This document analyzes social change in the agroecosystem of Shivasatakshi Municipality, Jhapa, Nepal using the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses) framework. Key driving forces identified include population growth, urbanization, and excessive fertilizer use. These forces put pressure on land and water resources through habitat destruction and pollution. As a result, the state of the environment has deteriorated, crop yields have declined, and temperatures have risen. Impacts include soil degradation, ecological imbalances, and disturbed plant-insect relationships. Proposed responses include managing urbanization, reducing chemical usage, raising public awareness, and effective government planning and policies.

1. A
Report on
DPSIR Analysis of social change in agroecosystem of
Shivasatakshi NP,Jhapa,Nepal
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mr. Subodh Khanal Suraj Poudel
Assistant Professor 3rd semester
Department of Environmental Science Class Roll no. 60
IAAS, Paklihawa Campus Exam Roll no.315
IAAS, Paklihawa Campus
Submission Date:2074/05/24

2. Introduction
 DPSIR is defined as the casual framework that describes the various
interactions between human, society and natural environment. It is formed from
many components that gives us actual idea and creative of redefining an
environmental problems and engendering solutions from appropriate responses .
This framework has been adopted by the European Environment Agency. The
components of this model are:
 Driving forces
 Pressures
 States
 Impacts
 Responses
This framework is an extension of the pressure-state-responsemodel developed
by OECD.
 Forces generate pressures; pressures influence or modify states; states provoke
or cause impacts; impacts stimulate or ask for responses;responses modify,
substitute or remove driving forces;responses eliminate, reduce or prevent

3. pressures; responses restore or influence states; and, responses compensateor
mitigate impacts.
 DPSIR provides a holistic and comprehensive approachto managing
environmental problems. Driving forces lead to pressures followed by state of
the natural environment which is trailed by impacts as well as responses which
shows forward link with driving forces and backward links with pressures, state
and impacts. It is also equally important to policy makers to make appropriate
decisions emphasize on the particular importance of DPSIR for land
degradation as identification of human activities that drives and pressurizes
environmental systems and state of natural resources, impacts and societal
responses and the feedbacks in ways of controlling land degradation.
 Social change refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns
and cultural values and norms. By “significant” alteration, sociologists
mean changes yielding profound social consequences. Changes come from two
sources. One is random factor and other is a systematic factor. On the whole,
social change is usually a combination of systematic factor along with some
random or unique factor. Invention, discovery, diffusion are the key points for
the social change.
Objectives
 To explore extent of social change in given region.
 To study the visible impacts of social change in an agroecosystem.
 To postulate possiblesuggestions for the problem observed.
 To provide various strategy inorder to overcome such agroecological
problems.
About Shivasatakshi municipilaty:
Shivasatakshi is situated south of Mahendra highway in jhapa district .It is
named after merging Shivajung and satakshidham and Dharampur V.D.C. It
is famous for religious, tourism and agroecological sector. Now a days due
to rapid social and ecological change in climate, soil, agroecosystem results
in deterioration of environment and ecology.

4. Methodology:
Forthe study of the DPSIR analysis of social change in agro ecosystem,
following methodology was adopted.
Desk study
A desk study is the preliminary study of information already available
about a site. It helps in guiding the further process ofmethodology. In this
method, date and information was studied from internet and various
geographical and census report of Nepal.
Selectionofstudy site
Latitude :26°36′55″N
Longitude :87°50′07″E
Area: 90.2square kilometer
Surface elevation:68m-74m
Population:39689
Density:440/km2
Male: 18283
Female: 21406
Annual rainfall: 2618 mm.
Annual Tempreature:24.5°c
(source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivasatakshi_Municipality
Distance from nearby Airport: 90Km west from Bhadrapur National Airport
Method of data collection:
Primary data collection

