The document presents DPCL, a language template for specifying normative directives in a readable and programmable way. It discusses key challenges in representing normative concepts and outlines DPCL's approach, which uses a JSON-like syntax combined with concepts from fields like deontic logic and Hohfeldian relationships. DPCL models normative constructs like powers, duties and prohibitions as frames and includes conditioning rules to manage conflicts. The document provides examples of how DPCL could represent a library regulation and discusses rewriting rules to re-encode constructs. It aims to create common ground for comparing diverse approaches to computational regulation.
Operationalizing Declarative and Procedural KnowledgeGiovanni Sileno
Operationalizing Declarative and Procedural Knowledge: a Benchmark on Logic Programming Petri Nets (LPPNs)
International Conference on Logic Programming (ICPL2020) Workshop on Causal Reasoning and Explanation in Logic Programming (CAUSAL2020)
Presentation given at the 3rd International Workshop on Cognition: Interdisciplinary Foundations, Models and Applications (CIFMA2021), joint with SEFM 2021
A Portable Approach for Bidirectional Integration between a Logic and a Stati...Sergio Castro
This dissertation seeks to improve on the state of the art for creating systems integrating modules written in both a logic and a statically-typed object-oriented language. Logic languages are well suited for declaratively solving computational problems that require knowledge representation and reasoning. Modern object-oriented programming languages benefit from mature software ecosystems featuring rich libraries and developer tools. The existence of several integration approaches testifies the interest of both communities in techniques for facilitating the creation of hybrid systems. In this way, systems developed in an object-oriented language can integrate modules written in a logic language that are more convenient for solving declarative problems. On the logic side, non-trivial declarative applications can take advantage of the existence of large software ecosystems such as those surrounding contemporary object-oriented languages. The combination of both paradigms allows a programmer to use the best language available for a given task. Existing integration approaches provide different levels of abstractions for dealing with the integration concern (i.e., the required interoperability in order for logic routines to access the object-oriented world, and vice versa). Some of them still require significant amounts of boilerplate code which hinders their adoption and steepens their learning curve. Others provide a high degree of integration transparency and automation which simplifies their usage. However, many of those approaches often impose strong assumptions about the architecture of a system (e.g., a logic program must run embedded in an object-oriented one) thus suffering from portability issues. Furthermore, most approaches provide limited support for custom context-dependent reification of objects in the logic world and custom mappings of arbitrary logic terms to objects in the object-oriented world. To address these problems, we introduce our portable and customisable approach for bidirectional integration between a logic and a statically-typed object-oriented language. This approach enables a transparent and (semi-) automatic communication between routines in these two worlds. In addition, it provides a customisable context-dependent mechanism for defining how artefacts in one language should be reified in the other language. A concrete implementation is provided as a portable Java--Prolog interoperability framework. To ensure portability, our framework has been made compatible with three open source Prolog engines (SWI, YAP and XSB) by means of drivers. We validated our approach through case studies requiring a seamless integration of declarative programs in Prolog with object-oriented programs in Java.
presentation from my thesis defense on text summarization, discusses already existing state of art models along with efficiency of AMR or Abstract Meaning Representation for text summarization, we see how we can use AMRs with seq2seq models. We also discuss other techniques such as BPE or Byte Pair Encoding and its effectiveness for the task. Also we see how data augmentation with POS tags and AMRs effect the summarization with s2s learning.
