This document analyzes the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation among crop farmers in Plateau State, Nigeria. It finds that 42% of surveyed farming households live below the poverty line. Factors like the quantity of wood collected, number of grazing animals, and length of grazing time were found to significantly increase poverty levels by degrading the environment. Increasing farm size and knowledge of conservation, on the other hand, were found to decrease poverty by reducing environmental degradation. The study concludes that poverty and environmental degradation are strongly linked, with each exacerbating the other in a vicious cycle. It recommends targeting poverty programs at the local level and introducing environmental aid to break this cycle.
perception towards family planning and its implication to environmental susta...IJEAB
This study was conducted aiming at to assess perception of couples towards family planning and its relevance to environmental sustainability and to identify factors hindering family planning practice. Sample respondents for study comprises 90 couples in rural and 28 in urban. Data was collected by using random systematic and simple random sampling methods. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus group discussion. The research found that there is promising level of awareness on family planning and main source of information were health extension agents. Reported reasons in sought of large number of children were old age support, son or daughter preference, considering children as a wealth, and labor support, religious prohibition. Nearly half of respondent couples approve contraceptives with more approval of women in both settings. Most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards family planning. Furthermore, half of the rural and nearly less than half of the urban respondents approve the importance of family planning for environmental sustainability. During the study period 23.2% of urban and 18.9% of rural couples were using some method of family planning; among which 21.4 of urban and 16.7% of rural women were using modern methods, hence, awareness level and practice in family planning showed a gap in both urban and rural. In general, urban showed more favorable attitude and practice than rural couples in family planning. Despite of their lower practice in family planning, rural respondents likely showed more favorable attitudes towards relevance of family planning for environmental sustainability.
The adverse impact of ecosystem degradation and poor governance on marginaliz...NAAR Journal
This document summarizes a research article that investigates how ecosystem degradation and poor governance negatively impact marginalized people in Bangladesh. It finds that households have lost on average 0.2636 hectares of cropland and 2.59 local fish species have disappeared from local water bodies. Over three-fourths of respondents also perceive that access to local ecosystem services is decreasing. However, over half of respondents pay bribes of $6.82 on average to access ecosystem services. The combination of ecosystem degradation and corruption negatively influences the income, employment, and spending of marginalized communities, making them even more vulnerable while wealthier groups benefit. The study aims to help identify more sustainable economic development approaches in coastal areas that reduce ecosystem impacts and
Poverty-Environment Nexus - Indian Economic DevelopmentAshish Bharadwaj
1. How do environmental factors impact the
lives of the poor and the poverty reduction
efforts? 2. How environmental degradation is capable
of accentuating poverty? 3. How to reduce the environmental price of economic growth and consequently poverty alleviation?
This document is an internal assessment report on solid and sewage waste management in the community of Linstead, Jamaica. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of studying how improper waste disposal impacts residents' health. The literature review discusses how waste pollution negatively affects health and the environment. It also examines Linstead's lack of proper sewage management and irregular solid waste collection. The report will use research findings to evaluate impacts of waste and provide recommendations to alleviate problems.
Managing natural resources research paper-China’s land reform, feminization o...Xintong Hou
This document summarizes the current literature on gender and natural resource management approaches, and discusses the history of land reform and status of women's land rights in rural China. It reviews two main strands of gender and environment theory, as well as three approaches adopted by developers - WED, WID, and GED. The GED approach that emphasizes dynamic social relations is adopted for analyzing rural women's land rights and feminization of agriculture in China. It then discusses China's land reform history from 1949 to 1978. Despite some gains, women's land rights are still limited in reality, and they can lose land due to marriage, divorce or widowhood. Data shows difficulties for newly married, divorced and widowed women to retain or obtain land
This document provides an overview of the relationship between environmental degradation and social integration. It discusses how social factors can influence the environment through changes in population, markets, land tenure systems, and social inequities. Environmental degradation then impacts societies through effects on health, livelihoods, and resources people depend on. Individual and collective responses to environmental changes can transform social structures over time. The document reviews policy approaches to addressing degradation and argues for holistic strategies that consider social and environmental dynamics in specific contexts.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 11 from an environmental science textbook. The chapter discusses biodiversity loss and threats to biodiversity. It covers topics such as the value of biodiversity, habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, climate change, and efforts to preserve biodiversity. Specific threats discussed include deforestation, conversion of land to agriculture, rangeland degradation, urban development, and overexploitation of species.
perception towards family planning and its implication to environmental susta...IJEAB
This study was conducted aiming at to assess perception of couples towards family planning and its relevance to environmental sustainability and to identify factors hindering family planning practice. Sample respondents for study comprises 90 couples in rural and 28 in urban. Data was collected by using random systematic and simple random sampling methods. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus group discussion. The research found that there is promising level of awareness on family planning and main source of information were health extension agents. Reported reasons in sought of large number of children were old age support, son or daughter preference, considering children as a wealth, and labor support, religious prohibition. Nearly half of respondent couples approve contraceptives with more approval of women in both settings. Most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards family planning. Furthermore, half of the rural and nearly less than half of the urban respondents approve the importance of family planning for environmental sustainability. During the study period 23.2% of urban and 18.9% of rural couples were using some method of family planning; among which 21.4 of urban and 16.7% of rural women were using modern methods, hence, awareness level and practice in family planning showed a gap in both urban and rural. In general, urban showed more favorable attitude and practice than rural couples in family planning. Despite of their lower practice in family planning, rural respondents likely showed more favorable attitudes towards relevance of family planning for environmental sustainability.
The adverse impact of ecosystem degradation and poor governance on marginaliz...NAAR Journal
This document summarizes a research article that investigates how ecosystem degradation and poor governance negatively impact marginalized people in Bangladesh. It finds that households have lost on average 0.2636 hectares of cropland and 2.59 local fish species have disappeared from local water bodies. Over three-fourths of respondents also perceive that access to local ecosystem services is decreasing. However, over half of respondents pay bribes of $6.82 on average to access ecosystem services. The combination of ecosystem degradation and corruption negatively influences the income, employment, and spending of marginalized communities, making them even more vulnerable while wealthier groups benefit. The study aims to help identify more sustainable economic development approaches in coastal areas that reduce ecosystem impacts and
Poverty-Environment Nexus - Indian Economic DevelopmentAshish Bharadwaj
1. How do environmental factors impact the
lives of the poor and the poverty reduction
efforts? 2. How environmental degradation is capable
of accentuating poverty? 3. How to reduce the environmental price of economic growth and consequently poverty alleviation?
