The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly and there is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of normal weight (NW) and overweight + obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active.
Methods: This observational and retrospective study was based on clinical records analysis of male adolescents aged 11-18 years who had undergone a medical evaluation at a Medical Sport Centre (Pavia, Italy) during 2009, and had filled in a self-administered life style questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that out of 1423 clinical records 23.0% of subjects were OW, 5.4% OB and 71.6% NW. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Then we randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW participants (n=308) in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects. We handled them a validated lifestyle questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis was used to compare OW+OB and NW participants, as far as eating habits, sedentary activities and time spent in sports. All the subjects frequently skipped breakfast, did not consume fruit and vegetables daily and had a high soft drinks intake. Inverse correlations were found between weight and physical activity (p=0.01). Sedentary activities were preferred by about 25% and 66 % of the NW and OW+OB groups respectively. The percentage of smokers was similar within the two groups (14%).
Conclusions: Adolescents eating habits are incorrect, despite BMI and sports practice. Sports practice seems contributing to lower spare time physical inactivity, but does not improve eating habits. Public health interventions should focus on the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, besides nutrition education and behavioral education programs in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood.
School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and Physical ActivityAdonisGoldenRatioSystems
This report describes school health guidelines for promoting healthy eating and physical activity, including coordination of school policies and practices.
supportive environments; school nutrition services. physical education and physical activity programs; health education; health, mental health, and social services; family and community involvement; school employee wellness; and professional development for school staff members.
These guidelines, developed in collaboration with specialists from universities and from national, federal, state, local, and voluntary agencies and organizations, are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and best practices in healthy eating and physical activity promotion in school health, public health, and education. Because every guideline might not be appropriate or feasible for every school to implement, individual schools should determine which guidelines have the highest priority based on the needs of the school and available resources.
Physical Activity Level Analyses and Chronic-Degenerative Disease Risks In Do...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- It is of common belief that physical activity can restore damages caused to people's health due to the stressful everyday work routine. The energy expenditure on physical activities is directly related to the frequency, duration and intensity of human movements developed on many tasks. Thus, the main objective of this paper was to evaluate this energy consumption in public school teachers from the city of Horizonte, Ceara, discussing about degenerative chronic disease risks. 30 teachers, 9 men and 21 women within the age of 25 to 59 years old, were evaluated. Their Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated in order to classify them as normal, overweight and obese. As an instrument, the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnarie (IPAQ) was used, once it is more recommended to national prevalence studies due to the possibility of international comparison. This instrument contains several questions related to frequency (days per week) and duration (time per day) spent on moderate and vigorous physical activities and walking. The questionnarie also captures the energy expenditure in METs, in order to classify the selected individuals according to intensity: “sedentary” (< 1,5 METs), “low” (1,5 < METs < 3,0), “moderate” (3,9 < METs < 5,9) and “high” (≥ 6,0 METs). These analyses were performed using the Epi Info™ program, which used descriptive statistics. The results showed that the teachers present a good level of physical activity with 46,67% classified as high, 40% as moderate and 13,13% as low. The individuals also presented significant degree of overweight and obesity, 43% and 34% respectively, and only 23% within the acceptable weight range. Therefore, it could be concluded that, among the modifiable risk factors, the physical activity and the body mass control play important roles when it comes to chronic-degenerative disease prevention
School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and Physical ActivityAdonisGoldenRatioSystems
This report describes school health guidelines for promoting healthy eating and physical activity, including coordination of school policies and practices.
supportive environments; school nutrition services. physical education and physical activity programs; health education; health, mental health, and social services; family and community involvement; school employee wellness; and professional development for school staff members.
These guidelines, developed in collaboration with specialists from universities and from national, federal, state, local, and voluntary agencies and organizations, are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and best practices in healthy eating and physical activity promotion in school health, public health, and education. Because every guideline might not be appropriate or feasible for every school to implement, individual schools should determine which guidelines have the highest priority based on the needs of the school and available resources.
Physical Activity Level Analyses and Chronic-Degenerative Disease Risks In Do...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- It is of common belief that physical activity can restore damages caused to people's health due to the stressful everyday work routine. The energy expenditure on physical activities is directly related to the frequency, duration and intensity of human movements developed on many tasks. Thus, the main objective of this paper was to evaluate this energy consumption in public school teachers from the city of Horizonte, Ceara, discussing about degenerative chronic disease risks. 30 teachers, 9 men and 21 women within the age of 25 to 59 years old, were evaluated. Their Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated in order to classify them as normal, overweight and obese. As an instrument, the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnarie (IPAQ) was used, once it is more recommended to national prevalence studies due to the possibility of international comparison. This instrument contains several questions related to frequency (days per week) and duration (time per day) spent on moderate and vigorous physical activities and walking. The questionnarie also captures the energy expenditure in METs, in order to classify the selected individuals according to intensity: “sedentary” (< 1,5 METs), “low” (1,5 < METs < 3,0), “moderate” (3,9 < METs < 5,9) and “high” (≥ 6,0 METs). These analyses were performed using the Epi Info™ program, which used descriptive statistics. The results showed that the teachers present a good level of physical activity with 46,67% classified as high, 40% as moderate and 13,13% as low. The individuals also presented significant degree of overweight and obesity, 43% and 34% respectively, and only 23% within the acceptable weight range. Therefore, it could be concluded that, among the modifiable risk factors, the physical activity and the body mass control play important roles when it comes to chronic-degenerative disease prevention
ABSTRACT- Background: Malnutrition constitutes a major public health concern worldwide and serves as an indicator
of hospitalized patient’s prognosis. Nutritional support is an essential aspect of the clinical management of children
admitted to hospital. Malnutrition has been long associated with poor quality, poor diet and inadequate access to health
care, and it remains a key global health issue that both stems from and contributes to weakness, with 50% of childhood
deaths due to principal under nutrition.
Methods: The present hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in April to Dec 2015 among 300 rural
adolescents of 9-18 years age (146 boys and 154 girls) attending the outpatient department at Patna Medical College and
Hospital, Bihar, India, belonging to the all caste communities. The nutritional status was assessed in terms of under
nutrition (weight-for-age below 3rd percentile), stunting (Height-for-age below 3rd percentile) and thinness (BMI-for-age
below 5th percentile). Diseases were accepted as such as diagnosed by pediatrician, skin specialist and medical officer.
Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and thinness were found to be 31%, 22.3% and 30.7% respectively. The
maximum prevalence of malnutrition was observed among early adolescents (23% - 54%) and the most common
morbidities were diarrhoea (16.7%), carbuncle / furuncle (16.7%) and scabies (12%).
Conclusion: Malnutrition among hospitalized under five children and around suffers moderately high rates of
malnutrition. Present nutrition programs attention on education for at risk children and referral to regional hospitals for
malnourished children. Screening tools to classify children at risk of developing malnutrition might be helpful.
Key-words- Malnutrition, Hospitalized children, Morbidities, Prevalence, Stunting
nutritional assessment - a community based survey/study performed in children.
Anthropometry holds an important position in the assessment of nutrition.
it comprises easy and simple tools that can be analysed by ASHAs and ANMs at community level too apart from physicians.
Assessment of nutritional status of children under fiveJunaidAbubakar1
this presentation covers the ABCD method of Nutritional assessment, with a case study included. the study was conducted in NIgeria at birnin Kebbi orphanage home, Kebbi state where the nutritional status of children under-five was explore according the following prevalence
1. stuntig
2. wasting
3. underweight and
4. effect of malnutrition on Some biochemical parameters
ABSTRACT- Obesity is the problem of global concerned. All over the world it is considered to be the most improbable dilemma both health and appearance wise. Obesity not only makes the person to feel low in society but also indulge them with other health related disorders. Present review tries to focus on the different aspects allied with the obesity. Diseases associated with obesity and different therapies of concerned are being dis-cussed.
