Swine microbiota: What’s changing - Dr. Heather Allen, USDA, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2012-leman-swine-conference-material
Dr. Heather Allen - The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and OutlookJohn Blue
The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and Outlook - Dr. Heather Allen, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
Ueda2016 the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity & tdm2...ueda2015
The document discusses the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (TDM2). It provides an introduction to gut microbiota, symbiotic relationships, evidence connecting gut microbiota to obesity and TDM2, and potential mechanisms of causality. Key points include that gut microbiota composition differs between obese and lean individuals, transplantation studies show gut microbiota can influence weight gain, and mechanisms may involve energy harvest from food, production of short chain fatty acids, effects on hormones like GLP-1, and low-grade inflammation from bacterial translocation.
The University of Chicago has significant expertise and resources in microbiome research across multiple departments. Key areas of focus include the human microbiome and its relationship to health conditions like diabetes, IBD, and autism. They have unique clinical and research facilities for studying the microbiome, as well as computational and data analytics capabilities. Notable initiatives led by UChicago researchers include the Earth, Home, and Hospital Microbiome Projects which analyze microbiome samples from various environmental and clinical settings. The university welcomes partnerships with industry to advance microbiome research and translate findings to applications that improve human health and the environment.
2 (2011) the role of gut micriobiota and the mucosal barrier in the pathogene...Daniel Chan
This document summarizes research on the role of gut microbiota and the mucosal barrier in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer. It discusses how germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models that are free of microbes or colonized with specific microbes have provided insights. Studies using these models have shown that gut microbiota components can directly influence chronic intestinal inflammation and colon cancer development. Additionally, microbiota colonization protects against autoimmune diabetes in mice. The document also reviews the composition and function of the gut microbiota and mucosal barrier, which involves mucus, epithelial cells, antimicrobial peptides, and immune cells that help maintain homeostasis and prevent pathogen invasion.
Microbiota, leaky gut syndrome and gut-related diseasesMaurizio Salamone
1. The gut microbiota plays an important role in metabolic, barrier, and immune functions that influence human health. An imbalance in gut bacteria (dysbiosis) is involved in many gastrointestinal disorders.
2. Maintaining balance between gut bacteria species and the host is crucial, as dysbiosis can lead to increased intestinal permeability ("leaky gut") and low-grade inflammation, contributing to conditions like IBS, IBD, obesity, and diabetes.
3. Modulating the gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, dietary changes, and supplements can help restore balance and proper communication between bacteria and host, potentially improving gastrointestinal symptoms and health.
Probiotics may play a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In ulcerative colitis, probiotics like VSL#3 have been shown to induce remission in mild-to-moderate disease, maintain remission, and treat pouchitis. Certain probiotic strains are more effective than others. In Crohn's disease, VSL#3 and S. boulardii have demonstrated benefits like maintaining remission and improving intestinal permeability when used as an adjunct to standard therapies. Well-designed studies provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of specific probiotic strains in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
1) The gut microbiota plays a key role in host development, physiology, and health by modulating the immune system and influencing organ development and metabolism.
2) The gut microbiota is dominated by anaerobic bacteria and contains over 500-1000 bacterial species from a few bacterial phyla. It outnumbers human cells 10:1 and contains many metabolic functions.
3) The gut microbiota influences the properties of the intestinal mucus layer, induces the development of lymphoid structures, and tailors immune development through effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Dr. Heather Allen - The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and OutlookJohn Blue
The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and Outlook - Dr. Heather Allen, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
Ueda2016 the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity & tdm2...ueda2015
The document discusses the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (TDM2). It provides an introduction to gut microbiota, symbiotic relationships, evidence connecting gut microbiota to obesity and TDM2, and potential mechanisms of causality. Key points include that gut microbiota composition differs between obese and lean individuals, transplantation studies show gut microbiota can influence weight gain, and mechanisms may involve energy harvest from food, production of short chain fatty acids, effects on hormones like GLP-1, and low-grade inflammation from bacterial translocation.
The University of Chicago has significant expertise and resources in microbiome research across multiple departments. Key areas of focus include the human microbiome and its relationship to health conditions like diabetes, IBD, and autism. They have unique clinical and research facilities for studying the microbiome, as well as computational and data analytics capabilities. Notable initiatives led by UChicago researchers include the Earth, Home, and Hospital Microbiome Projects which analyze microbiome samples from various environmental and clinical settings. The university welcomes partnerships with industry to advance microbiome research and translate findings to applications that improve human health and the environment.
2 (2011) the role of gut micriobiota and the mucosal barrier in the pathogene...Daniel Chan
This document summarizes research on the role of gut microbiota and the mucosal barrier in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer. It discusses how germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models that are free of microbes or colonized with specific microbes have provided insights. Studies using these models have shown that gut microbiota components can directly influence chronic intestinal inflammation and colon cancer development. Additionally, microbiota colonization protects against autoimmune diabetes in mice. The document also reviews the composition and function of the gut microbiota and mucosal barrier, which involves mucus, epithelial cells, antimicrobial peptides, and immune cells that help maintain homeostasis and prevent pathogen invasion.
Microbiota, leaky gut syndrome and gut-related diseasesMaurizio Salamone
1. The gut microbiota plays an important role in metabolic, barrier, and immune functions that influence human health. An imbalance in gut bacteria (dysbiosis) is involved in many gastrointestinal disorders.
2. Maintaining balance between gut bacteria species and the host is crucial, as dysbiosis can lead to increased intestinal permeability ("leaky gut") and low-grade inflammation, contributing to conditions like IBS, IBD, obesity, and diabetes.
3. Modulating the gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, dietary changes, and supplements can help restore balance and proper communication between bacteria and host, potentially improving gastrointestinal symptoms and health.
