
4 This assembly area are the safest place to assemble as it is
in the parking lot.
DESCRIPTION

37. CALCULATING
DISTANCE AND
SUITABILITY OF
ASSEMBLY POINTS

38. PATHFINDER ANALYSIS

39. PROFILES OF OCCUPANTS

40. PROFILES OF OCCUPANTS
Default
Characteristic Description
Speed occupants 1.19 m/s
Standard movement Standard normal
Shoulder Width 45.48 cm in average
Movement Use stairs and find any nearest
exit
Average height 1.8 m
Acceleration time 1.1 s
Slow factor 0.1
Slow pace
Characteristic Description
Speed occupants Log speed 0.5 – 1.19 m/s
Standard movement Standard normal
Shoulder Width 44 – 48 cm in average
Movement Use stairs and find any nearest
exit
Average height 1.8 m
Acceleration time 0.8 s
Slow factor 0.1
Reduction factor U = 0.7 S = 0.1

41. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS
- Analysis done with 450
occupants.
- Design of the building
are approximately same
with the actual design
with standard deviation
of 1.8%.
- Results are 6.23
Minutes = 373.8
Seconds

42. SIMULATION VIDEO

43. ANALYSIS FLOW OF
OCCUPANTS
1st phase : 0 – 50 seconds
- Room compact as
occupants increase
2nd Phase : 50 – 100
seconds
- Time critical
- Accident could happen
3rd phase : 100 – 200
Seconds
- Rehabilitation time
- Major occupants able to
evacuate
4th phase : 200 – end
Seconds
- All Occupants manage
to
escape
Accident can
happen in this
critical time

44. ANALYSIS IN MEANS OF
EGRESS
1st phase : 0 – 50 seconds
- Exit staircase compact
as occupants increase
2nd Phase : 50 – 100
seconds
- Time critical
- Accident could happen
3rd phase : 100 – 200
Seconds
- Rehabilitation time
- Major occupants able to
evacuate
4th phase : 200 – 350
Seconds
- All Occupants manage
Accident can
happen in this
critical time

45. WAY FORWARD FROM
ANALYSIS
By theory, the design of the building are safe for evacuation.
Unfortunately, by practical the occupants of the building are in high
risk. Therefore, Risk Assessment should be done in this building.

46. FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT
-LIKELIHOOD SCALE
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Description Rare Unlikely Possible Likely
Almost
Certain
Fall from stair
during evacuation of
building
>5 people 4 people 3 people 2 people 1 people
Time evacuation 3 minutes 4 minutes 4.5 minutes 5 minutes 5.5 minutes
Firefighting
equipment working
Predictable will
not happen
Unlikely happen Possible happen Likely happen Not working
Knowledge of
occupant using
firefighting
equipment
Fully skills Less skill Average skills Know little bit Do not know

47. FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT
-CONSEQUENCE SCALE
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Description Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catasthropic
Fall from stair
during evacuation of
building
Smooth evacuation Panic Slow down evacuation time
Injury + Slow down
evacuation time
Injury + death + Slow
down evacuation time
Time evacuation People safe Fainting Shortness of breath
Injury + Shortness of
breath
Death
Firefighting
equipment working
Smooth evacuation Properties damage
Properties damage + extend
time for evacuation
Properties damage +
injury
Properties damage +
death
Knowledge of
occupant using
firefighting
equipment
Smooth evacuation Properties damage
Properties damage + extend
time for evacuation
Properties damage +
injury
Properties damage +
death

48. FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT
-RISK MATRIX
Scale
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major
Catasthrop
ic
1 2 3 4 5
Almost
Certain
5 5 10 15 20 25
Likely 4 4 8 12 16 20
Possible 3 3 6 9 12 15
Unlikely 2 2 4 6 8 10
Rare 1 1 2 3 4 5
For grading risk, the scores obtained from the Table 3 Risk Matrix are assign
grades as follows:
1 - 2 : Low Risk – Standard Operating Procedures
to handle the risk;
3 - 4 : Moderate Risk – Monitor and review;
5 - 12 : High Risk – Attention Required; and
15 - 25 : Extreme Risk – Attention, time and
resources required.
Acceptability:
Score 1 - 4 : Acceptable Risk; and
Score 5 - 25 : Unacceptable Risk.