Keywords: Obesity, BMI, Negative Energy Balance, Anti-Obesity Agents
Weight Management Pharmaceutical Services
Obesity and Overweight: Definition, causes, prevention
Obese and Overweight patient counseling guidelines
Exercise, Physical activities for obese and overweight people
Aim of nutritional assessment
To identify nutritional problems of the community
To find the underlying cause for malnutrition
To plan and implement control of malnutrition
Maintain good nutrition of community
Body mass-index-quality-of-life-and-migraine-in-studentsAnnex Publishers
Migraine is reported globally with a higher prevalence in students. The present study aims to evaluate the association between nutritional status, quality of life (QL) and characteristics of migraine.
A cross-sectional study. Headache characteristics, level of disability caused by migraine crises (Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment - PedMIDAS) and QL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory- PedsQL) were assessed. Anthropometric variables were also measured.
Data were collected from 98 students with a mean age of 11.2 ± 1.7 years. Migraine had the highest prevalence (54.8%). The average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the total sample was 20.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2, and among students with migraine and students with tension headache, the average BMIs were 20.4 ± 4.0 and 19.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2, respectively (p = 0.264, Student's t-test). Around 47.5% from migraineurs were overweight or obese. Regarding QL, the average total score in students with migraine was 74.4 ± 12.4, with no differences observed among normal weight, overweight or obese students, and no correlation between the scores of the PedsQL and BMI (r = -0.182, p = 0.165, Pearson correlation coefficient) was observed. There was a high percentage of overweight students with migraine. Analyses show no associations between the nutritional status, frequency, severity, disability caused by crises, or QL.
Journal of Biometrics and Its Applications (JBIA) is peer reviewed open access journal which addresses the fundamental areas in computer science that deal with biological measurements. It covers both the theoretical and practical aspects of human identification and verification. Biometrics based authentication, an integral component of identity science, is now being utilized in several applications playing a central role in personal, national and global security. Biometric refers to the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences.
Abstract
Programming scripts were written for the statistical analysis of genetic data from simple cases and complex cases of undetermined paternity. The methods presented here involve algorithms constructed with R, an open-source and increasingly popular programming language used for calculations and statistics; these methods also involve conditional probability analysis, Bayes’ Theorem, and pedigree analysis. Previous computer programs for assessing probable paternity in complex cases of undetermined paternity have been written; however, only minimal or generalized formulas are described in the papers presenting these programs. Therefore, these previously published programs are difficult to understand for most forensic researchers. Here, we present the details of the calculations used to evaluate probabilities of paternity and the details of the R scripts used execute these calculations. These scripts were constructed not only for standard trio case where DNA typing of the mother, child, and the alleged father are available, but also for more complex cases where DNA typing of the alleged father is absent. In these more complex cases, the putative genotype of the alleged father is determined from the genotypes of his parents, his siblings, his wife, children known to be his biological children, or some combination of these people. This report provides concrete and orderly descriptions of the calculations and the R scripts so that each facet of this method is easily understood. Furthermore, access to these scripts will enable individual researchers to develop calculation systems of their own.
Keywords: Forensic mathematics; Paternity testing; R; DNA typing
ABSTRACT- Background: Malnutrition constitutes a major public health concern worldwide and serves as an indicator
of hospitalized patient’s prognosis. Nutritional support is an essential aspect of the clinical management of children
admitted to hospital. Malnutrition has been long associated with poor quality, poor diet and inadequate access to health
care, and it remains a key global health issue that both stems from and contributes to weakness, with 50% of childhood
deaths due to principal under nutrition.
Methods: The present hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in April to Dec 2015 among 300 rural
adolescents of 9-18 years age (146 boys and 154 girls) attending the outpatient department at Patna Medical College and
Hospital, Bihar, India, belonging to the all caste communities. The nutritional status was assessed in terms of under
nutrition (weight-for-age below 3rd percentile), stunting (Height-for-age below 3rd percentile) and thinness (BMI-for-age
below 5th percentile). Diseases were accepted as such as diagnosed by pediatrician, skin specialist and medical officer.
Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and thinness were found to be 31%, 22.3% and 30.7% respectively. The
maximum prevalence of malnutrition was observed among early adolescents (23% - 54%) and the most common
morbidities were diarrhoea (16.7%), carbuncle / furuncle (16.7%) and scabies (12%).
Conclusion: Malnutrition among hospitalized under five children and around suffers moderately high rates of
malnutrition. Present nutrition programs attention on education for at risk children and referral to regional hospitals for
malnourished children. Screening tools to classify children at risk of developing malnutrition might be helpful.
Key-words- Malnutrition, Hospitalized children, Morbidities, Prevalence, Stunting
nutritional assessment - a community based survey/study performed in children.
Anthropometry holds an important position in the assessment of nutrition.
it comprises easy and simple tools that can be analysed by ASHAs and ANMs at community level too apart from physicians.
Assessment of nutritional status of children under fiveJunaidAbubakar1
this presentation covers the ABCD method of Nutritional assessment, with a case study included. the study was conducted in NIgeria at birnin Kebbi orphanage home, Kebbi state where the nutritional status of children under-five was explore according the following prevalence
1. stuntig
2. wasting
3. underweight and
4. effect of malnutrition on Some biochemical parameters
ABSTRACT- Obesity is the problem of global concerned. All over the world it is considered to be the most improbable dilemma both health and appearance wise. Obesity not only makes the person to feel low in society but also indulge them with other health related disorders. Present review tries to focus on the different aspects allied with the obesity. Diseases associated with obesity and different therapies of concerned are being dis-cussed.
Keywords: Obesity, BMI, Negative Energy Balance, Anti-Obesity Agents
Weight Management Pharmaceutical Services
Obesity and Overweight: Definition, causes, prevention
Obese and Overweight patient counseling guidelines
Exercise, Physical activities for obese and overweight people
Aim of nutritional assessment
To identify nutritional problems of the community
To find the underlying cause for malnutrition
To plan and implement control of malnutrition
Maintain good nutrition of community
Body mass-index-quality-of-life-and-migraine-in-studentsAnnex Publishers
Migraine is reported globally with a higher prevalence in students. The present study aims to evaluate the association between nutritional status, quality of life (QL) and characteristics of migraine.
A cross-sectional study. Headache characteristics, level of disability caused by migraine crises (Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment - PedMIDAS) and QL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory- PedsQL) were assessed. Anthropometric variables were also measured.
Data were collected from 98 students with a mean age of 11.2 ± 1.7 years. Migraine had the highest prevalence (54.8%). The average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the total sample was 20.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2, and among students with migraine and students with tension headache, the average BMIs were 20.4 ± 4.0 and 19.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2, respectively (p = 0.264, Student's t-test). Around 47.5% from migraineurs were overweight or obese. Regarding QL, the average total score in students with migraine was 74.4 ± 12.4, with no differences observed among normal weight, overweight or obese students, and no correlation between the scores of the PedsQL and BMI (r = -0.182, p = 0.165, Pearson correlation coefficient) was observed. There was a high percentage of overweight students with migraine. Analyses show no associations between the nutritional status, frequency, severity, disability caused by crises, or QL.
Journal of Biometrics and Its Applications (JBIA) is peer reviewed open access journal which addresses the fundamental areas in computer science that deal with biological measurements. It covers both the theoretical and practical aspects of human identification and verification. Biometrics based authentication, an integral component of identity science, is now being utilized in several applications playing a central role in personal, national and global security. Biometric refers to the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences.
Abstract
Programming scripts were written for the statistical analysis of genetic data from simple cases and complex cases of undetermined paternity. The methods presented here involve algorithms constructed with R, an open-source and increasingly popular programming language used for calculations and statistics; these methods also involve conditional probability analysis, Bayes’ Theorem, and pedigree analysis. Previous computer programs for assessing probable paternity in complex cases of undetermined paternity have been written; however, only minimal or generalized formulas are described in the papers presenting these programs. Therefore, these previously published programs are difficult to understand for most forensic researchers. Here, we present the details of the calculations used to evaluate probabilities of paternity and the details of the R scripts used execute these calculations. These scripts were constructed not only for standard trio case where DNA typing of the mother, child, and the alleged father are available, but also for more complex cases where DNA typing of the alleged father is absent. In these more complex cases, the putative genotype of the alleged father is determined from the genotypes of his parents, his siblings, his wife, children known to be his biological children, or some combination of these people. This report provides concrete and orderly descriptions of the calculations and the R scripts so that each facet of this method is easily understood. Furthermore, access to these scripts will enable individual researchers to develop calculation systems of their own.