This document is an internal assessment report on solid and sewage waste management in the community of Linstead, Jamaica. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of studying how improper waste disposal impacts residents' health. The literature review discusses how waste pollution negatively affects health and the environment. It also examines Linstead's lack of proper sewage management and irregular solid waste collection. The report will use research findings to evaluate impacts of waste and provide recommendations to alleviate problems.
Managing natural resources research paper-China’s land reform, feminization o...Xintong Hou
This document summarizes the current literature on gender and natural resource management approaches, and discusses the history of land reform and status of women's land rights in rural China. It reviews two main strands of gender and environment theory, as well as three approaches adopted by developers - WED, WID, and GED. The GED approach that emphasizes dynamic social relations is adopted for analyzing rural women's land rights and feminization of agriculture in China. It then discusses China's land reform history from 1949 to 1978. Despite some gains, women's land rights are still limited in reality, and they can lose land due to marriage, divorce or widowhood. Data shows difficulties for newly married, divorced and widowed women to retain or obtain land
This document provides an overview of the relationship between environmental degradation and social integration. It discusses how social factors can influence the environment through changes in population, markets, land tenure systems, and social inequities. Environmental degradation then impacts societies through effects on health, livelihoods, and resources people depend on. Individual and collective responses to environmental changes can transform social structures over time. The document reviews policy approaches to addressing degradation and argues for holistic strategies that consider social and environmental dynamics in specific contexts.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 11 from an environmental science textbook. The chapter discusses biodiversity loss and threats to biodiversity. It covers topics such as the value of biodiversity, habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, climate change, and efforts to preserve biodiversity. Specific threats discussed include deforestation, conversion of land to agriculture, rangeland degradation, urban development, and overexploitation of species.
The Role of Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Management of Land Degradation...rsmahabir
Abstract
Land degradation involves a wide array of natural and human induced factors affecting the productivity of land. These factors can exist in various non unique and complex combinations of different environmental settings, making detection and monitoring of land degradation an often difficult undertaking. As a result, no universal solution exists to eliminate the problem of land degradation altogether. In order to reduce its rate of encroachment, this phenomenon should be assessed and quantified in order to identify the causes, processes and factors leading to land degradation.
In small tropical and Caribbean islands, there exists a severe shortage of good, reliable and up- to-date information bases for the contributing factors of land degradation. In addition to the limited knowledge about what spatial datasets already exist, there is also no agreed minimum level of quality for datasets and metadata documentation standards. As a result, datasets produced to help in understanding and treating land degradation problems may have unknown or unacceptable levels of uncertainty. This may require re-development of already existing datasets, hence consuming further efforts, financial resources, and time. In critical circumstances where land degradation posses severe threat to the environment and therefore indirectly to humans, the incurred price of a slow or ill informed decision may eventually render the state of land unrecoverable.
It is postulated that Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) would present the opportunity for much more strategic and cooperative management of land degradation datasets in Small Tropical Caribbean Islands. It is therefore expected to be a vital tool in the treatment of land degradation, and also to assist in creating a network of critical resources to drive further research in the area. This paper reviews the challenges faced by Small Tropical Caribbean Islands when managing land degradation, with special emphasis on Trinidad, and discusses how SDI can be used to better facilitate land degradation management in these areas.
1) The document discusses conservation efforts of the Ewe relict forest in Benin through involvement of local communities.
2) It describes using Farmer Field Schools to raise awareness, empower locals through training, and ensure long-term engagement in forest restoration using native plant species.
3) Key results include the community contributing over 800 native plants to restoration, indicating knowledge production exceeding expectations and a paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up endogenous conservation.
Economic Impact Evaluation and Household Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events...Francis Jhun Macalam
Abstract: Bay is one of the municipalities in the province of Laguna that is situated along the coast of Laguna de Bay, and is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters including typhoons and flash floods. Among these, Barangay Dila, San Isidro, and Tagumpay located in low-lying elevation of the Municipality of Bay were not spared by the impacts caused by the disaster. Hence, the study site was conducted in these flood-prone areas of the Municipality. In this study, it highlights the impacts and adaptation of the household to extreme weather events. Specifically, the study aims to identify, quantify, and monetized (whenever possible) the household's impacts of extreme floods and typhoons; described the adaptation actions undertaken by the households; and to evaluate the factors that significantly affect the choice of adaptation activities. The data used in this study was collected through a survey of 90 households. In selecting the household, random sampling was employed using the data that was acquired from the municipality. The selected household heads were interviewed using the structured sample questionnaire. Probit regression was employed to test the significant factors of the choices of adaptation activities of the household. The study revealed that the impacts of extreme weather events on the households of Bay, Laguna could be considered to be ranging from moderate to severe cases depending on the geographical location of the households. Also, households of Bay, Laguna considers the height of flood and distance from bodies of water as significant factors for undertaking adaptation actions.
(PDF) International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) Economic Impact Evaluation and Household Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events in the Municipality of Bay, Laguna, Philippines. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343960590_International_Journal_of_Science_and_Management_Studies_IJSMS_Economic_Impact_Evaluation_and_Household_Adaptation_to_Extreme_Weather_Events_in_the_Municipality_of_Bay_Laguna_Philippines [accessed Sep 11 2020].
This document discusses the linkages between gender and climate change in Asia and the Pacific region. It finds that women are disproportionately vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to social, economic and political barriers that constrain their opportunities. Women often have less access to resources, participation in decision making, and mobility, making it difficult for them to cope with or adapt to climate changes. However, women also play important roles in environmental management and have knowledge that could contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. The document calls for integrating gender perspectives into climate policies and programs in order to address both women's and men's needs, ensure women's participation, and support women's empowerment.
India has experienced significant deforestation over the past few decades, reducing its forest coverage from 14.8 billion acres to 8.6 billion acres. Deforestation is primarily driven by activities like agriculture, wood harvesting, mining, and infrastructure development to support population growth. This has led to negative environmental consequences such as loss of biodiversity, increased carbon emissions, water cycle disruption, and soil erosion. Many of these activities are a result of poverty in rural areas, demonstrating the need to address poverty as part of the solution to reduce deforestation rates.