Probiotics may play a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In ulcerative colitis, probiotics like VSL#3 have been shown to induce remission in mild-to-moderate disease, maintain remission, and treat pouchitis. Certain probiotic strains are more effective than others. In Crohn's disease, VSL#3 and S. boulardii have demonstrated benefits like maintaining remission and improving intestinal permeability when used as an adjunct to standard therapies. Well-designed studies provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of specific probiotic strains in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
1) The gut microbiota plays a key role in host development, physiology, and health by modulating the immune system and influencing organ development and metabolism.
2) The gut microbiota is dominated by anaerobic bacteria and contains over 500-1000 bacterial species from a few bacterial phyla. It outnumbers human cells 10:1 and contains many metabolic functions.
3) The gut microbiota influences the properties of the intestinal mucus layer, induces the development of lymphoid structures, and tailors immune development through effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems.
The influence of intestinal microflora in development of diabetes type IIIvan Mindov
Recent studies show that the intestinal microflora has a significant influence on the development of type 2 diabetes. Variations in the intestinal microflora could positively or negatively impact development and protection against type 2 diabetes. The gut microbiota, an 'exteriorized organ', contributes to overall metabolism and the conversion of food into nutrients and energy, and imbalances in the gut microbiota are increasingly considered an important pathogenic factor in diseases like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Changes to the gut microbiota could be responsible for increased endotoxemia in response to a high-fat diet, triggering the development of obesity and diabetes.
The gut microbiota refers to the complex community of bacteria in the intestine. Its composition is initially determined at birth by factors like delivery method and feeding, and later by medications, sanitation, diet, and environment. Animal models have shown that genetic, dietary, and environmental influences can alter the gut microbiota. Studies have linked the human gut microbiome to type 2 diabetes, finding that diet influences its composition and that certain bacterial signatures in the gut promote intestinal inflammation and systemic inflammation linked to type 2 diabetes. Gastric bypass surgery, which highly effectively treats obesity and type 2 diabetes, likely works through changes to diet and the gut microbiota.
VHIR Seminar led by Joel Doré. Research Director. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Abstract: The human intestinal tract harbours a complex microbial ecosystem which plays a key role in nutrition and health. Interactions between food constituents, microbes and the host organism derive from a long co-evolution that resulted in a mutualistic association.
Current investigations into the human faecal metagenome are delivering an extensive gene repertoire representative of functional potentials of the human intestinal microbiota. The most redundant genomic traits of the human intestinal microbiota are identified and thereby its functional balance. These observation point towards the existence of enterotypes, i.e. microbiota sharing specific traits but yet independent of geographic origin, age, sex etc.. It also shows a unique segregation of the human population into individuals with low versus high gene-counts. In the end, it not only gives an unprecedented view of the intestinal microbiota, but it also significantly expands our ability to look for specificities of the microbiota associated with human diseases and to ultimately validate microbial signatures of prognostic and diagnostic value in immune mediated diseases.
Metagenomics of the human intestinal tract was applied to specifically compare obese versus lean individuals as well as to explore the dynamic changes associated with a severe calory-restricted diet. Microbiota structure differs with body-mass index and a limited set of marker species may be used as diagnostic model with a >85% predictive value. Among obese subjects; the overall phenotypic characteristics are worse in individuals with low gene counts microbiota, including a worse evolution of morphometric parameters over a period of 10 years, a low grade inflammatory context also associated with insulin-resistance, and the worst response to dietary constraints in terms of weight loss or improvement of biological and inflammatory characteristics. Low gene count microbiota is also associated with less favourable conditions in inflammatory bowel disease, such as higher relapse rate in ulcerative colitis patients.
Finally, microbiota transplantation has seen a regain of interest with applications expanding from Clostridium difficile infections to immune mediated and metabolic diseases.
The human intestinal microbiota should hence be regarded as a true organ, amenable to rationally designed modulation for human health.
Mapping the Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease Using Sequencing, Supe...Larry Smarr
Invited Talk Delivered by Mehrdad Yazdani, Calit2 Ayasdi Sponsored Lunch & Learn American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) San Diego Convention Center October 19, 2014
The document discusses factors that influence the development of the infant microbiome and its potential link to obesity risk later in life. It states that the microbiome develops both before and after birth, and is shaped by factors like birth mode, initial feeding method, antibiotic use, and diet. Diet plays the most significant role after infancy, with high fiber diets cultivating more diverse microbiomes. The composition of the infant microbiome may impact obesity risk through the microbiome's role in energy regulation and inflammation. Alterations in the microbiome could increase obesity risk through mechanisms like increased energy harvest from food, raised inflammatory responses, and changes in lipid metabolism.
Zhao Liping is a Chinese microbiologist who studied his own microbiome to understand obesity. After gaining significant weight, he adopted a regimen of fermented foods like Chinese yam and bitter melon believed to change gut bacteria. This led to weight loss of 20 kg in 2 years along with improved health markers. His personal experience inspired him to research the role of the microbiome in conditions like diabetes and obesity. While the field is still young, Zhao hopes to establish a molecular pathway between gut microbes and obesity through human and animal studies.
Your body is home to three pounds of germs, a rich microbiome that weighs as much as your brain! Thanks to the recent plummeting cost of gene sequencing, scientists are just now discovering how important these microbes are to health and wellness, with surprising links to conditions ranging from obesity, autism, allergies, depression, and much more. We’ll discuss the latest developments, and show how new, low-cost testing kits can help you learn more about — and reshape — your own unique microbiome.