Keywords: Forensic mathematics; Paternity testing; R; DNA typing
Tame to-torture-psychosexual-correlations-of-sex-violence-and-tortureAnnex Publishers
Abstract
This paper discusses the psychosexual correlations and psychological consequences related to torture and behavioral acts that are fundamentally torturous. The influence of participation by learning and the relationship of acts to thought and thought to acts are further discussed to raise awareness to the effects of torture on the torturer. Theories from multiple disciplines are presented in an integrated context to examine the correlation between fundamental psychological principles associated with acts that are torturous in nature and, therefore, innately evil.
Keywords: Aggression; Crime; Criminology; Behavioral acts; Human behavior; Psychological effects; Psychology; Psychopathology; Psychosexual; Sex; Sex crimes; Sexuality; Torture; Violence
Study on-efficiency-of-protein-extractants-employed-for-human-origin-determin...Annex Publishers
Abstract
Human origin determination is an important aspect of blood grouping analysis in forensic science laboratories. In the present study, protein extractants like gel buffer, ammonia and saline employed for origin determination were evaluated and compared qualitatively and quantitatively for their role in the extraction of proteins from dried blood stained materials of human origin at regular time intervals. Qualitative and quantitative methods employing counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE) respectively were used to study the protein extraction efficiency of extractants. Ammonia, compared to gel buffer and saline extracted the proteins effectively. Maximum extraction of proteins was observed in 2-3 hours of sample. CIE demonstrated sharp precipitin bands with all samples of ammonia extractant compared to the samples of counterparts. RIE also revealed greater concentration of proteins in the ammonia extract compared to extracts of gel buffer and saline. These results provide evidence that ammonia serves as a better protein extractant for rapid determination of human blood origin.
Keywords: Forensic science; Forensic serology; Blood origin; Electrophoresis; Protein extractants; Immunoprecipitation
Case report: A 49-year-old previously healthy man was admitted to the ICU after cardiac arrest following a short history with headache, blurred speech and reduced consciousness. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation perfusion rhythm was regained, but the patient didn`t regain consciousness. The arterial blood gas analysis at the ICU revealed a severe metabolic acidosis with pH at 6.86 and lactate levels of 16 mmol/L. The white blood cells count was also markedly increased (312 * 109/L), and blood smear showed immature cells indicating acute leukemia. The severe metabolic acidosis, at first thought to be due to systemic hypoperfusion, did not improve in spite of fluid and vasopressor resuscitation. A CT scan of the head performed the next day, revealed massive cerebellar haemorrhage, edema in both hemispheres and signs of anoxic brain damage. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood was consistent with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
Background: Observational studies have shown that low folate status induces depression. Here we studied the effects of folic acid supplementation on depression scores of Japanese women with depression-susceptible gene polymorphisms: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), serotonin transporter (5-HTT), and dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4).
Design: This was a 16-wk randomized, double-blind, crossover study of a group of Japanese women. Forty-six women (mean age 20 years; range: 18-26) were included in the study. First it was determined if the subjects had one of the following depression-susceptible gene polymorphisms: MTHFR, 5-HTT, or DRD4. The subjects then consumed bread with or without folic acid (200 μg/d) during two 4-wk diet periods separated by an 8-wk washout period. Serum folate and serum total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations were measured before and after each intervention. Depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were determined.
Results:In the folic acid period, serum folate concentration increased from 14.2 nmol/L (median, 25th-75th percentiles: 10.6-17.5) to 23.1 nmol/L (16.4-27.8 p < 0.001); tHcy was reduced from 6.6 µmol/L (5.6-7.5) to 5.7 µmol/L (4.8-6.6, p < 0.001) and CES-D score decreased from 10.0 (3.0-13.0) to 5.0 (2.0-10.0, p < 0.001). In the control period, these changes were either insignificant or reversed. CES-D score significantly decreased by supplementing with folic acid in subjects with depression-susceptible genotypes common among Japanese, namely homozygotes of the "S" allele of 5-HTT and the "4" allele of DRD4.
Anti inflammatory-and-anti-arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-purified-shilajit...Annex Publishers
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of purified Shilajit in moderately arthritic dogs. Ten client-owned dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received either a placebo or Shilajit (500 mg) twice daily for a period of five months. Dogs were evaluated each month for physical condition (body weight, body temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate) and pain associated with arthritis (overall pain, pain from limb manipulation, and pain after physical exertion). Serum samples collected from these dogs were examined each month for biomarkers of liver (bilirubin, ALT, and AST), kidney (BUN and creatinine) heart and muscle (creatine kinase) functions. The findings of this study revealed that dogs receiving Shilajit (Group-II) showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in pain from limb manipulation by day 60, and overall pain and pain after physical exertion by day 120. Maximum pain reduction, using all three criteria, was observed on day 150. Pain level remained significantly unchanged in dogs receiving the placebo. Dogs in either group showed no significant change (P>0.05) in physical parameters or serum markers, suggesting that Shilajit was well tolerated by moderately arthritic dogs. It was concluded that Shilajit significantly (P< 0.05) reduced pain in osteoarthritic dogs and markedly improved their daily life without any side effects.
Keywords: Purified Shilajit; Osteoarthritis in canine; Shilajit safety; Anti-arthritic nutraceutical
Abstract
Salmonella is a causative agent for a wide variety of pathological diseases in humans, cattle, poultry and other farm animals and hence Salmonella infections are a major cause of concern to humans, veterinary animals and to food industry. With characterization of over 2500 Salmonella serovars, the pathogen nearly infects all vertebrates but the severity of infection varies from one serovar to another depending upon their host specificity. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one or few hosts while others have a broad host spectrum. Thus the understanding of the mechanisms involving host preference by one serovar over another is very important. As our knowledge about host adaptability will then be instrumental in designing better vaccines. Furthermore, methods involving identification of genetic markers for host specificity will prove to be instrumental in determining virulence factors for other pathogenic bacteria that cause systemic infections.
Keywords: Host adaption; Evolution; Salmonella serovar; Horizontal gene transfer
Abstract
Juvenile ossifying fibroma is an uncommon clinical entity, its aggressive local behaviour and high recurrence rate mean that it is important to make an early diagnosis, apply the appropriate treatment and, especially, follow the patient up over the long term. In the current article we report a case of juvenile ossifying fibroma-WHO type in 12yr old patient which was clinical and histopathologically challenging as it was asymptomatic and at an unusual location.
Journal of Computational Systems Biology (JCSB) is an open access online journal which aims to publish peer reviewed research articles and short communications in all aspects of computational biology and bioinformatics. JCSB comprehend the broad spectrum of computational bioscience including biological databases and bioalgorithms.
Journal of Case Reports and Studies (JCRS) is an open access, peer reviewed online journal which aims to publish original case report in all the disciplines. It provides access to most valuable and exciting reports mainly related to medicine and other fields. All submitted articles are peer reviewed and published under the guidance of our EB. JCRS maintains the quality by publishing research papers that have significance in the field of case reports.
Abstract
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is a signal transduction pathway that functions in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological cellular events including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, metabolic disorders and diseases. In skeletal muscle, it plays an essential role in muscle fiber specialization, muscle mass maintenance, damage induced muscle regeneration and muscle diseases. This review provides an overview of MAPK pathway and its pathophysiological role in skeletal muscle diseases with a primary focus on muscular dystrophy and atrophy.
Journal of Obesity and Overweight (JOO) is a peer reviewed open access journal. It is dedicated to increase knowledge, fostering research, and promoting better treatment for people with obesity. It includes subjects like nutrition medicine, clinical nutrition medicine, genetics and nutrition, biophysics and lipid metabolism, etc. It aims to publish advanced research works related to public health and medical developments.