This document summarizes a study that identified and prioritized vacant urban land in Kansas City, Missouri for conversion to public greenspace. The study used GIS analysis of land use, population, and income data to identify 10 vacant parcels totaling between 2-19 acres each that were at least 75% vegetated, located to improve connectivity to existing parks, and in areas of high population density and low income. Selecting sites based on need as well as environmental characteristics allows the conversion of vacant land to maximize cultural and ecosystem service benefits for local communities.
The Influence of Gardening Activities on Consumer Perceptions of Life Satisfa...BenBeckers
This study investigated the influence of gardening on perceptions of life satisfaction. The researchers surveyed over 400 gardeners and non-gardeners using the Life Satisfaction Inventory A (LSIA), which measures five components of quality of life. Results showed that gardeners had statistically significant higher overall life satisfaction scores than non-gardeners. When individual statements were analyzed, gardeners responded more positively on statements relating to energy levels, optimism, zest for life, and physical self-concept. Gardeners also rated their overall health and physical activity levels higher than non-gardeners.
The document discusses the mental health benefits of urban greenspace based on existing literature and evidence. It examines the commonly cited beliefs that contact with nature in cities can reduce stress and improve well-being. The scientific evidence for these claims comes from a few types of studies: controlled experiments showing benefits of natural views/settings, studies using nature photos/videos to test reactions, surveys of people's experiences and preferences in nature, and analyses of health data related to locations. While some evidence supports the beliefs, the magnitude of nature's effects depends also on lack of stressors in built environments. Overall access to restorative natural areas in cities may produce short and long-term mental and physical health benefits.
Robert D. Bullard School of Public Affairs Texas Southern University Houston,...environmentalconflicts
This document discusses the history of the environmental justice movement in the United States and ongoing issues of environmental racism and inequity. It notes that people of color are disproportionately exposed to various forms of pollution and environmental hazards. While recognition of these issues has grown since the 1980s, racial disparities persist in terms of where toxic sites are located, pollution exposures, and in government response to disasters like Hurricane Katrina. The document advocates for applying a racial equity lens and addressing longstanding inequities in order to build sustainable, just and livable communities for all.
This document discusses a thesis analyzing the relationship between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution sources and socioeconomic status in North Carolina. It provides background on the environmental justice movement and reviews literature showing low-income and minority communities often face greater environmental health risks. The thesis will use geographic and economic analysis to examine if disadvantaged communities in North Carolina bear a disproportionate burden of PM2.5 pollution from point sources. The research aims to provide insights that can guide more equitable pollution control policies and better health surveillance of at-risk populations.
The document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including characteristics of populations like geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It explains that population size is affected by births, deaths, and immigration/emigration. Environmental resistance limits population growth and determines a population's maximum carrying capacity. Both density-dependent and density-independent factors constrain growth. Understanding human population patterns is important for addressing global problems.
Eco cultural factors and ecological footprint as variables and measure of env...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated eco-cultural factors and ecological footprints as variables that measure environmental consciousness and accounting in Nigeria. The study examined factors like location, gender, education level, and age of respondents in two Nigerian locations. It found no significant differences in ecological footprints between urban and rural dwellers, males and females, or people of different education levels or ages. However, it observed serious environmental problems in the region from practices like uncontrolled bush burning and tree cutting that are greater threats than footprints. The study concludes there is a need for government policies to promote positive environmental attitudes and accountability.
Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...caxtonk2008
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
This document summarizes key concepts related to environmental justice. It defines environmental justice as "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies." It notes that environmental justice stems from the intersection of civil rights and environmentalism and focuses on addressing the disproportionate environmental impacts experienced by marginalized communities. Factors like economic resources, social capital, and structural discrimination can influence exposure to environmental hazards as well as health outcomes.
Environmental racism final project powerpointwallflower92
This document is a summary of a course on media, technology, and culture. It discusses the concepts of environmental racism and how minority groups have been disproportionately affected. It provides examples of how systems in communities like the water system, food system, and prison system have been negatively impacted by environmental racism. The summary focuses on a case study of the Central Valley region in California where high levels of water contamination have been found in areas serving larger Latino populations. It also discusses the environmental justice movement which fights against the targeting of communities of color for environmentally hazardous facilities and land uses.
Community perceived attitude on forest related environmental issues using mas...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community attitudes toward forestry-related environmental issues (FREI) in Osun State, Nigeria. The study aimed to assess these attitudes to strengthen the use of mass media in raising awareness. Data was collected through surveys in 3 local government areas. The results showed that 75% of respondents agreed it is important to consider FREI for environmental balance, while 60% saw FREI as a mere threat that cannot impact the environment. This suggests community awareness of forestry issues is low. The study concludes mass media could help disseminate environmental information but currently does little beyond incidental reporting. Improved coordination between media and government agencies is needed to support sustainable livelihoods through increased community
This document provides a literature review on media as a tool for environmental awareness. It discusses several key points:
1. Environmental problems in Nigeria include deforestation, soil erosion, oil spills, pollution, and health issues due to poor sanitation. More than 65% of Nigerians rely on natural resources for their livelihoods.
2. Developing countries face additional challenges like poverty, ignorance, and illiteracy that make environmental conservation efforts difficult. Traditional and modern media must be used together to spread awareness messages to both literate and illiterate audiences.
3. Effective environmental communication involves understanding audiences' belief systems about nature, communicating accurate scientific information credibly, and motivating audiences to take sustainable
The Role of Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Management of Land Degradation...rsmahabir
Abstract
Land degradation involves a wide array of natural and human induced factors affecting the productivity of land. These factors can exist in various non unique and complex combinations of different environmental settings, making detection and monitoring of land degradation an often difficult undertaking. As a result, no universal solution exists to eliminate the problem of land degradation altogether. In order to reduce its rate of encroachment, this phenomenon should be assessed and quantified in order to identify the causes, processes and factors leading to land degradation.
In small tropical and Caribbean islands, there exists a severe shortage of good, reliable and up- to-date information bases for the contributing factors of land degradation. In addition to the limited knowledge about what spatial datasets already exist, there is also no agreed minimum level of quality for datasets and metadata documentation standards. As a result, datasets produced to help in understanding and treating land degradation problems may have unknown or unacceptable levels of uncertainty. This may require re-development of already existing datasets, hence consuming further efforts, financial resources, and time. In critical circumstances where land degradation posses severe threat to the environment and therefore indirectly to humans, the incurred price of a slow or ill informed decision may eventually render the state of land unrecoverable.