The document summarizes research on the gut microbiome and its relationship to obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It reviews how the microbiome is influenced by factors from birth and can impact disease risk. Studies show differences in microbiome composition between obese, normal weight, and NAFLD patients, with NAFLD patients having higher levels of Escherichia bacteria that can produce alcohol. A pilot study found that treating pediatric NAFLD patients with the probiotic Lactobacillus GG for 8 weeks improved liver enzymes regardless of weight changes. Further research is still needed to fully understand the mechanisms and potential microbiome-based therapies.
Renée Wilson, Registered Dietitian and PhD Candidate at University of Otago, New Zealand. Presented at the 1st International Symposium on Kiwifruit and Health: http://www.kiwifruitsymposium.org/presentations/diet-microbiota-and-metabolic-health/
This cross-sectional pilot study aims to determine whether or not there are any differences between the gut microbiota of people with normal glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Dr. Tom Burkey - Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiologyJohn Blue
Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiology - Dr. Tom Burkey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
This document summarizes a presentation on the gut microbiota and the impact of probiotics. It discusses the gut as a rich ecosystem containing bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes. The presentation notes that the human microbiome contains over 100 times as many genes as the human genome. It also reviews clinical studies that have examined the effects of consuming various probiotic strains on the composition of the gut microbiota in healthy adults and IBS patients. The studies found mostly minor or no changes to the dominant microbiota with probiotic intake. However, some genera were found to be modulated in some individuals. The presentation concludes by discussing the need for more targeted screening of probiotics and understanding what level of microbiota modulation leads
Ellen Kamhi, PhD RN, The Natural Nurse, Leaky Gut is also called Compromised Intestinal Permeability, due to loss of integrity of the tight junctions between cells in the intestinal mucosa, and is well documented in the scientific literature. See my document Role of Intestinal Permeability in the Inflammatory Process. This condition should be addressed by all health care providers.
Discovering the 100 Trillion Bacteria Living Within Each of UsLarry Smarr
This document provides a summary of a lecture on the human microbiome given by Dr. Larry Smarr. Some key points:
- The human microbiome refers to the trillions of bacteria that live within the human body. Each person contains 100 trillion bacteria, outnumbering human cells.
- Research into the microbiome is a rapidly growing field that provides insights into health and disease. The microbiome plays a role in processes like drug metabolism and immunity.
- The microbiome is established early in life and influenced by factors like birth method and antibiotic use in the first years. This early development can impact future health.
- Microbiome composition and function can change with health status, diet, medications and other
1) The study analyzed data from over 1,000 Western adults and found evidence that some taxa in the human gut microbiome exist in alternative stable states, shifting between high and low abundance profiles.
2) Specifically, around 10% of prevalent taxa showed bimodal abundance distributions and reduced stability at intermediate abundances, indicating bi-stability.
3) These bi-stable "tipping elements" can co-occur in different combinations and have been linked to metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
This document discusses current methods for measuring and maintaining gut integrity, and the importance of gut integrity for animal health. It describes how gut integrity can be compromised by dysbiosis, toxins, and pathogens. Indirect measurements of gut integrity include markers in circulation and changes in gut morphology. Butyrate-producing bacteria may help maintain integrity by reducing inflammation and preserving barrier function. Future work aims to increase levels of beneficial microbes and steer microbial activity to improve gut integrity through feed additives and developing easy integrity markers for field use.
This document discusses research on intestinal microflora being conducted in Korea. It describes several research groups and projects investigating the roles of intestinal microflora in drug metabolism, food digestion, and human health. The goals are to better understand how microflora influence toxicity and to characterize differences in Korean microflora related to factors like diet. There is also a focus on developing diagnostic tools and establishing a Korean intestinal microflora database. The research aims to improve safety evaluation of drug metabolites and enable personalized medicine based on individual microfloral profiles.
Trillions of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi live in and around our bodies. Together, they make up the microbiome, which has been called the largest organ in the human body and been linked to a range of health issues, from asthma to diabetes to inflammatory bowel disease to obesity. Paul Kubes and Kathy McCoy, professors at UCalgary’s Cumming School of Medicine and researchers at the Western Canadian Microbiome Centre, share the science of the microbiome and why it holds the key to better health for all of us. Watch the full webinar at http://www.ucalgary.ca/explore/microbiome-why-few-trillion-germs-can-be-good-thing
The document discusses the gut microbiota and its role in health and disease. In health, the gut microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with the host, helping digest food, produce vitamins, and regulate the immune system. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, is associated with various diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and cancer. The gut microbiota influences disease by affecting barrier function, immune activation, and chronic inflammation.
This document summarizes computational approaches to studying the microbiome and its relationship to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and antibiotic use. It begins by outlining early microscopy-based observations of microbes and recent approaches involving sequencing and bioinformatics. Three manuscripts analyzing microbiome data are then summarized:
1) A study of bariatric surgery patients finding shifts in microbial diversity and function associated with metabolic improvements.
2) A study of leptin-deficient mice identifying specific microbes linked to obesity and calorie-restriction effects.
3) A cross-ethnic study of Danish and Indian people revealing differences in diversity and microbiome markers associated with metabolic traits and type 2 diabetes status between ethnicities.
The intestine is home to trillions of bacteria that play an important role in host defense. The intestine has a surface area of about 400 square meters and contains over 500 bacterial species. In early life, the intestine is initially sterile but acquires bacteria during birth exposure and through parental care, genetics, environment and feeding patterns. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts and include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces boulardii yeast. Probiotics exert positive effects through colonization resistance, production of acids and metabolites, and interactions with the intestinal epithelium and immune system.
The influence of intestinal microflora in development of diabetes type IIIvan Mindov
Recent studies show that the intestinal microflora has a significant influence on the development of type 2 diabetes. Variations in the intestinal microflora could positively or negatively impact development and protection against type 2 diabetes. The gut microbiota, an 'exteriorized organ', contributes to overall metabolism and the conversion of food into nutrients and energy, and imbalances in the gut microbiota are increasingly considered an important pathogenic factor in diseases like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Changes to the gut microbiota could be responsible for increased endotoxemia in response to a high-fat diet, triggering the development of obesity and diabetes.