Anti arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-crominex-3+(trivalent-chromium-phyllant...Annex Publishers
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Crominex® 3+ (a complex of trivalent chromium, Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) extract and purified Shilajit) in moderately arthritic dogs. Eleven client-owned moderately arthritic dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received placebo or Crominex® 3+ twice daily for a period of 150 days. On a monthly basis, each dog was evaluated for arthritis associated pain (overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation and pain after physical exertion) and a full physical exam (body weight, body temperature and heart rate). At the same time intervals, dogs serum samples were examined for biomarkers of kidney (BUN and creatinine), liver (bilirubin, ALT and AST) and heart and skeletal muscle (CK) functions. Findings of this investigation revealed that dogs receiving Crominex® 3+ (1000 μg chromium, 15 mg Amla extract and 15 mg purified Shilajit per day in two divided doses) exhibited a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in arthritic pain noted as early as after 90 days with a maximum reduction after 150 days of treatment. Pain level remained the same or slightly increased in the dogs receiving placebo. No significant change occurred in physical parameters or serum biomarkers in dogs on placebo or Crominex® 3+, which suggested that Crominex® 3+ was well tolerated by arthritic dogs. In conclusion, Crominex® 3+ significantly (P< 0.05) ameliorated arthritic pain and improved quality of life without causing any untoward effects in moderately arthritic dogs.
Background: Vegetarian diets are associated with reduced risk for diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine the nutritional adequacy of usual food intake in a cohort of young vegetarians and omnivores who regularly exercise.
Methods: Five vegetarian (aged 21.7±2.0 yrs), three vegan (aged 31.3±7.5 yrs) and eight age and sex matched omnivore participants (aged 21.1±1.9 yrs) volunteered for this project. Participants completed diet diaries to determine usual intake of macronutrients such as protein and fat and micronutrients such as vitamin C and iron.
Results: All participants met or exceeded the recommended dietary intake (RDI) of protein, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 phosphorus, and vitamin C. Vegetarians and vegans consumed insufficient quantities of vitamin B12 and vegans consumed less the half the amount that omnivores managed (1.7μg compared to 4.5μg). Folate consumption was adequate amongst vegetarians and vegans (510μg and 696μg respectively) and vitamin C consumption was highest among the vegan group (>400% of the RDI). Zinc intake was lowest among the vegetarians while low iron and copper intakes were reported by omnivores. Calcium consumption was poor overall.
Conclusions: Nutritional inadequacies can arise from consuming omnivore, vegetarian and vegan diets. Over time such inadequacies may result in nutrient deficiencies thus it is important to consume a variety of nutrient rich foods to ensure nutrition requirements are being met
Abstract
Background: We set out to determine the possibility of radiographically evaluating the degree of marginal bone loss in humans after functional loading of implants at sites of guided bone regeneration (GBR) with autogenous tooth-based bone graft (ATBBG) material (AutoBT®, Korea Tooth Bank, Seoul, Korea).
Materials and Methods: Using ATBBG material, GBR procedures were performed on the extraction sockets with bone defects such as buccal dehiscence and 6 months of healing was allowed. Dental implants were installed and prosthetic procedures were done after another 6 months of healing. Marginal bone levels (MBLs) were radiographically measured following functional loading (mean duration, 10 months; range, 4–18 months) in 10 patients among 19 patients initially enrolled in this study (4 men and 6 women; age range, 39–65 years; mean age, 55.4 years) who maintained follow-up visits after entire surgical and prosthetic procedures.
Results: No significant MBL differences were noted immediately after GBR, implant placement and prosthesis delivery (F=0.245, P>0.05). Changes in the MBLs were not affected by gender.
Conclusion: The ATBBG material is viable for GBR and can yield a stable MBL even after functional loading of implants. The degree of marginal bone loss after loading with ATBBG is stable.
Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia Rickettsii (RMSF) is a reoccurring disease in Arizona and Sonora and a public health problem due to the high risk medical complications it provokes. In the region it is transmitted by the bite of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick, found in dogs. This tick transmits Rickettsia rickettsii bacteria. Following an incubation period of 3-14 days, it causes acute, non-specific effects early on (fever, headache and rash) that -if not diagnosed and treated in time can be serious or cause death. Death is primarily associated with two factors: (a) delay in diagnosis, and (b) doxycycline, a highly effective antibiotic treatment which is inexpensive and simple to administer is delayed. If doxycycline is not provided before the 5th day after the symptoms begin, the patient can worsen and present with dark purple spots on the body, mostly hands and soles, wrists and ankles as well as have heart, hepatitis, renal, central nervous symptoms and other multiple organ complications. RMSF should be considered a medical priority and a public health problem at the regional level with a network of underlying factors. To prevent and control RMSF in Arizona and Sonora, public health interventions will need to address medical challenges associated with a number of social, political, and environmental factors.
The flesh-fly-sarcophaga-(liopygia)-crassipalpis-macquart-1839-as-an-invader-...Annex Publishers
Abstract
We present an indoor forensic case that occurred in spring 2013 in Cosenza (southern Italy). The entomological evidence collected at the scene consisted of Calliphoridae (Calliphora vicina, Lucilia sericata), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga crassipalpis), Fanniidae (Fannia scalaris) and Muscidae (Hydrotaea ignava). The minimum Post Mortem Interval (mPMI) was calculated by relating the entomological evidence to data available for Diptera species in the area and to our knowledge of the development of flies used as forensic indicators in Calabria. We report S. crassipalpis as a corpse invader for the first time in Italy.
Keywords: Forensic case; Flies; S. crassipalpis; mPMI; Southern Italy
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Abstract
Here in a systematic, accurate and reliable method, Head-Space Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) was developed to determine blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb%), in order to investigate deaths related to CO exposure especially involving blood and hepatic tissues. Using a column packed with molecular sieve, COHb levels were quantified down to 0.2% in small blood samples quickly and showed good reproducibility with RSD of the COHb < 1%. COHb% in hepatic samples stored at different temperatures (-20 °C for 1- 2 years, 0 °C, and 18 °C for two months) can be determined even when the samples are decomposed. The 3-min procedure requires only 0.25 mL of blood sample or 1.0 g of hepatic tissue each time. The technique has a clear advantage over other methods such as UV spectrophotometry.
Keywords: Carbon monoxide poisoning; COHb; Decomposed hepatic tissues; Headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC /MS)
1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLESTHESE ARE.docxhyacinthshackley2629
1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES
THESE ARE THE INSTRUCTORS REMARKS AFTER GRADING AND GIVING ME A ZERO/100. PLEASE CORRECT THIS DOCUMENT FOR ME. THANKS.
I HAVE ALSO ATTACHED A Turnitin Report in pdf format.
Hi, Jude. Your Turnitin report showed that 74% of your draft matches sources that were not cited properly. Please review the plagiarism tutorial in the syllabus, and review the APA materials on how to cite sources. Paraphrase your sources whenever possible; this shows you understand the material and can restate it in your own words. This also enables you to claim ownership of the language while still giving credit for the ideas. When you use source material verbatim, make sure to place it in quotation marks. Avoid copying and pasting large chunks of text. Even if you include proper citations, your essay will lack originality. Please review the attached Turnitin report so you can see which sections need attention. I will review your draft and update your score once you've rewritten it in your own words and cited sources properly. Please note the late policy in the syllabus. Let me know if you have any questions. Thanks.
Annotated Bibliography for Sedentary Lifestyles
Jude Kum
DeVry University
Sedentary lifestyle is predominant in our everyday life be it in workplace, school, social or homes and the fact is we have got accustomed to sitting down and doing many things forgetting the impact this is causing to our health. People fail to realize how valuable exercise is in their life and especially in improving their health and well-being. Sitting down on the computer with all focused attention and forgetting that we need to get up and even eat cause problems to many people.