It is postulated that Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) would present the opportunity for much more strategic and cooperative management of land degradation datasets in Small Tropical Caribbean Islands. It is therefore expected to be a vital tool in the treatment of land degradation, and also to assist in creating a network of critical resources to drive further research in the area. This paper reviews the challenges faced by Small Tropical Caribbean Islands when managing land degradation, with special emphasis on Trinidad, and discusses how SDI can be used to better facilitate land degradation management in these areas.
1) The document discusses conservation efforts of the Ewe relict forest in Benin through involvement of local communities.
2) It describes using Farmer Field Schools to raise awareness, empower locals through training, and ensure long-term engagement in forest restoration using native plant species.
3) Key results include the community contributing over 800 native plants to restoration, indicating knowledge production exceeding expectations and a paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up endogenous conservation.
Economic Impact Evaluation and Household Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events...Francis Jhun Macalam
Abstract: Bay is one of the municipalities in the province of Laguna that is situated along the coast of Laguna de Bay, and is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters including typhoons and flash floods. Among these, Barangay Dila, San Isidro, and Tagumpay located in low-lying elevation of the Municipality of Bay were not spared by the impacts caused by the disaster. Hence, the study site was conducted in these flood-prone areas of the Municipality. In this study, it highlights the impacts and adaptation of the household to extreme weather events. Specifically, the study aims to identify, quantify, and monetized (whenever possible) the household's impacts of extreme floods and typhoons; described the adaptation actions undertaken by the households; and to evaluate the factors that significantly affect the choice of adaptation activities. The data used in this study was collected through a survey of 90 households. In selecting the household, random sampling was employed using the data that was acquired from the municipality. The selected household heads were interviewed using the structured sample questionnaire. Probit regression was employed to test the significant factors of the choices of adaptation activities of the household. The study revealed that the impacts of extreme weather events on the households of Bay, Laguna could be considered to be ranging from moderate to severe cases depending on the geographical location of the households. Also, households of Bay, Laguna considers the height of flood and distance from bodies of water as significant factors for undertaking adaptation actions.
(PDF) International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) Economic Impact Evaluation and Household Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events in the Municipality of Bay, Laguna, Philippines. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343960590_International_Journal_of_Science_and_Management_Studies_IJSMS_Economic_Impact_Evaluation_and_Household_Adaptation_to_Extreme_Weather_Events_in_the_Municipality_of_Bay_Laguna_Philippines [accessed Sep 11 2020].
This document discusses the linkages between gender and climate change in Asia and the Pacific region. It finds that women are disproportionately vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to social, economic and political barriers that constrain their opportunities. Women often have less access to resources, participation in decision making, and mobility, making it difficult for them to cope with or adapt to climate changes. However, women also play important roles in environmental management and have knowledge that could contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. The document calls for integrating gender perspectives into climate policies and programs in order to address both women's and men's needs, ensure women's participation, and support women's empowerment.
India has experienced significant deforestation over the past few decades, reducing its forest coverage from 14.8 billion acres to 8.6 billion acres. Deforestation is primarily driven by activities like agriculture, wood harvesting, mining, and infrastructure development to support population growth. This has led to negative environmental consequences such as loss of biodiversity, increased carbon emissions, water cycle disruption, and soil erosion. Many of these activities are a result of poverty in rural areas, demonstrating the need to address poverty as part of the solution to reduce deforestation rates.
This document summarizes a study that identified and prioritized vacant urban land in Kansas City, Missouri for conversion to public greenspace. The study used GIS analysis of land use, population, and income data to identify 10 vacant parcels totaling between 2-19 acres each that were at least 75% vegetated, located to improve connectivity to existing parks, and in areas of high population density and low income. Selecting sites based on need as well as environmental characteristics allows the conversion of vacant land to maximize cultural and ecosystem service benefits for local communities.
The Influence of Gardening Activities on Consumer Perceptions of Life Satisfa...BenBeckers
This study investigated the influence of gardening on perceptions of life satisfaction. The researchers surveyed over 400 gardeners and non-gardeners using the Life Satisfaction Inventory A (LSIA), which measures five components of quality of life. Results showed that gardeners had statistically significant higher overall life satisfaction scores than non-gardeners. When individual statements were analyzed, gardeners responded more positively on statements relating to energy levels, optimism, zest for life, and physical self-concept. Gardeners also rated their overall health and physical activity levels higher than non-gardeners.
The document discusses the mental health benefits of urban greenspace based on existing literature and evidence. It examines the commonly cited beliefs that contact with nature in cities can reduce stress and improve well-being. The scientific evidence for these claims comes from a few types of studies: controlled experiments showing benefits of natural views/settings, studies using nature photos/videos to test reactions, surveys of people's experiences and preferences in nature, and analyses of health data related to locations. While some evidence supports the beliefs, the magnitude of nature's effects depends also on lack of stressors in built environments. Overall access to restorative natural areas in cities may produce short and long-term mental and physical health benefits.
Robert D. Bullard School of Public Affairs Texas Southern University Houston,...environmentalconflicts
This document discusses the history of the environmental justice movement in the United States and ongoing issues of environmental racism and inequity. It notes that people of color are disproportionately exposed to various forms of pollution and environmental hazards. While recognition of these issues has grown since the 1980s, racial disparities persist in terms of where toxic sites are located, pollution exposures, and in government response to disasters like Hurricane Katrina. The document advocates for applying a racial equity lens and addressing longstanding inequities in order to build sustainable, just and livable communities for all.
This document discusses a thesis analyzing the relationship between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution sources and socioeconomic status in North Carolina. It provides background on the environmental justice movement and reviews literature showing low-income and minority communities often face greater environmental health risks. The thesis will use geographic and economic analysis to examine if disadvantaged communities in North Carolina bear a disproportionate burden of PM2.5 pollution from point sources. The research aims to provide insights that can guide more equitable pollution control policies and better health surveillance of at-risk populations.
The document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including characteristics of populations like geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It explains that population size is affected by births, deaths, and immigration/emigration. Environmental resistance limits population growth and determines a population's maximum carrying capacity. Both density-dependent and density-independent factors constrain growth. Understanding human population patterns is important for addressing global problems.