Operationalizing Declarative and Procedural KnowledgeGiovanni Sileno
Operationalizing Declarative and Procedural Knowledge: a Benchmark on Logic Programming Petri Nets (LPPNs)
International Conference on Logic Programming (ICPL2020) Workshop on Causal Reasoning and Explanation in Logic Programming (CAUSAL2020)
Presentation given at the 3rd International Workshop on Cognition: Interdisciplinary Foundations, Models and Applications (CIFMA2021), joint with SEFM 2021
A Portable Approach for Bidirectional Integration between a Logic and a Stati...Sergio Castro
This dissertation seeks to improve on the state of the art for creating systems integrating modules written in both a logic and a statically-typed object-oriented language. Logic languages are well suited for declaratively solving computational problems that require knowledge representation and reasoning. Modern object-oriented programming languages benefit from mature software ecosystems featuring rich libraries and developer tools. The existence of several integration approaches testifies the interest of both communities in techniques for facilitating the creation of hybrid systems. In this way, systems developed in an object-oriented language can integrate modules written in a logic language that are more convenient for solving declarative problems. On the logic side, non-trivial declarative applications can take advantage of the existence of large software ecosystems such as those surrounding contemporary object-oriented languages. The combination of both paradigms allows a programmer to use the best language available for a given task. Existing integration approaches provide different levels of abstractions for dealing with the integration concern (i.e., the required interoperability in order for logic routines to access the object-oriented world, and vice versa). Some of them still require significant amounts of boilerplate code which hinders their adoption and steepens their learning curve. Others provide a high degree of integration transparency and automation which simplifies their usage. However, many of those approaches often impose strong assumptions about the architecture of a system (e.g., a logic program must run embedded in an object-oriented one) thus suffering from portability issues. Furthermore, most approaches provide limited support for custom context-dependent reification of objects in the logic world and custom mappings of arbitrary logic terms to objects in the object-oriented world. To address these problems, we introduce our portable and customisable approach for bidirectional integration between a logic and a statically-typed object-oriented language. This approach enables a transparent and (semi-) automatic communication between routines in these two worlds. In addition, it provides a customisable context-dependent mechanism for defining how artefacts in one language should be reified in the other language. A concrete implementation is provided as a portable Java--Prolog interoperability framework. To ensure portability, our framework has been made compatible with three open source Prolog engines (SWI, YAP and XSB) by means of drivers. We validated our approach through case studies requiring a seamless integration of declarative programs in Prolog with object-oriented programs in Java.
presentation from my thesis defense on text summarization, discusses already existing state of art models along with efficiency of AMR or Abstract Meaning Representation for text summarization, we see how we can use AMRs with seq2seq models. We also discuss other techniques such as BPE or Byte Pair Encoding and its effectiveness for the task. Also we see how data augmentation with POS tags and AMRs effect the summarization with s2s learning.
Following are the questions which I tried to answer in this ppt
What is text summarization.
What is automatic text summarization?
How it has evolved over the time?
What are different methods?
How deep learning is used for text summarization?
business application
in first few slides extractive summarization is explained, with pro and cons in next section abstractive on is explained.
In the last section business application of each one is highlighted
Deep dive into the mathematics and algorithms of neural nets. Covers the sigmoid activation function, cross-entropy loss function, gradient descent and the derivatives used in back propagation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstractive text summarization is nowadays one of the most important research topics in NLP. However, getting a deep understanding of what it is and also how it works requires a series of base pieces of knowledge that build on top of each other. This is the reason why this presentation will give audiences an overview of sequence-to-sequence with the acceleration of various versions of attention over the past few years. In addition, natural language generation (NLG) with the focusing on decoder techniques and its relevant problems will be reviewed, as a supportive factor to the light of the success of automatic summarization. Finally, the abstractive text summarization will be represented with potential approaches to tackle some hot issues in some latest research papers.
The project re-implements the architecture of the paper Reasoning with Neural Tensor Networks for Knowledge Base Completion in Torch framework, achieving similar accuracy results with an elegant implementation in a modern language.
Below are some links for further details:
https://github.com/agarwal-shubham/Reasoning-Over-Knowledge-Base
http://darsh510.github.io/IREPROJ/
The project is developed as a part of IRE course work @IIIT-Hyderabad.
Team members:
Aishwary Gupta (201302216)
B Prabhakar (201505618)
Sahil Swami (201302071)
Links:
https://github.com/prabhakar9885/Text-Summarization
http://prabhakar9885.github.io/Text-Summarization/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtBx4kn8YjxJUGsszlev52fC1Jn07HkUw
http://www.slideshare.net/prabhakar9885/text-summarization-60954970
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/uaxc2cpyy3pi97z/AADkuZ_24OHVi3PJmEAziLxha?dl=0
Successfully Kickstarting Data Governance's Social Dynamics: Define, Collabor...Stijn (Stan) Christiaens
Learn how to launch your data governance program, by answering three questions:
- What does my data mean: collect and manage business definitions and relations, taxonomies and classifications, business rules and ontologies;
- How can I involve all stakeholders: engage them across business units and geographies, with stewards, data owners, … in a guiding workflow;
- How do I operationalize data governance: link MDM, DQ and BI to the business, use business-driven semantic modelling, achieve end-to end traceabilitiy. During this session we will use examples from different verticals: Finance, Government, Utilities,… .