Guedes, N.G., Lopes, M.V., Leite de Araujo, T. Moreira, R.P. and Martins, L.C. G. (2010). Predictive Factors of the Nursing Diagnosis Sedentary Lifestyle in People with High Blood Pressure. Public Health Nursing. Vol. 28 No. 2, p. 193-200. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The research question for the study conducted by Guesdes, et al (2010) is based on the following: 1.what is the result of the defining characteristics and related factors of sedentary lifestyle diagnosis in patients with high blood pressure? 2. What are the predictive value and possible predictors of the nursing diagnosis sedentary lifestyle in patients with high blood pressure? The study looked at the validation of diagnostic groupings of the population being studied including aspects of their clinical situations. The study looked at diagnosis resulting from insufficient physical activity, intolerance of activity, fatigue, impaired physical mobility, self-care deficit.
My assessment: Using this article, I will bring out the important indicators and useful predictors for identification of sedentary lifestyle; demonstrated the benefits of physical fitness, verbalized preferences for activities that are to accomplish real training or exercises. I will point out appr.
Aene project a medium city public students obesity studyCIRINEU COSTA
Identifying undernutrition and obesity on students and propose public policies of health are urgent issues. This paper presents a study with weight and stature from students collected by physical education teachers (PEF) in schools of a city near São Paulo. The PEF collected the data and they were inserted in a program especially developed for each school Department (AENE Project). The datas were analyzed by software and evaluation done based on a World Health Organization (WHO_2007) table, that develops health programs worldwide. The results evaluations were used to raise the students and family, teachers and responsibles for treatment search (when required).
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
Childhood obesity has been described as the main health-related problem in developed countries, due to its link with physical, social and psychological consequences with an increased risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
All the pupils of both sexes attending the second year of all the primary schools in Pavia, Northern Italy, were recruited (n=470) for this study. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were taken under standard conditions. Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist-to-height-ratio (W/HtR) were computed and sex specific percentile values for BMI, WC and W/HtR were calculated and compared with the same percentiles available for different countries.
The results show that according to Cole’s cut-off point reference standards, 12.5% and 9.0% of boys and girls respectively are overweight, 4.7% and 5.2% respectively are obese. The WC mean value is equal to 60.0 ± 6.0 cm in boys and 59.0 ± 6.7 cm in girls. Using different 90th reference worldwide standard percentiles for WC as a comparison, the prevalence of our children with WC > 90th percentile is very different. The W/HtR mean value of the total sample is 0.46 ± 0.03. Assuming a cutoff of 0.5, 87.6% of the pupils have a W/HtR value ≤ 0.5, while 12.4% of the subjects have a value > 0.5, showing abdominal obesity among 55 children at an early age.
Our results point out the need for specific preventive and treatment interventions by identifying and implementing effective strategies, policies, and nutritional education programs in order to decrease the prevalence rate of obesity as well as the risk of metabolic disorders.
Running head PUBLIC HEALTH 1 PUBLIC .docxjeanettehully
Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH 1
PUBLIC HEALTH 4
Public health
Daysha Snipes
South University
PHE6404
Abstract
Obesity among American Hispanic females between the ages of twenty and sixty-four years old is the new health inequality in the United States. Food, physical activity, and obesity are one of these twelve leading health indices categorized as important national health issues by Healthy People 2020. Obesity is classified as anyone who surpasses substance mass indicator (BMI ) of thirty. According to females' wellness, three at four American females are overweight or obese. History of woman in Sports For most human history, healthy rivalry has been considered as an entirely masculine thing. Females weren't allowed to see most sporting events. Let only act in them. Not till late nineteenth century did females start participating in sporting events. Although females were allowed to participate in some sports, relatively few showed benefit, for a variety of cultural and mental reasons that are even poorly understood.
Although the fast gains seen in fat since the 1970s seem to have leveled off, Fat and obesity continue to take severe issues in the United States. Increasing physical activity and improving food are keys to fat prevention and control, in addition to policies that alter the situation to make wholesome eating and healthy physical activity more comfortable, safer, and more pleasing are expected to take most effective.
· Campaigns relying mainly on knowledge distribution and training to alter attitudes and behaviors associated with food and physical activity are the great importance of government action to ensure obesity. One might believe that the American world is flooded with media pictures that encourage fitness and inform about the risks of obesity (ONYECHERE, 2014).
· The overall population knows that mediocre food, lack of physical activity and fat are causing many health issues. The CDC is undertaking The problematic public health issue starting with schools, which should offer The quality nutrition system and ensure only healthful foods and drinks are available to students. As part of obesity prevention, multiple organizations will assist people recognize their body mass index, keep a healthy weight and incorporate physical activity into their lives (Raimond, 2013).
· The objective within its endeavors to advance the building food surroundings, encourage student health, in addition to decrease early days obesity, this region can hold on to the ADE principle Governing food in addition to Physical Activity Standards as well as Body Mass Index for the Age Assessment Protocols. To encourage diet, physical activity, in addition to other education-based events that can progress student health, the region, working with the SNPAAC, Has demonstrated the following goals: Use the level suitable nutrition training system that can create the consciousness of as well as understanding for food as well as physical activity ...
What are the causes and effects of childhood obesity, and what strategies can health and government bodies use to tackle the issue? Nathalie Farpour-Lambert, President of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), examines scientific data and presents recommendations. This presentation was delivered as part of a Global Active City and Ciudad Activa Summit in Buenos Aires in October 2018. EASO is a supporting partner of the Active Well-being Initiative, which runs the Global Active City programme. The world’s first Global Active Cities are Buenos Aires, Hamburg, Lillehammer, Liverpool, Ljubljana, and Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Visit http://www.activewellbeing.org or follow @AWBInitiative on Twitter.
Running head PICOT STATEMENT 1PICOT STATEMENT 5.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PICOT STATEMENT 1
PICOT STATEMENT 5
PICOT Statement: Childhood Obesity
P-I-C-O-T Statement
P- Patients who suffer from obesity (BMI of more than 30)
I- Undertaking nutritional education, diet, and exercise
C- Comparison to nutritional education, endoscopic bariatric surgical intervention
O- Improved health outcomes in terms of overall weight
T - A year’s time limit
PICOT Statement: Childhood Obesity
Introduction
Childhood obesity poses serious health problems in the US as the number of overweight and obese population increases at a rapid pace every year. The effects of this problem have arrested the attention of policymakers, societal members, and government agencies. This has resulted in ranking childhood obesity as a national health concern. The adverse impacts of this disease go beyond the health realms to include economic burden on both personal and national budgets. While there are numerous risk factors and various evidence-based interventions to address this challenge, no single approach is consistently efficacious in curbing the disease. Consequently, it is imperative that efficacious initiatives and policies be developed to address the never-ending problem of childhood obesity. Multidisciplinary approaches are often broad and cut across all dimensions of personal health problems. Instead of placing emphasis solely on biomedical models, health care professionals should also seek to promote behavior change among obesity patients and their family members. A PICOT statement can be utilized as an effective tool to seek interventions of addressing childhood obesity.
PICOT Statement
Population
In the US, obesity prevalence is highest among children aged from 6 to 11 years (Cheung et al. 2016). The disease has tripled among this age group from 4.2 percent to 15.3 percent from 1963 to 2012. In the last three decades, increased cases of obesity prevalence have been noted among children of all ages, although the differences in obesity prevalence have been recorded in terms of age, race, ethnicity, and gender (Cheung et al. 2016). In this respect, children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families and some racial and ethnic minorities experience the higher median score on obesity than the dominant white population. Higher obesity rates are often recorded among blacks and Hispanics compared to whites. For instance, a survey on girls in the Southwest revealed that the yearly cases of obesity stood at 4.5 percent among Blacks, 2 percent among Hispanics, and 0.7 percent among white girls aged from 13 to 17 years (Cheung et al. 2016). For low-income earners, American Indians rank highest at 6.3 percent, followed closely by Hispanics at 5.5 percent.
Intervention
Evidence-based interventions that seek to reduce childhood obesity incidences in the country should target two major areas: prevention and treatment. High-quality RCT has been proven as one of the most effective preventative ...