Eco cultural factors and ecological footprint as variables and measure of env...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated eco-cultural factors and ecological footprints as variables that measure environmental consciousness and accounting in Nigeria. The study examined factors like location, gender, education level, and age of respondents in two Nigerian locations. It found no significant differences in ecological footprints between urban and rural dwellers, males and females, or people of different education levels or ages. However, it observed serious environmental problems in the region from practices like uncontrolled bush burning and tree cutting that are greater threats than footprints. The study concludes there is a need for government policies to promote positive environmental attitudes and accountability.
Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...caxtonk2008
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
This document summarizes key concepts related to environmental justice. It defines environmental justice as "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies." It notes that environmental justice stems from the intersection of civil rights and environmentalism and focuses on addressing the disproportionate environmental impacts experienced by marginalized communities. Factors like economic resources, social capital, and structural discrimination can influence exposure to environmental hazards as well as health outcomes.
Environmental racism final project powerpointwallflower92
This document is a summary of a course on media, technology, and culture. It discusses the concepts of environmental racism and how minority groups have been disproportionately affected. It provides examples of how systems in communities like the water system, food system, and prison system have been negatively impacted by environmental racism. The summary focuses on a case study of the Central Valley region in California where high levels of water contamination have been found in areas serving larger Latino populations. It also discusses the environmental justice movement which fights against the targeting of communities of color for environmentally hazardous facilities and land uses.
Community perceived attitude on forest related environmental issues using mas...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community attitudes toward forestry-related environmental issues (FREI) in Osun State, Nigeria. The study aimed to assess these attitudes to strengthen the use of mass media in raising awareness. Data was collected through surveys in 3 local government areas. The results showed that 75% of respondents agreed it is important to consider FREI for environmental balance, while 60% saw FREI as a mere threat that cannot impact the environment. This suggests community awareness of forestry issues is low. The study concludes mass media could help disseminate environmental information but currently does little beyond incidental reporting. Improved coordination between media and government agencies is needed to support sustainable livelihoods through increased community
This document provides a literature review on media as a tool for environmental awareness. It discusses several key points:
1. Environmental problems in Nigeria include deforestation, soil erosion, oil spills, pollution, and health issues due to poor sanitation. More than 65% of Nigerians rely on natural resources for their livelihoods.
2. Developing countries face additional challenges like poverty, ignorance, and illiteracy that make environmental conservation efforts difficult. Traditional and modern media must be used together to spread awareness messages to both literate and illiterate audiences.
3. Effective environmental communication involves understanding audiences' belief systems about nature, communicating accurate scientific information credibly, and motivating audiences to take sustainable
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Analysis of poverty environmental degradation nexus among arable crop farmers in plateau state, nigeria.
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2013
68
Analysis of Poverty-Environmental Degradation Nexus among
Arable Crop Farmers in Plateau State, Nigeria.
Sunday Mailumo1*
; Ahmed Ben2
and Raphael Omolehin2
1
Department of Agricultural Extension and Management,
Federal College of Forestry, Jos, Nigeria.
2
Department of Agric. Economics and Rural Sociology, ABU Zaria, Nigeria
*
Email of corresponding author: drmailumo247@gmail.com
This research is a part of my Ph.D dissertation and was self-sponsored
Abstract
The study analysed the poverty-environmental degradation nexus among arable crop farmers in Plateau State,
Nigeria. Using multi-stage sampling technique, 265 farming households were randomly sampled from 9
communities spread across three Local Government Areas of the three agro ecological zones in the State.
Primary data generated from farming household heads through well-structured questionnaires were used. The
household’s income, expenditure and information on factors that lead to environmental degradation dominated
the bulk of the data. The data were analysed using Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) index and probit
regression model. The monthly mean per adult equivalent household expenditure (MPAEHE) was N3,940. A
poverty line of N2,627 was estimated, based on this poverty line, the FGT measures show that 42% of the
farming households in the study area were poor. The probit regression result revealed that the quantity of wood
collected, number of animals allowed to graze and length of time they graze were significant (P<0.01). A unit
increase in any of these variables would lead to the probability of an increase in the poverty depth of the farmers.
Knowledge of natural resource conservation was significant (P<0.05) and farm size was significant (P<0.10).
Increasing any of these variables by a unit, would result to the probability of decreasing poverty among the
households. Hence the hypothesis that there is a strong and direct relationship between these phenomena of
poverty – environment trap thesis is accepted. It is recommended that there is the need for policy makers and
managers of poverty alleviation programmes to identify the poor at community levels so as to direct poverty
programmes and projects towards them. Also environmental aid should be introduced to abate environmental
degradation.
Keywords: Poverty, Degradation, Nexus, Arable
1. Introduction
The poor have traditionally taken the brunt of the blame for causing society’s many problems including, more
recently, environmental degradation. There is a general consensus that poverty is a major cause of environmental
degradation. For example, in one of the conclusions of the Bruntland Commission Report, which incidentally has
been accepted as the blue print for environmental conservation, it was explicitly stated that, poverty is a major
cause of environmental problems and amelioration of poverty is a necessary and central condition of any
effective programmes addressing the environment (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
The poor are the victims of environmental degradation and the perpetrators of the degradation. They are
basically short-run maximisers; they try to meet the needs of the present at the cost of the future. The poor and
hungry often destroy their immediate environment for their survival. They cut down forests; their livestock
overgraze grasslands; they overuse marginal lands; and they crowd into congested cities in growing numbers.
The cumulative effect of these changes is so far-reaching as to make poverty itself a major global scourge. It is in
this context that the first report on Human Development mentioned that “Poverty is one of the greatest threats to
the environment” (UNDP, 1990).
The nexus of environment and poverty is especially strong in developing countries. The economic well-being of
many (especially rural) households directly depends on the quality of the environment and on the availability of
natural resources. Especially for low-income countries like Nigeria, a substantial percentage of national income
and even larger share of the active population directly depend on agricultural, forestry and fisheries resources
(Titilola and Jeje, 2005).
This calls for the need to understand and empirically investigate these links as well as to assess the impact of the
conditioning factors; these are the issues this paper dealt with.
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2013
69
2. Literature Review
The link between poverty and environment has often been mentioned in the ‘sustainable development’ debate
and is seldom systematically explored (Lele, 1991). The literature that treats the link usually focuses on the
‘vicious circle’ between poverty and environmental degradation; the circle is Malthusian in inspiration where
farmers pushed by population increase and poverty extend cropping to fragile marginal lands and degrade them.