We discuss their main drivers for starting a Data Governance initiative, as well as their pragmatic approach in moving from gradual roll out to support and sustain their Data Governance program.
The lecture on Rule-based Design outlines the basics of business rules management, what rules are, how they should be managed and how you actually design and define rules. In the final parts of this presentation I outline how you can actually describe a business rule using mathematics, i.e. relation algebra and also semi-formal notations.
How do you design software when the requirements are vague? The key is to make it testable. In this talk, I've collected good practices, mindsets, and tools that will help you design high quality software even though the requirements are vague.
How much do we know about Object-Oriented Programming?Sandro Mancuso
This talk goes through many of the Object-Oriented Programming principles and characteristics. Things that all developers should have in mind while writing code.
Brief introduction on CEP and Terminology
o Drools Vision
o Drools Fusion: Complex Event Processing extensions
o Event Declaration and Semantics
o Event Cloud, Streams and the Session Clock
o Temporal Reasoning
o Sliding Window Support
o Streams Support
o Memory Management
Following are the questions which I tried to answer in this ppt
What is text summarization.
What is automatic text summarization?
How it has evolved over the time?
What are different methods?
How deep learning is used for text summarization?
business application
in first few slides extractive summarization is explained, with pro and cons in next section abstractive on is explained.
In the last section business application of each one is highlighted
Deep dive into the mathematics and algorithms of neural nets. Covers the sigmoid activation function, cross-entropy loss function, gradient descent and the derivatives used in back propagation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstractive text summarization is nowadays one of the most important research topics in NLP. However, getting a deep understanding of what it is and also how it works requires a series of base pieces of knowledge that build on top of each other. This is the reason why this presentation will give audiences an overview of sequence-to-sequence with the acceleration of various versions of attention over the past few years. In addition, natural language generation (NLG) with the focusing on decoder techniques and its relevant problems will be reviewed, as a supportive factor to the light of the success of automatic summarization. Finally, the abstractive text summarization will be represented with potential approaches to tackle some hot issues in some latest research papers.
The project re-implements the architecture of the paper Reasoning with Neural Tensor Networks for Knowledge Base Completion in Torch framework, achieving similar accuracy results with an elegant implementation in a modern language.
Below are some links for further details:
https://github.com/agarwal-shubham/Reasoning-Over-Knowledge-Base
http://darsh510.github.io/IREPROJ/
The project is developed as a part of IRE course work @IIIT-Hyderabad.
Team members:
Aishwary Gupta (201302216)
B Prabhakar (201505618)
Sahil Swami (201302071)
Links:
https://github.com/prabhakar9885/Text-Summarization
http://prabhakar9885.github.io/Text-Summarization/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtBx4kn8YjxJUGsszlev52fC1Jn07HkUw
http://www.slideshare.net/prabhakar9885/text-summarization-60954970
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/uaxc2cpyy3pi97z/AADkuZ_24OHVi3PJmEAziLxha?dl=0
Successfully Kickstarting Data Governance's Social Dynamics: Define, Collabor...Stijn (Stan) Christiaens
Learn how to launch your data governance program, by answering three questions:
- What does my data mean: collect and manage business definitions and relations, taxonomies and classifications, business rules and ontologies;
- How can I involve all stakeholders: engage them across business units and geographies, with stewards, data owners, … in a guiding workflow;
- How do I operationalize data governance: link MDM, DQ and BI to the business, use business-driven semantic modelling, achieve end-to end traceabilitiy. During this session we will use examples from different verticals: Finance, Government, Utilities,… .
We discuss their main drivers for starting a Data Governance initiative, as well as their pragmatic approach in moving from gradual roll out to support and sustain their Data Governance program.
The lecture on Rule-based Design outlines the basics of business rules management, what rules are, how they should be managed and how you actually design and define rules. In the final parts of this presentation I outline how you can actually describe a business rule using mathematics, i.e. relation algebra and also semi-formal notations.
How do you design software when the requirements are vague? The key is to make it testable. In this talk, I've collected good practices, mindsets, and tools that will help you design high quality software even though the requirements are vague.