The gut microbiota refers to the complex community of bacteria in the intestine. Its composition is initially determined at birth by factors like delivery method and feeding, and later by medications, sanitation, diet, and environment. Animal models have shown that genetic, dietary, and environmental influences can alter the gut microbiota. Studies have linked the human gut microbiome to type 2 diabetes, finding that diet influences its composition and that certain bacterial signatures in the gut promote intestinal inflammation and systemic inflammation linked to type 2 diabetes. Gastric bypass surgery, which highly effectively treats obesity and type 2 diabetes, likely works through changes to diet and the gut microbiota.
VHIR Seminar led by Joel Doré. Research Director. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Abstract: The human intestinal tract harbours a complex microbial ecosystem which plays a key role in nutrition and health. Interactions between food constituents, microbes and the host organism derive from a long co-evolution that resulted in a mutualistic association.
Current investigations into the human faecal metagenome are delivering an extensive gene repertoire representative of functional potentials of the human intestinal microbiota. The most redundant genomic traits of the human intestinal microbiota are identified and thereby its functional balance. These observation point towards the existence of enterotypes, i.e. microbiota sharing specific traits but yet independent of geographic origin, age, sex etc.. It also shows a unique segregation of the human population into individuals with low versus high gene-counts. In the end, it not only gives an unprecedented view of the intestinal microbiota, but it also significantly expands our ability to look for specificities of the microbiota associated with human diseases and to ultimately validate microbial signatures of prognostic and diagnostic value in immune mediated diseases.
Metagenomics of the human intestinal tract was applied to specifically compare obese versus lean individuals as well as to explore the dynamic changes associated with a severe calory-restricted diet. Microbiota structure differs with body-mass index and a limited set of marker species may be used as diagnostic model with a >85% predictive value. Among obese subjects; the overall phenotypic characteristics are worse in individuals with low gene counts microbiota, including a worse evolution of morphometric parameters over a period of 10 years, a low grade inflammatory context also associated with insulin-resistance, and the worst response to dietary constraints in terms of weight loss or improvement of biological and inflammatory characteristics. Low gene count microbiota is also associated with less favourable conditions in inflammatory bowel disease, such as higher relapse rate in ulcerative colitis patients.
Finally, microbiota transplantation has seen a regain of interest with applications expanding from Clostridium difficile infections to immune mediated and metabolic diseases.
The human intestinal microbiota should hence be regarded as a true organ, amenable to rationally designed modulation for human health.
Mapping the Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease Using Sequencing, Supe...Larry Smarr
Invited Talk Delivered by Mehrdad Yazdani, Calit2 Ayasdi Sponsored Lunch & Learn American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) San Diego Convention Center October 19, 2014
The document discusses factors that influence the development of the infant microbiome and its potential link to obesity risk later in life. It states that the microbiome develops both before and after birth, and is shaped by factors like birth mode, initial feeding method, antibiotic use, and diet. Diet plays the most significant role after infancy, with high fiber diets cultivating more diverse microbiomes. The composition of the infant microbiome may impact obesity risk through the microbiome's role in energy regulation and inflammation. Alterations in the microbiome could increase obesity risk through mechanisms like increased energy harvest from food, raised inflammatory responses, and changes in lipid metabolism.
Zhao Liping is a Chinese microbiologist who studied his own microbiome to understand obesity. After gaining significant weight, he adopted a regimen of fermented foods like Chinese yam and bitter melon believed to change gut bacteria. This led to weight loss of 20 kg in 2 years along with improved health markers. His personal experience inspired him to research the role of the microbiome in conditions like diabetes and obesity. While the field is still young, Zhao hopes to establish a molecular pathway between gut microbes and obesity through human and animal studies.
Your body is home to three pounds of germs, a rich microbiome that weighs as much as your brain! Thanks to the recent plummeting cost of gene sequencing, scientists are just now discovering how important these microbes are to health and wellness, with surprising links to conditions ranging from obesity, autism, allergies, depression, and much more. We’ll discuss the latest developments, and show how new, low-cost testing kits can help you learn more about — and reshape — your own unique microbiome.
The document summarizes research on the gut microbiome and its relationship to obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It reviews how the microbiome is influenced by factors from birth and can impact disease risk. Studies show differences in microbiome composition between obese, normal weight, and NAFLD patients, with NAFLD patients having higher levels of Escherichia bacteria that can produce alcohol. A pilot study found that treating pediatric NAFLD patients with the probiotic Lactobacillus GG for 8 weeks improved liver enzymes regardless of weight changes. Further research is still needed to fully understand the mechanisms and potential microbiome-based therapies.
Renée Wilson, Registered Dietitian and PhD Candidate at University of Otago, New Zealand. Presented at the 1st International Symposium on Kiwifruit and Health: http://www.kiwifruitsymposium.org/presentations/diet-microbiota-and-metabolic-health/
This cross-sectional pilot study aims to determine whether or not there are any differences between the gut microbiota of people with normal glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Dr. Tom Burkey - Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiologyJohn Blue
Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiology - Dr. Tom Burkey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
This document summarizes a presentation on the gut microbiota and the impact of probiotics. It discusses the gut as a rich ecosystem containing bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes. The presentation notes that the human microbiome contains over 100 times as many genes as the human genome. It also reviews clinical studies that have examined the effects of consuming various probiotic strains on the composition of the gut microbiota in healthy adults and IBS patients. The studies found mostly minor or no changes to the dominant microbiota with probiotic intake. However, some genera were found to be modulated in some individuals. The presentation concludes by discussing the need for more targeted screening of probiotics and understanding what level of microbiota modulation leads
Ellen Kamhi, PhD RN, The Natural Nurse, Leaky Gut is also called Compromised Intestinal Permeability, due to loss of integrity of the tight junctions between cells in the intestinal mucosa, and is well documented in the scientific literature. See my document Role of Intestinal Permeability in the Inflammatory Process. This condition should be addressed by all health care providers.