As a result the yield is reduced and this further impoverishes farmers (Pearce and Warford, 1993; Mink, 1993;
Dasgupta and Maler, 1994).
A new dimension to the link between poverty and environmental degradation was brought out in 1995 when
Reardon and Vosti introduced the concept of ‘investment poverty’ and related the same to other measures of
poverty (Reardon and Vosti, 1995). The notion of poverty was examined by them in the context of categories of
assets held and categories of environment change with particular focus on farm household income generation
and investment strategies as determinants of the links. According to them the strength and direction of the
poverty-environment links in rural areas are to differ (even invert) depending on the composition of the assets
held by the rural poor and the types of environmental problems they face. One of the major findings of their
study is that the level of poverty conditions the links. People having incomes above an established welfare
poverty line can still be too poor in key assets and thus overall cash and human resources to be able to make
critical investments on soil conservation or follow key land use practices to maintain or enhance their natural
resource base. They might thus be better off than the ‘welfare poor’ but still be ‘investment poor’. Finally they
opined that the links between poverty and environment in a given setting depend on the level, distribution and
type of poverty and environmental problems.
The above discussion on the various studies conducted worldwide reveal that there is a two-way linkage between
poverty and environmental degradation. Degradation of environment caused either by the poor or the rich has
both direct and indirect impacts not only on the cost of production but also on the productivity of crops and thus
on the income of the people. The poor get more affected than the rich and become poorer due to environmental
degradation manifested through destruction of forest for fuel wood, timber, cultivation; degradation of land and
water through the use of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, etc in modern farming; and pollution of air due to
consumption of biomass fuel. Thus a vicious link is established between poverty and environmental degradation.
Each becomes the cause and effect of the other. This study attempts to quantify the magnitude of both poverty
and environmental degradation over time and verify empirically the link between them. Though estimates are
available on poverty for both rural and urban areas of Nigeria and the nature of environmental degradation in
rural and urban areas, the present study is confined to farming communities only.
3. Methodology
3.1 The Study Area
The study was carried out in Plateau State, located in central Nigeria. The State derives its name from the
geographical landscape that predominates in this part of the country. The state lies between latitudes 8o
N and
10o
N, and longitude 7o
E and 11o
E of the prime meridian (GTZ, 2010). The altitude ranges from around 1,200
meters (about 4000 feet) to a peak of 1,829 metres above sea level in the Shere Hills range near Jos. The state has
a land mass covering nearly 30,913 km2
(11,935.6 sq mi) and ranked as the 12th
out of the 36 states in Nigeria. The
state has a population of 3,206,531 based on the 2006 census (NBS, 2009). The projected population by 2011
stands at 3,681,299 people going by a population growth rate of 2.8% per annum.
The state comprises 3 political senatorial zones and 17 administrative Local Government Areas, viz: The
northern senatorial zone consisting of Bassa, Barkin Ladi, Jos East, Jos North, Jos South and Riyom Local
Governments. Bokkos, Kanke, Mangu, Kanam and Pankshin Local Government Areas make up the central
senatorial zone. The local governments of Langtang North, Langtang South, Mikang, Qua’an Pan, Shendam and
Wase make up the southern senatorial zone.
3.2 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size
A multi stage sampling was used to select respondents for the study. One local government area was purposively
selected from each of the three senatorial zones of the state. The purposive sampling ensures that the researcher
does not end up with a sample concentrated in one ecological and or senatorial zone. Qua’an Pan was selected
from the southern zone while Bokkos was selected from the central zone. Bassa from the northern zone brought
the total number of the local governments to three (3). These LGAs have been shown to be engaged in intensive
crop cultivation (PADP, 2000). From each of these LGAs, three communities were randomly selected, making a
total of nine communities. The farming communities are; from Qua’an Pan – Namu, Kwalla and Kwande; from
Bokkos – Bokkos, Manguna and Mushere while from Bassa – Jengere, Jebu-Bassa and Kwall were selected. The
sampling frame was made up of a list of farming households obtained from PADP found in the communities. The
simple random sampling method was used to draw at least 10% from the list to constitute the sample size. The
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total number of the sample size was 265. These were selected by the use of the table of random numbers.
3.3 Data Collection and Analysis
Primary data were collected using questionnaires. The questions were structured to elicit answers on the
objective of the study. The data collected include information on both quantifiable and non-quantifiable factors
affecting income and household expenditure pattern and environmental utilization variables as it pertains to the
use of land and forestry resources. The tools used for data analysis to achieve the objective of the study include
Foster Greer and Thorbeck (FGT) index and Probit regression model.
3.3.1 FGT Weighted Poverty Measure
The Foster, Greer and Thoebecke (Foster, et al., 1984), weighted poverty index were used for the quantitative
poverty assessment is defined mathematically as follows:
∝ = ∑ ( − ) ∝
(1)
Where
α = the FGT index and takes values 0, 1 or 2
n = total number of households
q = number of households below the poverty line
Z = poverty line
Yi = the MPAEHE of the household in which individual ith
lives
3.3.2 The Probit Model
The common solution to the deficiencies of the LPM model as estimated via OLS is to adopt a different model
specification. The Probit model constrains the estimated probabilities to be between 0 and 1, and relaxes the
constraint that the effect of independent variables is constant across different predicted values of the dependent
variable. In common parlance, the probit model assumes an S-shaped response curve such that in each tail of the
curve, the dependent variable, (Pr(Yi = 1), responds slowly to changes in the independent variables, while
towards the middle of the curve, i.e, towards the point where Pr(Yi = 1) is closest to .5, the dependent variable
responds more swiftly to changes in the independent variable.
The probit model assumes that while we only observe the values of 0 and 1 for the variable Y, there is a latent,
unobserved continuous variable Y* that determines the value of Y. We assume that Y* can be specified as
follows:
Yi* = β0 + β1x1i + β2x2i + … + βkxki +µi (2)
and that:
Yi = 1 if Yi* > 0
Yi = 0 otherwise
where x1, x2, …,xk represent vectors of random variables, and µ represents a random disturbance term.