STUDY PROTOCOL Open AccessA family based tailored counsell.docxpicklesvalery
STUDY PROTOCOL Open Access
A family based tailored counselling to increase
non-exercise physical activity in adults with a
sedentary job and physical activity in their young
children: design and methods of a year-long
randomized controlled trial
Taija Finni1*, Arja Sääkslahti2, Arto Laukkanen1, Arto Pesola1 and Sarianna Sipilä3
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests that decrease in sedentary behaviour is beneficial for health. This
family based randomized controlled trial examines whether face-to-face delivered counselling is effective in
reducing sedentary time and improving health in adults and increasing moderate-to-vigorous activities in children.
Methods: The families are randomized after balancing socioeconomic and environmental factors in the Jyväskylä
region, Finland. Inclusion criteria are: healthy men and women with children 3-8 years old, and having an
occupation where they self-reportedly sit more than 50% of their work time and children in all-day day-care in
kindergarten or in the first grade in primary school. Exclusion criteria are: body mass index > 35 kg/m2, self-
reported chronic, long-term diseases, families with pregnant mother at baseline and children with disorders
delaying motor development.
From both adults and children accelerometer data is collected five times a year in one week periods. In addition,
fasting blood samples for whole blood count and serum metabonomics, and diurnal heart rate variability for 3
days are assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months follow-up from adults. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle
activities providing detailed information on muscle inactivity will be used to realize the maximum potential effect
of the intervention. Fundamental motor skills from children and body composition from adults will be measured at
baseline, and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. Questionnaires of family-influence-model, health and physical activity,
and dietary records are assessed. After the baseline measurements the intervention group will receive tailored
counselling targeted to decrease sitting time by focusing on commute and work time. The counselling regarding
leisure time is especially targeted to encourage toward family physical activities such as visiting playgrounds and
non-built environments, where children can get diversified stimulation for play and practice fundamental of motor
skills. The counselling will be reinforced during the first 6 months followed by a 6-month maintenance period.
Discussion: If shown to be effective, this unique family based intervention to improve lifestyle behaviours in both
adults and children can provide translational model for community use. This study can also provide knowledge
whether the lifestyle changes are transformed into relevant biomarkers and self-reported health.
Trial registration number: ISRCTN: ISRCTN28668090
* Correspondence: [email protected]
1Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity,
University of ...
ORIGINALARTICLESEVIDENCE BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR SCH.docxalfred4lewis58146
ORIGINAL
ARTICLES
EVIDENCE BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR SCHOOL-AGE YOUTH
WILLIAM B. STRONG, MD,* ROBERT M. MALINA, PHD,* CAMERON J. R. BLIMKIE, PHD, STEPHEN R. DANIELS, MD, PHD,
RODNEY K. DISHMAN, PHD, BERNARD GUTIN, PHD, ALBERT C. HERGENROEDER, MD, AVIVA MUST, PHD, PATRICIA A. NIXON, PHD,
JAMES M. PIVARNIK, PHD, THOMAS ROWLAND, MD, STEWART TROST, PHD, AND FRANCxOIS TRUDEAU, PHD
Objectives To review the effects of physical activity on health and behavior outcomes and develop evidence-based
recommendations for physical activity in youth.
Study design A systematic literature review identified 850 articles; additional papers were identified by the expert
panelists. Articles in the identified outcome areas were reviewed, evaluated and summarized by an expert panelist. The strength
of the evidence, conclusions, key issues, and gaps in the evidence were abstracted in a standardized format and presented and
discussed by panelists and organizational representatives.
Results Most intervention studies used supervised programs of moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30 to 45 minutes
duration 3 to 5 days per week. The panel believed that a greater amount of physical activity would be necessary to achieve similar
beneficial effects on health and behavioral outcomes in ordinary daily circumstances (typically intermittent and unsupervised
activity).
Conclusion School-age youth should participate daily in 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity that
is developmentally appropriate, enjoyable, and involves a variety of activities. (J Pediatr 2005;146:732-7)
R
ecommendations for appropriate amounts of physical activity for the US
population, including school-age youth, have been developed by several
organizations and agencies.1 Although recent reviews have summarized the
benefits of regular physical activity on the health of youth and its potential for reducing the
incidence of chronic diseases that are manifested in adulthood,
2-5
a more systematic
approach is indicated. This report presents results of a systematic evaluation of evidence
dealing with the effects of regular physical activity on several health and behavioral
outcomes in US school-age youth, with the goal of developing a recommendation for the
amount of physical activity deemed appropriate to yield beneficial health and behavioral
outcomes.
METHOD
Under a contract with the Divisions of Nutrition and Physical Activity and
Adolescent and School Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the
Constella Group, an expert panel was convened to review and evaluate available evidence
on the influence of physical activity on several health and behavioral outcomes in youth
aged 6 to 18 years. The co-chairs of the panel selected panelists on the basis of expertise in
specific areas: adiposity, cardiovascular health (lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, the
metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular reactivity, heart rate
variab.
Association between-stress-and-dietary-behaviours-among-undergraduate-student...Annex Publishers
Background: Studies have shown that a significant proportion of university students globally suffer from stress. Although many studies have reported an association between psychological stress and dietary behaviour, findings remain inconclusive. To date, no research in Kuwait has assessed the prevalence of stress and its relationship with dietary pattern among university students.
Objectives: This study was designed to determine the extent of stress among undergraduate students in Kuwait University and to examine the relationship between dietary behaviours and stress.
Methods: A total of 407 (164 males and 243 females) undergraduate students, aged ≥ 18 years, from 4 colleges of Kuwait University participated in this cross sectional study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of three sections: socio demographic information, stress measures and a 7-day food frequency questionnaire.
Results: Of the total participants, 43% were found to suffer from some level of stress, with slightly more females (44%) than males (40.9%). When examined the severity of stress level, 28.4% of the females and 22% of the males had moderate to severe form of stress. Stressed female students were more likely to eat fast foods (OR 1.75; 95% CI: 1.02-3:00), snacks (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.16-3:43) and beverages (OR 2.28; 95% CI: 1.30-3.98) than unstressed female students. For male students, none of the food consumption groups were associated with stress.
Conclusions: These results show a clear difference in food selection patterns between stressed male and female students with stress being strongly associated with unhealthy food selection among female students than male students. These findings emphasize the importance for the development of specific intervention programs to decrease stress and improve healthy behaviour especially among female university students and thus reduce the potential negative implications of stress on health.
Role of Daily life style and Medication in Prevention and treatment of obesityPriyankaKilaniya
The rising prevalence of overweight and obesity underscores the need for enhanced intervention strategies to tackle this significant public health issue. Increases in energy expenditure through exercise and other physical activity may be a crucial component of effective interventions to enhance initial weight loss and prevent weight regain. achieve these outcomes, it is recommended to engage in appropriate levels of exercise and physical activity, with 60 to 90 minutes per day being the recommended duration. Epidemiological surveys in England reveal that obesity is prevalent, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30 kg/m2. This study is the first to report the prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, based on weight, height, and waist circumference measurements. Diet, smoking, and physical activity are significant lifestyle factors that can significantly impact body weight and fat accumulation. The PREDIMED study, a randomized dietary primary prevention trial conducted in Spain, assessed the relationship between lifestyle and obesity risk. A study assessed 7,000 high-cardiovascular risk subjects, determining a healthy lifestyle pattern (HLP) based on Mediterranean diet adherence, moderate alcohol consumption, daily physical activity of 200kcal/day, and non-smoking.
Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences is an open access journal that publishes peer reviewed research articles and short communications in all aspects of nutrition. This Journal encompasses the full spectrum of nutritional science including nutritional requirements, public health nutrition, epidemiology, dietary surveys, body composition, energetics, appetite, obesity, ageing and metabolic studies.
Journal of Proteomics & Geneomics (JPG) is an instructional journal providing a chance to researchers and scientists to explore the advanced and latest research developments within the field of Proteomics and Geneomics. Journal of Proteomics & Geneomics publishes the best quality scientific articles amalgamating broad vary of fields together with the fields associated with Proteomics & Geneomics.