How much do we know about Object-Oriented Programming?Sandro Mancuso
This talk goes through many of the Object-Oriented Programming principles and characteristics. Things that all developers should have in mind while writing code.
Brief introduction on CEP and Terminology
o Drools Vision
o Drools Fusion: Complex Event Processing extensions
o Event Declaration and Semantics
o Event Cloud, Streams and the Session Clock
o Temporal Reasoning
o Sliding Window Support
o Streams Support
o Memory Management
Presentation given at the CRCL 2022: Computational ‘law’ on edge conference (CRCL2022), Brussels, 3 ovember 2022 https://www.cohubicol.com/about/conference-crcl-2022/
History of AI, Current Trends, Prospective TrajectoriesGiovanni Sileno
Talk given at the 2nd Winter Academy on Artificial Intelligence and International Law of the Asser Institute. The birth of AI: Dartmouth workshop. The biggest AI waves: classic symbolic AI (reasoning, knowledge systems, problem-solving), machine learning (induction). Current problems: explainability, trustworthyness, impact and transformation on society and people, the rise of artificially dumber systems.
On the problems of interface: explainability, conceptual spaces, relevanceGiovanni Sileno
Summary talk of the research conducted at Télécom ParisTech and Paris Dauphine University during my postdoc project (2016-2018), in collaboration with Isabelle Bloch, Jamal Atif and Jean-Louis Dessalles.
A Petri net-based notation for normative modeling: evaluation on deontic para...Giovanni Sileno
Presentation at MiReL workshop @ ICAIL 2017, the workshop on MIning and REasoning with Legal texts at the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law
Bridging Representation of Laws, of Implementations and of BehavioursGiovanni Sileno
Presentation at JURIX 2015 (Legal Knowledge and Information Systems) conference.
To align representations of law, of implementations of law and of concrete behaviours, we designed a common ground representational model for the three domains, based on the notion of position, building upon Petri nets. This paper reports on work to define subsumption between positional models.
Presentation at AICOL Workshop: AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems
Abstract: the paper is an investigation on how behaviour relates to norms, i.e. on how a certain conduct acquires meaning in institutional terms. The simplest example of this phenomenon is given by the ’count-as’ relation, generally associated to constitutive rules, through which an agent has the legal capacity, via performing a certain action, to create, modify or destroy a certain institutional fact. In the literature, however, the ‘count-as’ relation is mostly accounted for its classificatory functions. Introducing an extension of the Petri Net notation, we argue that the structure of constitutive rules cannot be completely captured by logic conditionals, nor by causal connectives, but it can approached by the notion of supervenience.
Inspired by research in precedential reasoning in Law (amongst others, by Horty), I present a set of algorithms for the conversion of rule base from priority-based and constraint-based representations and viceversa. I explore as well a simple optimization mechanism, using assumptions about the world, providing a model of environmental adaptation
On the Interactional Meaning of Fundamental Legal ConceptsGiovanni Sileno
Presentation at JURIX 2014.
Abstract: Rather than as abstract entities, jural relations are analyzed in terms of the bindings they create on the individual behaviour of concurrent social agents. Investigating a simple sale transaction modeled with Petri Nets, we argue that the concepts on the two Hohfeldian squares rely on the implicit reference to a “transcendental” collective entity, to which the two parties believe or are believed to belong. From this perspective, we observe that both liabilities and duties are associated to obligations, respectively of an epistemic or practical nature. The fundamental legal concepts defined by Hohfeld are revisited accordingly, leading to the construction of two Hohfeldian prisms.
Legal Knowledge Conveyed by Narratives: towards a representational modelGiovanni Sileno
The paper investigates a representational model for narratives, aiming to facilitate the acquisition of the systematic core of stories concerning legal cases, i.e. the set of causal and temporal relationships that govern the world in which the narrated scenario takes place. At the discourse level, we consider narratives as sequences of messages collected in an observation, including descriptions of agents, of agents’ behaviour and of mechanisms relative to physical, mental and institutional domains. At the content level, stories correspond to synchronizations of embodied agent-roles scripts. Following this approach, the Pierson v Post case is analyzed in detail and represented as a Petri net.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
DPCL: a Language Template for Normative Specifications
1. DPCL: a Language Template
for Normative Specifications
16 January 2022, ProLaLa @ POPL 2022
Giovanni Sileno g.sileno@uva.nl Matteo Pascucci
Thomas van Binsbergen
Tom van Engers
University of Amsterdam
Slovak Academy of Sciences
2. from individual devices to
digital social systems...