Discovering the 100 Trillion Bacteria Living Within Each of UsLarry Smarr
This document provides a summary of a lecture on the human microbiome given by Dr. Larry Smarr. Some key points:
- The human microbiome refers to the trillions of bacteria that live within the human body. Each person contains 100 trillion bacteria, outnumbering human cells.
- Research into the microbiome is a rapidly growing field that provides insights into health and disease. The microbiome plays a role in processes like drug metabolism and immunity.
- The microbiome is established early in life and influenced by factors like birth method and antibiotic use in the first years. This early development can impact future health.
- Microbiome composition and function can change with health status, diet, medications and other
1) The study analyzed data from over 1,000 Western adults and found evidence that some taxa in the human gut microbiome exist in alternative stable states, shifting between high and low abundance profiles.
2) Specifically, around 10% of prevalent taxa showed bimodal abundance distributions and reduced stability at intermediate abundances, indicating bi-stability.
3) These bi-stable "tipping elements" can co-occur in different combinations and have been linked to metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
This document discusses current methods for measuring and maintaining gut integrity, and the importance of gut integrity for animal health. It describes how gut integrity can be compromised by dysbiosis, toxins, and pathogens. Indirect measurements of gut integrity include markers in circulation and changes in gut morphology. Butyrate-producing bacteria may help maintain integrity by reducing inflammation and preserving barrier function. Future work aims to increase levels of beneficial microbes and steer microbial activity to improve gut integrity through feed additives and developing easy integrity markers for field use.
This document discusses research on intestinal microflora being conducted in Korea. It describes several research groups and projects investigating the roles of intestinal microflora in drug metabolism, food digestion, and human health. The goals are to better understand how microflora influence toxicity and to characterize differences in Korean microflora related to factors like diet. There is also a focus on developing diagnostic tools and establishing a Korean intestinal microflora database. The research aims to improve safety evaluation of drug metabolites and enable personalized medicine based on individual microfloral profiles.
Trillions of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi live in and around our bodies. Together, they make up the microbiome, which has been called the largest organ in the human body and been linked to a range of health issues, from asthma to diabetes to inflammatory bowel disease to obesity. Paul Kubes and Kathy McCoy, professors at UCalgary’s Cumming School of Medicine and researchers at the Western Canadian Microbiome Centre, share the science of the microbiome and why it holds the key to better health for all of us. Watch the full webinar at http://www.ucalgary.ca/explore/microbiome-why-few-trillion-germs-can-be-good-thing
The document discusses the gut microbiota and its role in health and disease. In health, the gut microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with the host, helping digest food, produce vitamins, and regulate the immune system. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, is associated with various diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and cancer. The gut microbiota influences disease by affecting barrier function, immune activation, and chronic inflammation.
This document summarizes computational approaches to studying the microbiome and its relationship to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and antibiotic use. It begins by outlining early microscopy-based observations of microbes and recent approaches involving sequencing and bioinformatics. Three manuscripts analyzing microbiome data are then summarized:
1) A study of bariatric surgery patients finding shifts in microbial diversity and function associated with metabolic improvements.
2) A study of leptin-deficient mice identifying specific microbes linked to obesity and calorie-restriction effects.
3) A cross-ethnic study of Danish and Indian people revealing differences in diversity and microbiome markers associated with metabolic traits and type 2 diabetes status between ethnicities.
The intestine is home to trillions of bacteria that play an important role in host defense. The intestine has a surface area of about 400 square meters and contains over 500 bacterial species. In early life, the intestine is initially sterile but acquires bacteria during birth exposure and through parental care, genetics, environment and feeding patterns. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts and include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces boulardii yeast. Probiotics exert positive effects through colonization resistance, production of acids and metabolites, and interactions with the intestinal epithelium and immune system.
The document discusses alternative parasite control methods for livestock such as improving animal immunity, pasture management, nutritional supplementation, and the use of bioactive forages and biological controls like nematode trapping fungi. It provides details on various grazing, nutritional, and biological strategies that can be implemented instead of frequent deworming to maintain gut health and maximize animal immunity against internal parasites. The economic feasibility of different options is considered, noting that alternatives like improved pasture management or rotational grazing may be more cost effective than products like BioWorma fungal supplement.
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Studies of feed additives in experimental cond...Irta
This document summarizes research on studying feed additives in experimental conditions. It describes various experimental infection models used to study Salmonella, E. coli, and Clostridium perfringens. It also discusses analyzing the gut microbiota using cloning, sequencing, and ion torrent analysis. Key findings include that the gut microbiota plays an essential role in digestive physiology and animal health, and can be modified by feed composition and additives, which can help reduce variance in productive parameters and improve farm economics.
This document provides information about probiotics. It begins by defining probiotics as live microorganisms that must survive passage through the stomach and intestines. It discusses that probiotics are living organisms that can be influenced by ingredients, manufacturing processes, storage conditions and other factors. The document outlines some of the challenges for probiotics to function properly in the body, including surviving stomach acid and colonizing the intestines. It lists several emerging health benefits of probiotics and recommends their use for maintenance and prevention. The document seeks to dispel myths about probiotics and provides examples of clinical and fundamental research supporting specific probiotic strains. It emphasizes the importance of choosing a probiotic product with high bacteria counts, quality strains, and proven results from
Exposure to atrazine and glyphosate pesticides and the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis were investigated for their effects on the health of northern leopard frogs. Atrazine exposure reduced mass gain over the study period but not growth in body length. Glyphosate reduced growth in body length during exposure but not mass gain. Exposure to the chytrid fungus significantly increased the frequency of skin shedding in frogs but did not affect other health biomarkers or cause mortality. The pesticides and fungus together did not have any combined effects beyond their individual impacts.
