This document analyzes the social changes affecting the agroecosystem of Shivasatakshi municipality, Nepal using the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts, and Responses) framework. The key driving forces identified are population growth, urbanization, and increased fertilizer use. These forces put pressure on the environment through land degradation and pollution. As a result, the state of the natural environment has deteriorated, as seen in increased temperatures and crop failures. This has led to impacts like declining soil fertility and ecological imbalances. Responses to address these problems include better management of urbanization, use of alternative energy sources, and raising public awareness of environmental issues.

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A S S I G N M E N T
RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
MD SHAHNAWAZ PARVEZ 21011NB014 M.ARCH (ED)

2. DPSIR is defined as the casual framework
that describes the various interactions
between human, society and natural
environment. It is formed from many
components that gives us actual idea and
creative of redefining an environmental
problems and engendering solutions from
appropriate responses .
This framework has been adopted by the
European Environment Agency. The
components of this model are:
 Driving forces
 Pressures
 States
 Impacts
 Responses
INTRODUCTION
DPSIR
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3. Forces generate pressures; pressures influence or modify states; states provoke or cause impacts;
impacts stimulate or ask for responses; responses modify, substitute or remove driving forces;
responses eliminate, reduce or prevent pressures; responses restore or influence states; and,
responses compensator mitigate impacts.
DPSIR provides a holistic and comprehensive approach to managing environmental problems.
Driving forces lead to pressures followed by state of the natural environment which is trailed by
impacts as well as responses which shows forward link with driving forces and backward links with
pressures, state and impacts. It is also equally important to policy makers to make appropriate
decisions emphasize on the particular importance of DPSIR for land degradation as identification of
human activities that drives and pressurizes environmental systems and state of natural resources,
impacts and societal responses and the feedbacks in ways of controlling land degradation.
Social change refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultural values
and norms. By “significant” alteration, sociologists mean changes yielding profound social
consequences. Changes come from two sources. One is random factor and other is a systematic
factor. On the whole, social change is usually a combination of systematic factor along with some
random or unique factor. Invention, discovery, diffusion are the key points for the social change.
To explore extent of social change in given region.
To study the visible impacts of social change in an agroecosystem.
To postulate possible suggestions for the problem observed.
To provide various strategy in order to overcome such agroecological problems.
This framework is an extension of the pressure-state-response model developed by OECD.
OBJECTIVES
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4. About Shivasatakshi municipilaty: Shivasatakshi is situated south of Mahendra highway in jhapa
district .It is named after merging Shivajung and satakshidham and Dharampur V.D.C. It is famous for
religious, tourism and agroecological sector. Now a days due to rapid social and ecological change in
climate, soil, agroecosystem results in deterioration of environment and ecology.
METHODOLOGY:
For the study of the DPSIR analysis of social change in agro ecosystem, following methodology was
adopted.
DESK STUDY
A desk study is the preliminary study of information already available about a site. It helps in guiding
the further process of methodology. In this method, date and information was studied from internet and
various geographical and census report of Nepal.
SELECTIONOFSTUDY SITE
Latitude :26°36′55″N
Longitude :87°50′07″E
Area: 90.2square kilometer
Surface elevation:68m-74m
Population:39689
Density:440/km2
Male: 18283
Female: 21406
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Annual rainfall: 2618 mm.
Annual Tempreature:24.5°c (source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivasatakshi_Municipality
Distance from nearby Airport: 90Km west from Bhadrapur
National Airport

5. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
Primary data was collected either through observation or through direct communication with
respondents. The direct visual observation was done. Then with the local environmentalist, questionnaire
was conducted.
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Secondary data were collected from annual report published by District Level Office and consultation
with state holders.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Using DPSIR analysis method, following components are studied under the social change in the
Shivasatakshi municipality, Jhapa, Nepal.
DRIVING FORCE:
A ‘driving force’ is a need. Examples of primary driving forces for an individual are the need for shelter,
food and water, while examples of secondary driving forces are the need for mobility, entertainment and
culture.
 Demography: It is the study of population and migration. The population of Shivasatakshi village has
increased from 2683 to 4718 at the rate of 1.9% per annum according to the census of 2011.
 Unplanned urbanization: It is the main problem that changes the agrecological condition since more
people built houses unplanningly and degrade the environment .Cultivable land became degraded and
over exploitation of natural resources takes place.
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 Excessive use of fertilizer: Increase in population results high demand of crops for daily consumption. In
order to fulfill the demand of food people use excessive amount of chemical fertilizer.
 Reduction of cultivable land: Destruction of the cultivable land has been observed since demand for
shelter increases for the increasing population. Agricultural land is being degraded day by day for
settlement.
 Immigration:  Monopoly in cultivation leading other crops to reduce or extinct has been observed due
to individuals perception.
 Huge amount of the harmful gases causing green house effect , global warming has been observed
because of use of modern luxurious technology.
PRESSURE:
Driving forces lead to human activities such as transportation or food production, i.e. result in meeting a
need. These human activities exert 'pressures' on the environment for meeting their needs.
 Destruction of the cultivable land has been observed since demand for shelter increases for the
increasing population.
 Monopoly in cultivation leading other crops to reduce or extinct has been observed due to individuals
perception.
 Pollution in the soil and water bodies has been observed due to unmanaged chemical drainage from
industries and agricultural runoff.
 Overexploitation of natural resources gets increased due to increased human demand.
 Reduction in number of active worker has been observed due to immigration for better job
opportunities
 High use of motor vechiles causes increase in temperature and air pollution which has adverse effect in
flora and fauna.
 Low productivity of crops and cereals due to change in soil composition and acidity.

7. STATE :
As a result of pressures, the ‘state’ of the environment is affected; that is, the quality of the various
environmental compartments (air, water, soil, etc.) in relation to the functions that these compartments
fulfil. The ‘state of the environment’ is thus the combination of the physical, chemical and biological
conditions. State may refer to a natural system alone or to both a natural and socioeconomic system. It
shows the situation and condition at a particular time.
 Due to change in agroecolgy of the envirnoment results in the destruction of habitat of various wild life.
 Available better production land is being detoriated by plotting cultivable land areas.
 Mean temperature has been increased
 Crop failure due to polluted land and water pollution has been main problem seen in agricultural
sectors.
 Increase in diseases, pests, chemical resistant microorganisms that cause various diseases has been
seen.
IMPACTS:
Impacts are the change in environmental function affecting social dimension which are caused by
change in state of system.
 Decline in soil fertility due to chemical wastages on the soil.
 Unmanaged cropping pattern and non-balanced intercropping pattern leading to crop failure has been
seen.
 Ecological imbalances has been seen.
 Plant- Insect relation has been disturbed .
 Mean temperature of this region has increased.
 Social problems such as gambling,
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8. RESPONSE:
A ‘response’ by society or policy makers is the result of an undesired impact and can affect any part of
the chain between driving forces and impacts. Responses are the policy actions which are triggered by
the precipitation of impacts and which attempts to reduce compensate and eliminate their
consequences.
 Urbanization should be managed.
 Less amount of chemical fertilizers should be adopted in crops and priority should be given to green
manures.
 Alternative source of energy should be used.
 Government should be effectively make plans and policies for active population
 Those banned chemicals should not be used which hampers the health
 Public awareness should be raised against against pollution.
 Fertile land areas must be cropped and effective plan must be implemented for farmer
 NGOs and INGOs must work actively in managing the natural resources.
 Public awareness should be raised against against pollution.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
DPSIR analysis of social change in agroecosystem of shivasatakshi municipality shows the degree of
impacts taking place in the social system due to the intentional or unintentional human activities and
adverse effects on lifestyle of themselves and in the quality of environment.
References: 1.DPSIR framework:
http://wwz.ifremer.fr/dce/content/download/69291/913220/file/DPSIR.pdf
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivasatakshi_Municipality
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9. THANKYOU
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