Digital Markets
Social networks
Distributed Ledgers
Internet of Things
3. not instructions, but contracts, regulations, laws…
from “mechanical” to “institutional”
approaches to computation...
focus on
PERFOMANCE
focus on
COORDINATING EXPECTATIONS
Digital Markets
Internet of Things
4. ok, we need to represent
normative directives, but how?
5. ok, we need to represent
normative directives, but how?
1. do we need normative concepts?
2. if yes, which normative concepts
do we need?
3. what do they “mean”?
6. 1. do we need normative concepts?
programs in themselves
are mandatory in nature
7. 1. do we need normative concepts?
programs in themselves
are mandatory in nature
a := 2 + 2 system has to perform 2 + 2…
?mother(maggie, bart) system has to prove that…
animal :- dog. system has to make animal true if dog is true
8. 1. do we need normative concepts?
programs in themselves
are mandatory in nature
PERFORMANCE
is expected
the system does what we tell it to do
9. 1. do we need normative concepts?
programs in themselves
are mandatory in nature
PERFORMANCE
is expected
vs FAILURE is expected
10. 1. do we need normative concepts?
programs in themselves
are mandatory in nature
PERFORMANCE
is expected
VIOLATION
certain components
may not perform
as required
vs FAILURE is expected
11. 1. do we need normative concepts?
programs in themselves
are mandatory in nature
PERFORMANCE
is expected
VIOLATION
certain components
may not perform
as required
CONFLICT
concurrent
components
may have
incompatible
requests
vs FAILURE is expected
12. 1. do we need normative concepts?
programs in themselves
are mandatory in nature
PERFORMANCE
is expected
VIOLATION
certain components
may not perform
as required
CONFLICT
concurrent
components
may have
incompatible
requests
vs FAILURE is expected
CENTRAL PROBLEM:
who will declare that
there is/was indeed a
failure?
13. ● Control models (e.g. access or usage control)
2. which normative concepts do we need?
example from Apache webserver configuration
15. ● Hohfeld’s (based on Salmond’s) normative relationships
duty-holder
claimant
2. which normative concepts do we need?
power-holder power-subject
16. Control models Deontic Logic(s) Hohfeld’s framework
permission X X X (as liberty)
prohibition X X X (as duty not)
obligation X X (as duty)
power/ability X
1 party 1 party 2 parties
focus on actions situations actions
2. which normative concepts do we need?
17. ● long-standing debate
● no shared agreement
● new semantics continuously released
3. what normative concepts “mean”?
18. ok, we need to represent
normative directives, but how?
1. do we need normative concepts?
2. if yes, which normative concepts
do we need?
3. what do they “mean”?
expecting performance vs expecting failures (violations and conflicts)
control models vs deontic logics
vs hohfeldian relationships
…long-standing debate. no shared agreement.
19. ok, we need to represent
normative directives, but how?
1. do we need normative concepts?
2. if yes, which normative concepts
do we need?
3. what do they “mean”?
4. how to specify normative directives?
expecting performance vs expecting failures (violations and conflicts)
control models vs deontic logics
vs hohfeldian relationships
…long-standing debate. no shared agreement.
20. ok, we need to represent
normative directives, but how?
1. do we need normative concepts?
2. if yes, which normative concepts
do we need?
3. what do they “mean”?
4. how to specify normative directives?
expecting performance vs expecting failures (violations and conflicts)
control models vs deontic logics
vs hohfeldian relationships
…long-standing debate. no shared agreement.
programmability, readability, (cognitive) accessibility, …?