Now from equation 1,
Pr(Yi = 1) = Pr(β0 + β1x1i + β2x2i + … + βkxki + µi > 0) (3)
Rearranging terms,
Pr(Yi = 1) = Pr(µi > - (β0 + β1x1i + β2x2i + … + βkxki)
= 1 - Pr(µi < - (β0 + β1x1i + β2x2i + … + βkxki)
= 1 – F(-β0 + β1x1i + β2x2i + … + βkxki) (4)
where F is the cumulative density function of the variable µ. If we make the usual assumption that µ is normally
distributed , we have:
Pr(Yi = 1) = 1 – Φ(- (β0 + β1x1i + β2x2i + … + βkxki)
= 1 – Φ(-Xiβ)
= Φ(Xiβ) (5)
where Φ represents the cumulative normal distribution function.
Using maximum likelihood techniques, we can compute estimates of the coefficients (βs) and their
corresponding standard errors that are asymptotically efficient. However, these estimates cannot be interpreted in
the same manner that normal regression coefficients are. These coefficients give the impact of the independent
variables on the latent variable Y*, not Y itself. To transfer Y* into a probability estimate for Y we compute the
cumulative normal of Y*. Because of this transformation there is no linear relationship between the coefficients
and Pr(Yi = 1). Hence the change in Pr(Yi = 1) caused by a given change in xji will depend upon the value of all
the other xs and their corresponding coefficients, or more precisely on the value of the sum Xiβ, as well as the
change in xji. The model can be presented as:
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( ) = = + + + + + + ! !" # (6)
where the pi are defined in terms of the parameters β0, β1,... β6 and the known values of the predictor variables.
This has to be maximized with respect to the parameters. The parameters to be investigated will include:
P = poverty index of households (where P =1 if household’s income is above the poverty line and P = 0 if
otherwise).
X1 = Quantity of wood collected in (kg)
X2 = Number of cattle that graze on farmland
X3= Number of years farmland is allowed to lie fallow
X4 = Knowledge of natural resource conservation (dummy where 1 = if source of information is formal, 0 =
otherwise).
X5 = Duration of graze per week (hrs)
X6 = Size of farm land owned as personal property (ha)
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Poverty Profile
The poverty profile of the farming households which include poverty headcount or incidence (P0), poverty gap or
depth (P1) and squared poverty gap or severity (P2) were calculated. The P0 for the entire farming households was
0.42. The relative smallness of this figure when juxtapose by the findings by Yusuf (2000) who reported a
poverty incidence of 52% in Kwara State; Omonona (2001) who reported a poverty incidence of 58% in Kogi
State; Bandabla (2005) who reported a poverty incidence of 50% in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State and Patrick
(2006) who reported a poverty incidence of 62% in Borno State may not be unconnected to the report by the
NBS (2009) that Plateau State had the least unemployment rate of 7.1% among the states of the federation in
2008. This means that 42% of the farming households in the study area were poor (Table 1). The result shows
that 3.4% of the total households sampled were below core poverty level (i.e people who could not spend more
than N1,313 a month to buy the basic necessities of life). These were considered as the extreme poor. The result
also shows that 27.6% of the households were moderately poor. Their monthly consumption per person was
below the poverty line of N2,627, but more than N1,313. In all, the analysis showed that 42% of the sampled
households were relatively poor and could not attain the minimum standard of living; this leaves 58% of the total
households sampled to be non – poor. These were the households with per capita monthly expenditure equal or
higher than N2,627. Although the poor are conventionally defined as the population that fall below a certain
poverty line, it is assumed that even individuals above the poverty line may suffer from “investment poverty”
(Reardon and Vosti 1995).
The poverty gap index (P1), usually referred to as the depth of an average poor person from the poverty line was
21%. This implies that 21% of the poverty line (N552) was required to bring an average poor person in the study
area to the poverty line. The poverty index (P2) which measures the distance of each poor person to one another
was found to be 0.11. This means that among the poor households, 11% were severely poor. This shows that the
poor households were not equally poor but they vary in their degree of poverty.
4.2 Relationship between Poverty Level and factors that lead to Environmental Degradation
The result showed that five out of the six listed regressors had significant influence on the poverty depth of the
farming household’s head. The variables that had significant co-efficient are the quantity of wood collected (X1),
number of cattle that graze on farm lands (X2), knowledge of natural resource conservation (X4), duration of
graze per week (X5) and size of farm land (X6). The only variable that was not significant is number of years
farm land is allowed to lie fallow (X3).
The result of the analysis indicated that the coefficients of the quantity of wood collected is 0.0404 and
significant (P<0.01). This implies that a percentage increase in the quantity of wood collected would result to a
probability of an increase in the poverty depth of the farmers by 4.04%. This agrees with apriori expectation that
the indiscriminate felling of trees makes the farmlands prone to degradation. This finding is consistent with the
findings by Okwi et. al. (2006) and Dasgupta (2003). It is also in conformity with the findings of Lal and Okigbo
(1990) to the effect that deforestation and wood harvest (for fire wood) is a major source of human induced
environmental degradation, accounting for nearly 15% of the total land degradation in Africa. Kareem et al.
(2009) stated that Nigerians consume from 1.9kg to 4.0kg per day per capita of firewood depending on
household size. When applied to the country’s population currently put at about 150 million people, the country
consumes about 285 million kilogrammes of firewood daily. Maiangwa et. al. (2007) also reported that fuel
wood is the dominant form of cooking energy for all rural farmers in Nigeria. Poverty constrained options may
induce the poor to deplete resources at rates that are incompatible with long term sustainability (Holden et. al.,
1996). In such cases, degraded resources precipitate a “downward spiral,” by further reducing the income of the
poor (Durning, 1989; Pearce and Warford, 1993). In summary, this result supports the downward spiral
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hypothesis and by implication, alleviating absolute poverty would likely reduce poverty-induced deforestation.
Number of cattle allowed to graze on farmlands and the duration of graze per week were significant (P<0.01).
This implies that a percentage increase in the number of cattle allowed to graze and the duration of weekly graze
would lead to a probability of increasing the poverty level of the farmers by 25% and 14% respectively. Again,
this agrees with apriori expectation. Oldeman et. al. (1991) and Batjes (2001) showed that overgrazing account
for 49% of the degradation witnessed in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). IAR (1996; 1998) reported that the
unavailability of designated grazing lands makes animals to graze uncontrollably (free range), this consequently
leads to overgrazing. The average number of cattle owned by households in the study area is 5. Because the
prevalent land tenure arrangement in the study area is communal, households that have interest in land allowed
these animals to graze uncontrollably thus, conforming to the theory of “tragedy of the poor”.