49. QUESTIONNAIRE ON
FIRE SAFETY
AWARENESS

50. QUESTIONNAIRE
BACKGROUND
Questionnaire based from “Sikap Dan Tindakbalas Penghuni
Bangunan Dalam Menghadapi Situasi Kebakaran Kajian Kes : Menara
Ansar, Johor Bahru” by Nawal Bt. Hj Mohd Khudzairi
3 parts in the questionnaire :
a) Background of the respondent
b) Awareness & understanding on fire prevention system in the building
c) Criteria of fire prevention system in the building

51. TARGET OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Respondent
population
Number of
questionnaire
distributed
Number of
questionnaire that
been returned
Percentage (%)
350 110 100 25

52. PART A : ANALYSIS OF
RESPONDENT BACKGROUND
20%
73%
7%
0%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
< 1 year 1- 5 years 5-10 years >10 years
Experience been in the building
Majority are 1-5 years
Majority are from student and
staff
Aim : To get well blended
information on fire safety

53. PART B: AWARENESS AND
UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE
FIRE SAFETY IN FACULTY
ENGINEERING
Part B
The
effectiveness
of fire alarm in
the building
The training of
"fire drill"
organized by
the building
management
Briefing of fire
safety to the
respondent

54. PART B.1 : ANALYSIS OF THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF FIRE
ALARM IN THE BUILDING
Hear a fire alarm
2 times of
hearing the fire
alarm for past 2
years
Did not know
cause of fire
alarm
1 time hearing
false alarm in 2
years
Fire alarm in the
building is not
working well
Series1 61 39.3 36.1 81 37
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Percentage(%)
The effectiveness of fire alarm in the building
Findings :
1. Respondent didn’t alert fire
alarm
2. Respondent lack of
awareness on fire alarm
3. Fire alarm are not tested
regularly.

55. PART B.2 : ANALYSIS OF THE
TRAINING OF “FIRE DRILL"
ORGANIZED BY THE BUILDING
MANAGEMENT.
56
45.4
31.8
65.9 66.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
never
experience fire
drill training
Only 1 time
involved in fire
drill
Not sure who
organize fire
drill
directly
evacuate from
the building
when hearing
fire alarm
do not know
what happpen
The training of "fire drill" organized by the
building management.
Series1
Findings :
1. Majority of respondent
never experience fire drill
training
2. Lack of awareness among
respondent who are really
in charge on fire drill

56. PART B.3 : ANALYSIS OF
BRIEFING OF FIRE SAFETY
TO THE RESPONDENT
38
57.9
65.8
51
35.2 35.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Receive
briefing of
fire safety
Receive fire
safety
brochure
External
consultant
give the fire
safety
briefing
seldom
recive
briefing
receive fire
safety
briefing
elsewhere
knowing the
fire safety
from
television
Briefing of fire safety to the respondent
Series1
Findings :
1. Majority of respondent did
not aware on fire safety
briefing in Faculty
Engineering
2. Majority of respondent does
not receive the importance
of fire safety in faculty.

57. ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS
ON FIREFIGHTING
EQUIPMENT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Awarness on fire fighting equipment
No
Yes
Findings :
1. Majority does not know
how to use fire extinguisher

58. PART C : THE CRITERIA OF
FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM IN
OFFICE BUILDING
There are several point need to focus in enhancing the
fire fighting system in the building which are:
1. Requirements of fire safety plan
2. Effectiveness of fire alarm system
3. Awareness of the importance of fire safety plan and
devices.
From those criteria, there are 3 aspect been observe in
this part:
1- Spreading information aspect
2- Effective communication devices aspect
3- Maintenance aspect

59. PART C.1 : SPREADING
INFORMATION ASPECT
Create more systematic fire
emergency plan
Spreading the information of using
fire fighting device by brochures
1% 1%
3%
1%
13% 12%
25%
35%
58%
51%
Spreading Information
strongly disagree Disagree No opinion Agree Strongly agree
Spreading information of fire
safety devices by brochures
Demand for
systematic fire
emergency plan
Information of
fire safety should
be spread well

60. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
DEVICES
0.0%20.0%40.0%60.0%80.0%100.0%120.0%
Fire drill
should be
done more
frequently
as training
and
experience.
Briefing on
fire safety
from
external
consultants
Teacing
manual of
fire
fighting
equipment
Strongly Agree 23.9% 26.1% 29.3%
Agree 47.8% 45.7% 53.3%
No opinion 21.7% 19.6% 10.9%
Disagree 2.2% 4.3% 0.0%
Strongly disagree 4.3% 4.3% 6.5%
AxisTitle
Effective communication devices
Training
frequent
Briefing on
fire safety
Teaching
manual

61. MAINTENANCE OF
FIREFIGHTING DEVICE
4.3% 1.1%
6.5%
7.6%
37.0%
34.8%
52.2% 56.5%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
Maintenance of fire fighting device
should be done regularly
Routine inspection should be
conducted by management
Maintenance
Strongly agree
Agree
No opinion
Disagree
Strongly disagree

62. CONCLUSION

63. Lack of awareness
of fire safety
among occupants
Management
should ensure
every Fire safety
devices works well
Fire Drill should
be done annually
to ensure
occupants know
on how to
evacuate.
CONCLUSION

64. THANK YOU FOR
EVERYTHING!!!