21. Success story: ODRL (Open Digital Rights Language)
https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-model/
23. {
"@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl.jsonld",
"@type": "Offer",
"uid": "http://example.com/policy:4444",
"profile": "http://example.com/odrl:profile:11",
"permission": [{
"assigner": "http://example.com/org88",
"target": {
"@type": "AssetCollection",
"source": "http://example.com/media-catalogue",
"refinement": [{
"leftOperand": "runningTime",
"operator": "lt",
"rightOperand": { "@value": "60", "@type": "xsd:integer" },
"unit": "http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MinuteTime"
}]
},
"action": "play"
}]
}
ODRL
example
roughly: permission to org88 to play assets in collection with running length < 60 min
json
data
structure
24. {
"@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl.jsonld",
"@type": "Offer",
"uid": "http://example.com/policy:4444",
"profile": "http://example.com/odrl:profile:11",
"permission": [{
"assigner": "http://example.com/org88",
"target": {
"@type": "AssetCollection",
"source": "http://example.com/media-catalogue",
"refinement": [{
"leftOperand": "runningTime",
"operator": "lt",
"rightOperand": { "@value": "60", "@type": "xsd:integer" },
"unit": "http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MinuteTime"
}]
},
"action": "play"
}]
}
ODRL
example
roughly: permission to org88 to play assets in collection with running length < 60 min
json
data
structure
almost any IT practitionner is
able to read through it
25. DPCL: in a nutshell
● JSON-like syntax
● with foundational ontological intuitions expressed in
○ LKIF-core and cognitive linguistics: objects vs events
○ LPS: transformational rules vs reactive rules
● finer representational granularity given by Hohfeld’s framework,
● expressed in frames as in FLINT/eFLINT, but with more & simpler frames
● bottom-line informational model rather than a full-fledged formal semantics
26. DPCL: in a nutshell
● JSON-like syntax
● with foundational ontological intuitions expressed in
○ LKIF-core and cognitive linguistics: objects vs events
○ LPS: transformational rules vs reactive rules
● finer representational granularity given by Hohfeld’s framework,
● expressed in frames as in FLINT/eFLINT, but with more & simpler frames
● bottom-line informational model rather than a full-fledged formal semantics
● yet, semantics can be partially defined by rewriting rules
● we are exploring an alternative standpoint to the usual types/instances
extensional semantics, but more in line to qualification acts
● we are integrating a conditional preferential ordering to manage conflicts
28. DPCL: parameters and refinements
Any entity can be refined via some parameter, eg. in the case of actions:
#give {
agent: john
item: apple
recipient: paul
}
#eat {
agent: paul
item: apple
}
29. DPCL: power frame
power {
holder: priest
action: #marry { patient: [john, paul] }
consequence: +married(john, paul)
}
30. DPCL: power frame
power {
holder: priest
action: #marry { patient: [john, paul] }
consequence: +married(john, paul)
}
a power reifies an
(institutional) causal mechanism
conditioned by qualification of agent
conditioned by procedure of action
affecting a limited domain of competence
31. DPCL: duty frame
duty {
holder: john
counterparty: university
action: #teach { recipient: student }
violation: john.online is False
}
32. DPCL: duty frame
duty {
holder: john
counterparty: university
action: #teach { recipient: student }
violation: john.online is False
}
a duty reifies an expectation (of
“good”) for the counterparty
33. DPCL: duty frame
duty {
holder: john
counterparty: university
action: #teach { recipient: student }
violation: john.online is False
}
sometimes violations may be defined independently of the content of the duty
a duty reifies an expectation (of
“good”) for the counterparty
35. DPCL: prohibition frame
prohibition {
holder: john
action: #go { destination: swimming }
termination: ~winter
}
another example of “semantic neutrality”: not all logics consider the
“prohibition to do A” the same as the “obligation of not doing A”
sometimes normative directives have terminating conditions
independent of performance
36. DPCL: conditioning rules
● Transformational rules (as long as the premise is true, the conclusion is true):
raining -> wet
bike -> vehicle
● Reactive rules (when the antecedent occurs, the consequent occurs):
#rain => +wet
#raise_hand => +bet
37. DPCL: conditioning rules
● Transformational rules (as long as the premise is true, the conclusion is true):
raining -> wet
bike -> vehicle
● Reactive rules (when the antecedent occurs, the consequent occurs):
#rain => +wet
#raise_hand => +bet
● Contexts are generally involved in transformational rules:
auction -> { #raise_hand => +bet }
38. DPCL, example: library regulation
student or staff can register as member of the library by using their id card.
power {
holder: student | staff
action: #register { instrument: holder.id_card }
consequence: holder in member
}
39. DPCL, example: library regulation
any member can borrow a book for a certain time (e.g. 1 month).