Overgrazing results when more animals than a piece of land can support are allowed to graze in that area. This
can cause serious damage to the land. When too many animals are allowed to graze on a piece of land they eat
the plants that hold the soil in place. Too many animals may mean that the grass is eaten down to the roots faster
than it can grow back. This in turn leads to overgrazing. Overgrazing can cause and accelerate soil erosion and
with it a loss of soil fertility. When large herds are concentrated around one particular area the animals compact
the soil by trampling on it resulting in the soil being unable to retain as much moisture as it needs. Once the
animals have overgrazed an area it is often left barren with no protection and the wind blows away the topsoil.
This is accentuated by the fact that most of the households are poor consequent upon which they cannot afford
supplemental feeding.
Knowledge of natural resource conservation was negatively significant (P<0.05), implying that a percentage
increase in the knowledge of natural resource conservation would lead to the probability of a decrease in poverty
by 46% among the farmers. The lack of knowledge about environmental conservation has been shown to be a
big problem in Africa. Barbier (1998) argued that the conventional approach to land conservation in Africa has
been to encourage farmers to adopt limited range of improved farming systems and crop production techniques
and packages, not necessarily those which are compatible with conservation objectives. Some authors have also
argued that, often, the appropriate land management technologies exist but that information about their use has
not reached the end users because of deficiencies in extension and education (Anderson and Thampapillai, 1990;
Reganold et. al., 1990). Farmers will therefore need to be educated on sustainable management practices such as
the right tillage practices and the harmful effects of bush burning.
Finally, size of farm land was significant (P<0.10), which implies that a percentage increase in the size of
farmland would lead to a probability of a decrease in poverty by 4% among farmers in the study area. This
agrees with the apriori expectation that the larger the farm size, the lesser the incidence of poverty. This is
expected because, all things being equal, an increase in farm size will raise the output level and consequently
income.
The study agrees with the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between poverty and environmental
degradation. The aim of the study was to empirically test the bi-directional relationship between rural poverty
and environmental degradation. The results provide evidence in consonance with the dominant view in the
literature that poverty spurs environmental degradation since five of the environmental variables exhibit a
significant relationship with poverty depth of the households in the study area. From the empirical result of this
study, it could be stated that the poverty-environmental degradation nexus is a one way traffic as is been
suggested by the Brundtland report and a host of others such as Barbier and Burgess (1992); Pimentel et. al.,
(1995); Cleaver and Schreiber (1992); Barbier (1997) and Barbier (1998).
These however contrast with the findings by Broad (1994) as well as Reardon and Vosti (1995) that “not all
environmental degradation in developing countries is linked to poverty; for example, pollution as an externality
of the agriculture of richer farmers or forest or commons overexploitation by large and capital-intensive lumber
and cattle operations can ravage the environment without the poor’s lifting a hand”.
5. Conclusion
Based on the established monthly absolute poverty line of N2,627 for the study area, the study observed that
about 42% of the farming households were poor. On the average, about 21% of the poverty line (N552) was
required monthly to bring a poor household out of poverty. Result of the probit analysis shows that five of the
environmental variables exhibit a significant relationship with poverty depth of the households in the study area,
The variables that had significant co-efficient include the quantity of wood collected, number of cattle that graze
on farm lands and knowledge of natural resource conservation. Others are the duration of graze per week and
size of farm land. It therefore indicates that environmental degradation spurs rural poverty and rural poverty
spurs environmental degradation – thereby providing evidence in support of the poverty environment nexus in
the study area.
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Based on the findings of this study, the following policy measures aimed at reducing poverty are recommended
1. This study revealed that 42% of the farming households lived below the poverty line. There is the need
for policy makers and managers of poverty alleviation programmes to identify the poor at community
levels so as to direct poverty programmes and projects towards them.
2. There should be strong advocacy on the need for every community to own its woodlot and to embrace
agro-forestry. Communities should also be sensitized on the need to come up with simple rules and
regulations governing the use of existing adjoining natural forests. This will ensure a systematic harvest
and or felling of forest resources
3. It is recommended that environmental aid be introduced to abate environmental degradation.
Environmental aid will to a large extent be significant in accelerating economic growth. The aid should
be targeted at preserving the environment or facilitating environmental-friendly infrastructural
development that will directly benefit the poor people. This should be backed by a strong environmental
policy with the political will to enforce it.
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Table 1: Poverty Profile of Households
Index N/Percentage
MPAEHE N 3,940
2
/3 (MPAEHE) N 2,627
1
/3 (MPAEHE) N1,313
Head Count Index (P0) 42
- Core Poor (%) 03
- Moderate (%) 27
- Non Poor (%) 58
Poverty Gap Index (P1) 0.21
Poverty Severity Index (P2) 0.11
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Table 2: Probit Regression showing the Relationship between Poverty Level and factors that lead to
Environmental Degradation
Variable Coefficient (b) SE Z-value (b/SE)
Constant 0.75749467** 0.33608819 2.254
Quantity of wood (X1) 0.04037402* 0.01060034 3.809
Grazing cattle (X2) 0.25454326* 0.06577105 3.870
Fallow period (X3) -0.00057963 0.00091197 -0.636
Knowledge of conservation(X4) -0.46295710** 0.19365504 2.391
Duration of graze (X5) 0.13921086* 0.04049574 3.438
Farm size (X6 ) -0.04097757*** 0.02341766 -1.750
Log – Likelihood = -128.6677
McFadden Pseudo R – Squared = 0.6215161
P – Value = 0.00011
***, **, *, = Significant @ 10%, 5% and 1% respectively
Personal details:
First Name: Sunday
Surname: Mailumo
Other Name: Sambo
Profession: Agricultural Economist
Area of Specialization: Production Economics & Natural Resource/ Environmental Economics
Current Rank: Lecturer I/ Research Officer I
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: 15th December 1974
Local Government Area: Bassa L. G. A
State of Origin: Plateau State
Nationality Nigerian
Marital Status: Married
Name of Children: Nathan Ramalon (10th Sept. 2008), Nadab Rumah (14th Jan, 2012
Dates and Institutions Attended
2008-2012 Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
2002-2006 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi.
1995-1999 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi..
1991-1992 Bauchi State Polytechnic, Bauchi.
Qualifications
Ph.D Agricultural Economics
M. Sc. Agricultural Economics
B. Tech. (Hons) Agric Economics and Extension (Second Class Upper Division)
National Diploma General Agric Technology (Upper Credit)