5. Primary data was collected either through observation or through direct
communication with respondents. The direct visual observation was done.
Then with the local environmentalist, questionnaire was conducted.
Secondarydata collection
Secondarydata were collected from annual report published by District
Level Office and consultation with state holders.
Result and discussion:
Using DPSIR analysis method, following components are studied under the
social change in the Shivasatakshi municipality,Jhapa,Nepal.
Driving force:
A ‘driving force’ is a need. Examples of primary driving
forces for an individual are the need for shelter, food and water, while
examples of secondary driving forces are the need for mobility,
entertainment and culture.
 Demography: It is the study of population and migration. The population of
Shivasatakshi village has increased from 2683 to 4718 at the rate of 1.9%
per annum according to the census of 2011.
 Unplanned urbanization: It is the main problem that changes the
agrecological condition since more people built houses unplanningly and
degrade the environment .Cultivable land became degraded and over
exploitation of natural resources takes place.
 Excessive use of fertilizer: Increase in population results high demand of
crops for daily consumption.Inorderto fulfill the demand of food people use
excessive amount of chemical fertilizer.
 Reductiom of cultivable land:Destruction of the cultivable land has been
observed since demand for shelter increases for the increasing
population.Agricultural land is being degraded day by day for settlement.
 Immigration:
 Monopoly in cultivation leading other crops to reduce or extinct has been
observed due to individuals perception.

6.  Huge amount of the harmful gases causing green house effect , global
warming has been observed becauseof use of modern luxurious technology.
Pressure:
Driving forces lead to human activities such as transportation or food
production, i.e. result in meeting a need. These human activities exert 'pressures'
on the environment for meeting their needs.
 Destruction of the cultivable land has been observed since demand for
shelter increases for the increasing population.
 Monopoly in cultivation leading other crops to reduce or extinct has been
observed due to individuals perception.
 Pollution in the soil and water bodies has been observed due to unmanaged
chemical drainage from industries and agricultural runoff.
 Overexploitation of natural resources gets increased due to increased human
demand.
 Reduction in number of active worker has been observed due to immigration
for better job opportunities
 High use of motor vechiles causes increase in temperature and air pollution
which has adverse effect in flora and fauna.
 Low productivity of crops and cereals due to change in soil composition and
acidity.
State :
As a result of pressures, the ‘state’ of the environment is affected; that is,
the quality of the various environmental compartments (air, water, soil, etc.) in
relation to the functions that these compartments fulfil. The ‘state of the
environment’ is thus the combination of the physical, chemical and biological

7. conditions. State may refer to a natural system alone or to both a natural and
socioeconomic system. It shows the situation and condition at a particular time.
 Due to change in agroecolgy of the envirnoment results in the destruction of
habitat of various wild life.
 Available better production land is being detoriated by plotting cultivable
land areas.
 Mean temperature has been increased
 Crop failure due to polluted land and water pollution has been main problem
seen in agricultural sectors.
 Increase in diseases, pests,chemical resistant microorganisms that cause
various diseases has been seen.
Impacts:
Impacts are the change in environmental function affecting social
dimension which are caused by change in state of system.
 Decline in soil fertility due to chemical wastages on the soil.
 Unmanaged cropping pattern and non-balanced intercropping pattern leading
to crop failure has been seen.
 Ecological imbalances has been seen.
 Plant- Insect relation has been disturbed .
 Mean temperature of this region has increased.
 Social problems suchas gambling,
Response:
A ‘response’ bysociety or policy makers is the result of an undesired
impact and can affect any part of the chain between driving forces and impacts.
Responses are the policy actions which are triggered by the precipitation of
impacts and which attempts to reduce compensate and eliminate their
consequences.
 Urbanization should be managed.
 Less amount of chemical feartilizers should be adopted in crops and priority
should be given to green manures.
 Alternative sourceof energy should be used.
 Government should be effectively make plans and policices for active
population

8.  Thosebanned chemicals should not be used which hampers the health
 Public awareness should be raised against against pollution.
 Fertile land areas must be cropped and effective plan must be implemented
for farmer
 NGOs and INGOs must work actively in managing the natural resources.
 Public awareness should be raised against against pollution.
Summary and Conclusion:
DPSIR analysis of social change in agroecosystem of
shivasatakshi municipality shows the degree of impacts taking place in the social
system due to the intentional or unintentioal human activities and adverse effects
on lifestyle of themselves and in the quality of environment.

9. References:
1.DPSIR framework:
http://wwz.ifremer.fr/dce/content/download/69291/913220/file/DPSIR.pdf
Retrieved on: Aug 5,2017/2:00pm
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivasatakshi_Municipality
Retrieved on: Aug 5, 2017/2:30pm