Journal of Gynecology Research (JGR) publishes original articles and research studies on, scientific advances, new medical and surgical techniques, obstetric management, and clinical evaluation of drugs and instruments and all aspects of gynecology including gynecological endoscopy, infertility, oncology contraception, urogynecology, fertility, and clinical practice and ultrasonography. It aims to publish the highest quality medical research in women's health, worldwide.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN CARDIOLOGYAnnex Publishers
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research in Cardiology (JCERC) is an international open access, scholarly peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality articles in all areas of cardiology related fields, especially current research, new concepts, novel methods, new therapeutic agents, and approaches for early detection and prevention of cardiac disorders and reporting new methods on basic and advanced clinical aspects of cardiology research.
Journal of Genetic Mutations and Disorders (JGMD) is an open access, peer reviewed journal which provides advanced researches including Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Genealogical Tracing, Stem Cell Research, Gene mapping with three-point crosses, Genetic linkage and genetic maps. JGMD publishes original research, review articles in all aspects of genetic mutations and disorders
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN CARDIOLOGYAnnex Publishers
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research in Cardiology (JCERC) is an international open access, scholarly peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality articles in all areas of cardiology related fields, especially current research, new concepts, novel methods, new therapeutic agents, and approaches for early detection and prevention of cardiac disorders and reporting new methods on basic and advanced clinical aspects of cardiology research.
Journal of Bioequivalence Studies (JBS) is an open access, peer reviewed journal that publishes the most relevant and reliable researches with respect to the subject of Bioequivalence studies which includes pharmacokinetic and pharmcodynamic properties of a drug. JBS publishes original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc.
Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology (JFSC) is an open access, significant and reliable source of contemporary knowledge on advancements in the field of forensic science. JFSC publishes peer reviewed research articles, critical reviews and short communications focused on forensic science and criminology. JFSC encompasses the full spectrum of forensic science including forensic biology, forensic chemistry, cyber forensics and crime scene investigation
JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRYAnnex Publishers
Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (JVSAH) is a scientific journal which has topics associated with fundamental and aspects of veterinary science and animal husbandry. JVSAH has a special feature of publishing special issues in experimental clinical research, veterinary medicine and current research. At Annex Publishers, we tend to publish quality articles and try our best to provide the most effective analysis journal to the scientific community.
Abstract
The objectives of this retrospective study were 1. To determine the effect of three surgical techniques (right flank omentopexy, right flank omentoabomasopexy, and left flank abomasopexy), and 2. To determine the effect of concurrent disease on return to normal milk production. Return to normal milk production occurred in 86.3% of cows diagnosed with LDA. Results suggested that cattle diagnosed with LDA corrected via right flank omentopexy or left flank abomasopexy were significantly more likely to return to normal milk production as compared to those corrected via right flank omentoabomasopexy (p< 0.02). No significant difference in return to normal milk production was noted between surgical techniques for correction of RDA (p=1.000) and right abomasal volvulus (p=0.596). Concurrent disease diagnoses did not affect return to milk production. Reported complications were infrequent (n=11).
List of abbreviations: LDA- Left displaced abomasum; RDA- Right displaced abomasum; RAV- Right abomasal volvulus; RAOV- Right abomasal-omasal volvulus; RFO- Right flank omentopexy; RFOA- Right flank omentoabomasopexy; LFA- Left flank abomasopexy; DA – Displaced Abomasum
Abstract
Three surgical case reports are presented to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of using an improved aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide complex (160 ppm) as a topical antiseptic in the post operative management of serious wounds in dogs. In vitro studies are included to demonstrate the antiseptic properties of this new chlorine dioxide complex.
Keywords: Chlorine dioxide; Antiseptic; Antimicrobial; Wound management
Abbreviations: ClO2-Chlorine dioxide; Cl2-Chlorine; PPM-Parts Per Million; SPP-Species; TEM-Transmission Electron Micrograph
The updated-international-veterinary-anatomical-and-embryological-nomenclaturesAnnex Publishers
The international nomenclature of the anatomical, histological and embryological terms is known as Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.), Nomina Histologica Veterinaria (N.H.V.) and Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria (N.E.V.).
This is the tripod of terms for the morphological sciences in our profession, a dictionary of terms used by all specialists in the basic and in the clinical sciences.
The discovery of the presence of stem cells and precursors with high regenerative potential in the mammary gland, hypothetically maintained throughout the course of the productive life of the dairy cow sheds an interesting perspective in the research which is interested to clarify all physiological clues and possible solutions to increase or maintain longer the potential production of dairy cows during life span of lactation. In 2006, Connie Eaves' lab in Vancouver (Stingl et ., 2006) [1]
Abstract
An examination experiment has been carried out to investigate whether fingerprint powder and lifting technique can recover and transfer latent fingerprints from human skin surfaces of dead bodies. For recovery Swedish Black powder and for transfer White Fingerprint Gelatine were used.
Donors placed fingerprints on the human skin surfaces. Finger marks were then in all cases recovered with Swedish Black powder. The procedure was repeated after 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours. Treated finger marks were secured and preserved as latent fingerprint evidence by lifting process. We recovered 8% finger marks suitable for further examination of all deposited samples on the human skin surfaces.
Abstract
A person's stature is an identifying characteristic that is often used in forensic investigation. Footprint is the one of the valuable physical evidence encountered in the crime scenes and examination of barefoot impressions is important especially in developing countries like India, Malaysia where majority of the rural population like to walk barefooted because of socio-economic and climatic reasons. Foot impressions are still found at crime scenes, since offenders often tend to remove their footwear either to avoid noise or to gain better grip in climbing walls, etc., while entering or exiting. Most of the foot/foot print studies were conducted on mixed population. The researchers have cautioned that the people from different races and regions of a country bear different morphological features depending upon their geographical distribution and primary racial characteristics and hence a single formula cannot represent all parts of that country or world. The present study aims to estimate stature from bilateral footprints collected from 320 (160 males, 160 females) consenting adult Ibans, an indigenous group residing in Sarawak state, east Malaysia. Informed consent and Human Ethical Approval were obtained. The height of the individuals and footprints were collected following the standard procedure. The data obtained were analyzed with PASW 20 computer software and derived regression formulae to estimate stature from footprint lengths of Iban ethnics. The result of the investigation revealed that all footprint lengths exhibit statistically positive significant correlation with stature (p< 0.001). Correlation coefficient (R) values are found to be higher in the pooled sample (0.861–0.887) when compared with males (0.753–0.789) and females (0.728–0.790). The regression formulae derived for the pooled sample can be used to estimate stature when the sex of the footprint remains unknown, as in real crime scenarios.
The fatal-alcoholic ketoacidosis-as-a-dilemma-in-the-differential-diagnosis-i...Annex Publishers
48-years old man was found dead at home, lying in his bed. There was a bucket with liquid vomited remnants with no addition of fresh or digested blood found near the bed and an empty bottle of alkaline mineral water often used to attenuate the gastric pain. Up to the information from the man's relative, he was a chronic alcohol consumer, being last seen alive the day before in the pub, drinking small amount of beer. His personal anamnesis was negative for the previous injuries or any pathological entity which could have potential fatal outcome. External observation of the body did not uncover any signs of mechanical violence on the body. The only pathological findings at the autopsy were: very mild generalised atherosclerosis without stenosis of blood vessels, configuration of the heart with the weight of 400 g was physiological, with no signs of chronic venostatic changes on the internal organs.
Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology (JFSC) is an open access, significant and reliable source of contemporary knowledge on advancements in the field of forensic science. JFSC publishes peer reviewed research articles, critical reviews and short communications focused on forensic science and criminology. JFSC encompasses the full spectrum of forensic science including forensic biology, forensic chemistry, cyber forensics and crime scene investigation
Abstract
The synthetic cannabinoid, N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, known also as AKB48 and/or APINACA, has been detected for the first time in herbal incense seized in Italy. Its structural characterization has been performed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In order to favor an easier and faster identification of AKB48 in future investigations, NMR assignments in deuterated methanol and chloroform is also reported.