Impact of gut microbes on gastrointestinal diseaseSandra Unorji
Gut microbes have been identified play a role in both health and disease. Surprisingly, we are outnumbered by them which raises questions that has led to several research with interesting results.
Better Milk Quality from Better Mastitis Therapy Decisions- Dr. Ron ErskineDAIReXNET
Dr. Ron Erskine presented this information for DAIReXNET on Tuesday, February 12, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
Probiotics may help treat acute diarrhea in the following ways:
- Lactobacillus GG has been shown to reduce the duration and severity of infectious diarrhea. Higher doses of 10 billion cfu or more are most effective.
- Saccharomyces boulardii can help reduce the duration of diarrhea and risk of persistent diarrhea.
- Probiotics including Lactobacillus GG and L. reuteri may help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea by reducing the risk by about 50%.
The document discusses probiotics and their use in pediatric practice. It provides information on the functions of gut flora, how probiotics meet certain criteria to be considered effective, and their various effects including involvement in nutrient production, benefits to intestinal immunity and barrier function, and inhibition of pathogens. Several probiotic strains are mentioned that have demonstrated benefits clinically for issues like diarrhea, IBD, and IBS. Specifically, Lactobacillus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii are recognized as evidence-based options recommended for treating acute gastroenteritis. Case studies demonstrate the effective use of Lactobacillus casei Shirota in improving recurrent diarrhea and constipation in pediatric patients.
The core of the system is an integrated chip, the NutriChip, which, as a demonstrator of an artificial and miniaturized gastrointestinal tract, will be able to probe the health potential of dairy food samples, using a minimal biomarker set identified through in vivo and in vitro studies. The project will develop innovative CMOS circuits at the nano-scale for high signal-to-noise ratio optical detection and propose a special microfluidic system closely integrating cell-based materials within the chip.
The NutriChip will be tested for screening and selection of dairy products with specific health-promoting properties, in particular immunomodulatory properties. The CMOS detection chip will be used to image down to single immune cells. For the biochemical validation of the NutriChip platform, the response of the immune cells upon the application of food will be examined by monitoring the Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, key molecules bridging metabolism and immuno-regulation in nutrition.
criteria of selecting probiotics (1).pptxMadiha Khan
Lactic acid bacteria and probiotics provide several health benefits to humans and animals. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Lactic acid bacteria are used widely in fermented foods and probiotic supplements due to their ability to ferment sugars into lactic acid. When selecting probiotic strains, factors like safety, functionality, and ability to survive processing and storage must be considered. Common health benefits of probiotics include maintaining intestinal balance and protecting against gastrointestinal disorders.
This document provides an overview of probiotics, focusing on the bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. It discusses the history of probiotics, why they are important for human health, examples of foods containing probiotics, and their mechanisms of action. The document also covers commercial probiotic strains, genetically engineered probiotics, prebiotics, and Indian probiotic manufacturers.
This study examined the ability of human colonic bacteria to break down and utilize three polysaccharides: stabilized aloe vera gel polysaccharides (AVP), a glyconutritional supplement called Advanced Ambrotose (AA), and larch arabinogalactan (LAG, used as a positive control). Bacteria from the feces of four healthy humans were cultured with each polysaccharide. The cultures showed that bacteria could break down polymers in AVP between 50,000-1,000,000 MW and nearly all of the LAG. Interestingly, cultures with AA led to production of smaller 1,000 MW polymers, suggesting a unique interaction between the supplement ingredients and gut bacteria. There was variability between individuals
This document discusses probiotics and their mechanisms against pathogens. It defines probiotics as live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Common probiotic bacteria include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed probiotic bacteria. Probiotics can inhibit pathogens by competing for adhesion sites, producing antimicrobial substances, and strengthening the gut barrier. They may help treat various gastrointestinal disorders and conditions like IBS, diarrhea, and inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics modulate the microbiota and immune system to promote gut and overall health.
1) Living microorganisms such as probiotics and prebiotics can beneficially impact human health by modifying gut flora and stimulating the immune system.
2) Probiotics are live microorganisms that can improve gut bacterial balance, while prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
3) There is evidence that probiotics and prebiotics can help prevent and treat various health conditions, though further research is still needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action, safety, and appropriate usage.
Moving into the Post-MetagenomicEra of Gut Microbiome ResearchJonathan Clarke
Julian Marchesi's presentation slides from our previous Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Forum. For information about this years event please visit http://www.globalengage.co.uk/microbiota.html
This document discusses a case of a 10-year-old boy presenting with fever, headache, sore throat, vomiting, and then weakness in his right lower limbs. Differential diagnoses included Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute intermittent porphyria, acute flaccid paralysis, snake bite, and tick paralysis. Examination found weakness and absent reflexes in the right lower limb. CSF analysis showed mild leukocytosis and slightly raised proteins. Stool and blood samples were collected and sent for testing. The stool sample tested positive for poliovirus at the national poliovirus laboratory. The document then discusses polio viruses, laboratory testing for poliovirus, treatment, immunization including Sabin and Salk vaccines, pathogenesis
The gut-brain axis (GBA) consists of bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent advances in research have described the importance of gut microbiota in influencing these interactions.