power {
holder: member
action: #borrow { item: book }
consequence: +borrowing {
lender: library
borrower: member
item: book
timeout: now() + 1m
}
}
reference to
compound, parametrized
institutional object
40. DPCL, example: library regulation
by borrowing, the borrower can be requested in any moment to return the item.
borrowing(lender, borrower, item, timeout) {
power {
holder: lender
action: #request_return { item: item }
consequence: +duty {
holder: borrower
counterparty: lender
action: #return { item: item }
}
}
compound, parametrized
institutional object
(other examples: ownership)
41. DPCL, example: library regulation
the borrower has the duty to return the item within the given date.
duty d1 {
holder: borrower
counterparty: lender
action: #return { item: item }
violation: now() > timeout % illustrative
}
42. if the borrower does not return it, (s)he may be fined.
+d1.violation => +power {
holder: lender
action: #fine
consequence: +fine(borrower, lender)
}
} reactive conditional
DPCL, example: library regulation
43. “Lingua franca”, and rewriting
● As the informational model of DPCL covers most common constructs and
concepts observable in normative languages, one could in principle:
○ re-specify existing normative directives almost literally
○ utilize rewriting rules to re-encode certain constructs into others
44. Rewriting example: all is about power!
● All conditions (e.g. preconditions, violation, termination) implicitly refers to a
power that may (should?) be assigned to someone.
● This is an actual step in policy operationalization in administrative settings.
45. Rewriting example: all is about power!
● Unfolding a violation construct to the power to declare that violation…
prohibition p {
action: #smoke
}
p -> {
#smoke => +power {
holder: *
action: #declare_violation { item: p }
consequence: p.violated
}
}
46. Rewriting example: all is about power!
● More in general any duty comes with two powers: one to declare fulfilment,
another one to declare violation.
duty d {
holder: john
counterparty: paul
action: #pay
violation: timeout
}
47. Rewriting example: all is about power!
● More in general any duty comes with two powers: one to declare fulfilment,
another one to declare violation.
duty d {
holder: john
counterparty: paul
action: #pay
violation: timeout
}
d -> {
#pay => +power {
holder: paul
action: #declare_fulfillment { item: d }
consequence: d.fulfilled
}
timeout => +power {
holder: paul
action: #declare_violation { item: d }
consequence: d.violated
}
}
here we assign these
powers to the counterparty,
the claimant
48. Rewriting example: rules as duties & powers
● Transformational rules can be seen not only as “epistemic” duties (about
producing knowledge), but also as powers!
bike -> vehicle
vehicle :- bike.
system has to make vehicle true if bike is true
Logic rules as goals
49. Rewriting example: rules as duties & powers
● Transformational rules can be seen not only as “epistemic” duties (about
producing knowledge), but also as powers!
bike -> vehicle
bike -> {
duty {
holder: *
action: +vehicle
}
power {
holder: *
action: #state { item: vehicle }
consequence: +vehicle
}
}
mandatory view
ability view
50. Rewriting example: rules as duties & powers
● Transformational rules can be seen not only as “epistemic” duties (about
producing knowledge), but also as powers!
bike -> vehicle
bike -> {
duty {
holder: *
action: +vehicle
}
power {
holder: *
action: #state { item: vehicle }
consequence: +vehicle
}
}
mandatory view
ability view
LESS IMPORTANT IN
A SOCIAL COORDINATION
SETTING!
51. Rewriting example: maintenance duties
● Unfolding maintenance duties (about states of affairs)
in terms of duties of actions
duty d1 {
target: g1
}
d1 -> {
~g1 -> duty { action: +g1 }
g1 -> prohibition { action: -g1 }
}
maintenance duty
achievement duty
avoidance duty
52. Perspectives
● Working on languages for computational regulatory functions is a highly
relevant and urgent topic.
● Very dispersed literature, opinions, standpoints. In the years, new generations
of researchers and practitionners often restarted from scratch to try to solve
old, partially resolved problems.
● Ideally, as a community, we should start by creating grounds and
infrastructures to compare and organize all these experiences.
53. Perspectives
● Practical standpoint of modelling practitionners (generally not logicians, nor
expert programmers) are generally not taken into account.
● Besides, normative systems have characteristics that make them very
different from standard computer engineering/science perspectives.
● DPCL started as an experiment in the design of a programming language
starting from these alternative practical requirements. So far, lots of ideas!
● First prototype of interpreter in course of development.