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Dr. Heather Allen - Swine microbiota: What’s changing
1. Swine microbiota: what’s changing
Heather K. Allen, PhD
Research Microbiologist
Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit
2. Microbial ecology
• “If I could do it all over again, and relive my
vision in the twenty-first century, I would be a
microbial ecologist.”—E. O. Wilson
– 500-1000 bacterial species per mammalian gut
– 10,000,000 virus particles per milliliter of
seawater
• Exploring and hypothesis-testing in complex
environments
3. The Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens
Research Unit
• Reduce foodborne • Alternatives for
pathogen load “growth-promoting”
– Vaccines antibiotics
• E. coli O157:H7
• Salmonella – Define the effects of
• Campylobacter carbadox and ASP250 on
– Pre/probiotics the microbiota
• Inhibitors of Salmonella – Investigate alternatives
growth
– Functional
metagenomics
• For bioactive small
molecules to inhibit
foodborne pathogens
4. Biological Questions
• Is the swine gut
microbiota related to
shedding status?
– What happens to the
swine gut microbiota
during Salmonella
challenge?
• What is the effect of
growth-promoting
antibiotics on the
indigenous microbiota
and phages in swine?
6. Importance of Salmonella to swine
industry
• 53% of pig farms are positive for Salmonella
• Goal of any strategy (vaccine, feed-additive,
etc.) is to reduce Salmonella carriage
• Assess the swine gut microbiota before and
after Salmonella challenge
7. Experimental design
Inoculated with Salmonella
Non-inoculated
enterica serovar Typhimurium
(NI)
intranasally
6 piglets 54 piglets
0 2 7 21
• enrich for and enumerate Salmonella
• categorize by shedding status
• isolate fecal DNAs
• 16S rRNA gene sequencing
8. Cumulative area under the log curve
Classification of shedders
High shedders
Low shedders
Other shedders HS
LS
0 1 2 7 14 21
Days post inoculation
Bearson et al. submitted Microbes and Infection
Area under the log curve: Huang et al. 2011 PLoS ONE
9. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis
• Amplified the V1-V3 region using barcoded
primers
• Sequenced on Roche’s 454 Genome
Sequencer on the Titanium platform
• Analyzed in the program mothur
– By operational taxonomic units
(OTUs)
– By closest named relative (phylotypes)
11. Conclusions from OTU-based analysis
• At day 0, community structure of the “will-be”
LS and HS microbiota was significantly
different
• At day 2, Salmonella-induced changes in the
ecology of the gut caused significant shifts in
the microbiota
• At day 21, community structure of LS and HS
pigs more similar to each other than to NI
pigs, suggesting an impact regardless of
shedding status
12. Who is present?
• Swine microbiota resembles
other mammalian gut
microbiotas
– Dominated by Firmicutes,
Bacteroides, and Proteobacteria
phyla
• Abundance of certain genera is Allen et al. 2011 mBio
uniquely swine
– Relative abundance of Prevotella is
typically over 40%
13. Which bacteria are driving the
shifts at day 2?
Day 2 genera
Statistically
significant
differences:
LS vs. HS
NI vs. HS
15. Which bacteria were responsible
for the difference at day 0?
All p>0.05
Trends?
16. Next steps
• Systems biology analysis of Salmonella
shedding
Bacterial membership
Swine gene expression data
– Correlations between them
– Shawn Bearson (ARS), Brad Bearson (ARS), Chris
Tuggle (ISU), Jolita Uthe (grad student)
17. Antibiotics used in agriculture are
under scrutiny in the U.S.
• Agricultural antibiotics
have therapeutic and
non-therapeutic
(growth promoting)
uses.
• FDA recently (spring
2012) published a
Guidance For Industry Eckholm, E. “U.S. Meat Farmers Brace
for Limits on Antibiotics”. The New
(#209) to eliminate York Times. 15 September 2010.
growth-promoting
antibiotics in the U.S.
18. The challenges of alternatives to
antibiotics in agriculture
• The mechanism of how antibiotics promote
growth is unclear
– Pathogen prevention or treatment?
– Antinflammatory?
– Decrease pressure of indigenous bacteria on the
immune system?
20. Biological Questions
• Is the swine gut
microbiota related to
shedding status?
– What happens to the
swine gut microbiota
during Salmonella
challenge?
• What is the effect of
growth-promoting
antibiotics on the
indigenous microbiota
and phages in swine?
21. In-feed antibiotic experiment
Weaning
14 Days Post Farrow
1 week of growth on unamended feed
6 piglets 6 piglets 6 piglets 6 piglets
Control Subtherapeutic Therapeutic ASP250
Age of pigs (in days)
Unamended Unamended Unamended Unamended
21
Day 0 Day 0
Carbadox
35 Unamended 10 g/ton
Day 14 Day 14 Carbadox Day 0
Day 17 (End) 50 g/ton Day 3
Day 42 Day 28 ASP250
77 Unamended
Day 56 Penicillin, chlortetracycline, )
(End Day 0
Day 64 and sulfamethazine Day 8
Day 70 Day 14
22. ASP250 alters bacterial membership
Non-medicated pigs Day 0
ASP250-treated pigs Day 8
Day14
Allen et al. 2011 mBio p<0.01, R=0.43
23. Certain bacterial populations
change significantly with ASP250
• DECREASE: Coprococcus, Succinivibrio,
Streptococcus, Treponema, and Turicibacter
Streptococcus,
spp.
• INCREASE: Escherichia coli
Looft et al., 2012, PNAS
24. E. coli as an indicator of gut
disturbances?
• E. coli populations have been reported to
increase
– with other antibiotics
– In pregnant women
– With diet change in cattle
– In hungry kids in Bangladesh
Looft and Allen, 2012,
Gut Microbes
25. What are the functions of the
community members?
Medicated Non-
• Functions of interest:
(ASP250) medicated
– Mucin degradation
Day 0 Day 0
– Butyrate production
– Antibiotic resistance Day 14 Day 14
• >100 different types of resistance genes in
EACH metagenome
• Swine bacterial metagenomes harbor diverse
antibiotic resistance genes regardless of
antibiotic treatment
26. Gene(s) detected by:
Mechanism of resistance Confer(s) resistance to:
Metagenomics Q-PCR
More prevalent in the treated metagenome
Aminoglycoside O- aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-Ib streptomycin Not
phosphotransferase. aph(6′)-Ic, administered
aph(6′)-Id
Class A beta-lactamase. blaTEM-1, beta-lactams
blaSHV-2
Major facilitator superfamily emrD, mdfA, tet(B), bcr chloramphenicol, tetracycline, deoxycholate,
efflux pump mdtH, mdtL, fosfomycin, fosmidomycin, sulfathiazole
rosA, tet(B)
Resistance-nodulation-cell adeA, amrB, acrA fluoramphenicol, aminoglycoside, macrolide,
division efflux pump. mdtF, mdtN, acriflavine, doxorubicin, erythromycin,
mdtO, mdtP, puromycin, beta-lactams
oprA, tolC
Ribosomal protection protein. tet(M) tet(O) tetracycline
More prevalent in the control metagenomes
Resistance-nodulation-cell mexF chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone
division resistance efflux
pump.
Ribosomal protection protein. tetB(P), tet(Q) tetracycline
Also, more resistance genes in medicated metagenome than non-
medicated (p<0.05)
27. In-feed antibiotic experiment
Weaning
14 Days Post Farrow
1 week of growth on unamended feed
6 piglets 6 piglets 6 piglets 6 piglets
Control Subtherapeutic Therapeutic ASP250
Age of pigs (in days)
Unamended Unamended Unamended Unamended
21
Day 0 Day 0
Carbadox
35 Unamended 10 g/ton
Day 14 Day 14 Carbadox Day 0
Day 17 (End) 50 g/ton Day 3
Day 42 Day 28 ASP250
77 Unamended
Day 56 (End ) Day 0
Day 64 Day 8
Day 70 Day 14
28. Carbadox and gene transfer
• The antibiotic carbadox is
fed to swine to improve
feed efficiency 1. Are other phages
or gene transfer
• VSH-1, a prophage-like
agents induced
element of Brachyspira by carbadox in
hyodysenteriae, is induced the swine gut?
by carbadox 2. Are fitness genes
• Antibiotic resistance genes mobilized?
are transferred by VSH-1
among B. hyo. cells Stanton, T. B. et al. 2008. AEM. 74(10):2950
29. Amplify 16S rRNA genes and
isolate phages
Day 14 15 sampling points
(treatment x time)
Phage extraction
• 16S rRNA gene sequences per individual fecal sample
• 15 phage metagenomes from pooled feces
32. Phage integrases are more
abundant with in-feed antibiotics
p<0.01
n=10 n=5
In-feed antibiotics induce prophages in the swine
microbiome
33. Penicillin is likely the component of
ASP250 with phage-related activity
• ASP250 = subinhibitory concentrations of
chlortetracycline, penicillin, sulfamethazine
• PAS = phage-antibiotic synergy
Comeau et al. 2007. PLoS One. 2:e799
34. Conclusions part II
• Increases in E. coli abundance may be a
collateral effect of general ecosystem
disturbances, including antibiotics
• Swine microbial communities harbor diverse
antibiotic resistance genes
• In-feed antibiotics induce prophages in the
swine gut.
• ASP250 causes significant changes in the
membership and abundance of bacterial and
phage communities.
35. Apply microbial ecology to health and
food safety
• Discover targeted approaches to improve food
safety
• Manipulate microbial communities to prevent
carriage of foodborne pathogens
– Use fewer antibiotics
– Identify appropriate alternatives
– Discover novel ways of addressing disease
– Define individual health
36. Acknowledgements
• Salmonella project • Antibiotic alternatives
– Shawn Bearson project
– Brad Bearson – Thad Stanton
– Brian Brunelle – Sam Humphrey
– Jalusa Kich – Stephanie Jones
– Jenn Jones – Michelle Tsai
– Briony Atkinson – Uri Levine
– Torey Looft
• NADC Genomics group
– David Alt, Lea Ann Hobbs, and
Darrell Bayles
• Judi Stasko
• Jim Tiedje and Tim Johnson
When I was a rotating graduate student, I was grabbed by the same fascination that Dr. Wilson beholds when I spent 6 weeks in Jo Handelsman’s lab. Nothing in my undergraduate education captivated me as thoroughly as microbiology.
Plug Vijay
Metagenomics gives us the power to ask this question. Idea would be to identify factors that the antibiotics alter to promote growth. Then develop novel approaches that have the same growth-promoting effect without increasing the prevalence of antibiotic resistance.
Animals are often asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, serving as a reservoir for the foodborne pathogenSalmonellais present in the environment so the goal of eliminating Salmonella is a bit far-fetched. But if it can be reduced, then the number of illnesses are reduced, and that is a good thing.
I know that not all of you are microbiologists, but given the attention that the HMP is getting and that some of you are microbiologists I thought I’d give a general informational slide about the swine microbiota.
Chlortetracycline and carbadox make up almost 75% of antibiotic use in feed of nursery age pigs
Metagenomics gives us the power to ask this question. Idea would be to identify factors that the antibiotics alter to promote growth. Then develop novel approaches that have the same growth-promoting effect without increasing the prevalence of antibiotic resistance.
Lower LAB in folks with higher BMIFumaric acid mirrors the effects of ASP250 in regards to the E. coli and lactobacilli
1) sub-conc of penicillin weakened streptococcus such that phage resistant strains in mixed cultures were susceptible to phage lysis by exogenous phages (Verhue 1978)2) PAS Aztreonam and cefiximeNot tetracycline orgentamycin