Keywords: NMR; GC-MS; Designer drug; Synthetic cannabinoid; Herbal incense
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
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Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Does physical-activity-and-sport-practice-lead-to-a-healthier-lifestyle-and-eating-habits-in-male-adolescents
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Volume 1 | Issue 1Abstract
Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly and there is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of normal weight (NW) and overweight + obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active. Introduction
Does Physical Activity and Sport Practice Lead to a Healthier Lifestyle and Eating Habits in Male Adolescents?
Fonte ML1, Casali MP2, Roggi C1, Turconi G1 and Cena H*1
1Department of Public Health, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
2Medical Sport Centre “Medica Sport Minerva”, Pavia, Italy
*Corresponding author: Cena H, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine-Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Fax: +39 382 987191, Tel: +39 382 987542, E-mail: hcena@unipv.it
Citation: Fonte ML, Casali MP, Roggi C, Turconi G, Cena H (2014) Does Physical Activity and Sport Practice Lead to a Healthier Lifestyle and Eating Habits in Male Adolescents? J Nutr Health Sci 1(1): 103. doi: 10.15744/2393-9060.1.103
Research Article
Open AccessKeywords: Adolescents overweight; Obesity; Sedentarianism; Physical activity; Food habits
Methods: This observational and retrospective study was based on clinical records analysis of male adolescents aged 11-18 years who had undergone a medical evaluation at a Medical Sport Centre (Pavia, Italy) during 2009, and had filled in a self-administered life style questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that out of 1423 clinical records 23.0% of subjects were OW, 5.4% OB and 71.6% NW. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Then we randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW participants (n=308) in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects. We handled them a validated lifestyle questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis was used to compare OW+OB and NW participants, as far as eating habits, sedentary activities and time spent in sports. All the subjects frequently skipped breakfast, did not consume fruit and vegetables daily and had a high soft drinks intake. Inverse correlations were found between weight and physical activity (p=0.01). Sedentary activities were preferred by about 25% and 66 % of the NW and OW+OB groups respectively. The percentage of smokers was similar within the two groups (14%).
Conclusions: Adolescents eating habits are incorrect, despite BMI and sports practice. Sports practice seems contributing to lower spare time physical inactivity, but does not improve eating habits. Public health interventions should focus on the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, besides nutrition education and behavioral education programs in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood. List of Abbreviations: NW-Normal weight subjects; OW+OB-Overweight and obese subjects; BMI- Body Mass Index
The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly since 1980s [1]. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese [2]. Adolescents obesity frequently persists into adulthood, with up to 80% of obese children expected to become obese adults [3]. There is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life, and that parent’s knowledge, attitudes and behavior are important in creating role models [4]. Indeed, people are likely to maintain the eating habits developed during childhood and adolescence into adulthood. A balanced diet helps to reduce the incidence of overweight and obesity. A high-quality diet promotes proper growth and development, and contributes to the young person’s ability to learn[5]. Major inadequacies in the food consumption patterns of adolescents have been identified over the past decades: low consumption of fruits and vegetables, frequent high fat/ high sugar snacking [6-8], high intake of sugar sweetened beverages [9-11]. Another common finding in adolescents is frequent skipping of meals, particularly breakfast [6]. The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey[12] showed that only 30% of boys and 37% of girls aged 13–15 years eat fruit every day. Vegetable consumption shows a similar pattern. Another condition, which is linked to obesity, is physical inactivity. It is alarming that children have adopted many of the deleterious behavior and lifestyle patterns of the adult population, and are becoming increasingly sedentary and overweight [13].
Received Date: February 23, 2014 Accepted Date: May 16, 2014 Published Date: May 20, 2014
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ISSN: 2393-9060
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There are a number of severe health-related consequences of this habit. In a report from the National Institutes of Health on the identification and treatment of overweight and obesity, physical inactivity was identified as the major risk for obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes [14]. Physical inactivity and excess weight are reported to increase risk of cancer (esophagus, colon, rectum and kidney) [15]. In addition, physical inactivity is a risk factor for skeletal and cardiac muscle atrophy [16]. Weather energy intake or expenditure contributes most to obesity development in childhood is still under investigation. A recent systematical review of the literature on this subject [17], reported that there is no consensus on the main driver of secular trends on weight gain in adolescents and that further research is needed to identify the relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to obesity in the pediatric population [17]. Although many factors such as behavioral, social and environmental ones contribute to the obesity epidemic, the main pathogenic cause is identifiable in an energy imbalance. If this energy imbalance, mainly due to today ‘obesogenic’ environment, is linked to the children’s tendency to consume too much or exercise too little, is not evident. Some authors underline that the energy expenditure decrease accounts for most of the increase in obesity prevalence while others show that rising obesity is primarily the result of consuming more calories [13–21].
The steady rise in life expectancy observed in the modern era is slowly coming to an end and the youth of today, for the first time, might live less healthy and possibly even less longer than their parents [18]. Understanding the relative importance of eating habits and physical activity to weight status among physically active adolescents may contribute to develop interventions and improve policies to prevent and to treat obesity as early as possible. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of a group of normal weight (NW) and overweight +obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active practicing sports and verify if those who were in the OW+OB category had a poorer lifestyle and diet. This convenience sample has been chosen since it was part of another study aimed at assessing body composition in overweight/obese and normal weight, physically active, male adolescents. Methods
The study design was retrospective, descriptive and observational. The investigation was conducted on 1423 clinical records of male children and adolescents aged 11-18 years who underwent a medical evaluation at the Sport Medical Centre “Minerva” of Pavia during the year 2009.
The inclusion criteria were: male sex, age between 11 and 18 years, absence of any disease. Age, weight, height, type of sport practiced were drawn from patient’s record. The sample consisted of students. They all used to attend 2 hours per week of gymnastics at school, as ministerial curricula provide here in Italy, with no impact on any of the variables considered.
For this study we considered the entire group of the OW+OB. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 75.8% of them agreed (n=308). We randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW (n=308) participants in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects.
NW, OW and OB category has been estimated according to the extended international BMI cut-offs as recently reported by Cole et al [22]. The authors underline that these new cut-offs are virtually identical to the original ones and that prevalence rates based on these are consistent with, and can be compared directly with, rates based on the original cut-offs. The new cut-offs are easy to derive (e.g. BMI 35 for morbid obesity), and they can be expressed as BMI centiles (e.g. boys obesity = 98.9th centile), allowing them to be compared with other BMI references [22].
Hence, we handed and explained a validated self-administered life style and dietary questionnaire, reported in appendix 1 at the end of the manuscript [20,21] to all of the selected subjects during the medical evaluation at the Sport Medical Centre “Minerva” of Pavia. They were invited to fill in the questionnaire and hand it back before the medical evaluation itself. All participants had been informed of the study goals, and the parent or guardian of each participant provided written informed consent.
The study was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association’s Helsinki Declaration for Human Studies and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Pavia.
Questionnaire
We used part of an original questionnaire that covers food habits, physical activity and lifestyle, healthy and unhealthy dietary habits and food, self-efficacy, barriers to change, nutrition knowledge, food safety knowledge, food safety and behavior in hygiene practices [20,21]. Three sections of this previously validated questionnaire have been self-administered aiming at investigating food frequency, food behavior and physical activity. Besides a fourth section on smoke habits with 3 questions, was developed and administered.
The first section (Section A: Frequency of Food Consumption) contains 28 questions aimed at investigating daily frequency of consumption of Italian typical foods and beverages such as bread, pasta, cereal products, fruit and vegetables, milk and weekly consumption of other foods such as meat and meat products, fish, eggs, cheese, legumes. Alcoholic drinks were also investigated. This section was analyzed as frequency of food consumption [21].
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Journal of Nutrition and Health SciencesResults
We analysed the clinical records of 1432 male adolescents aged 11-18 years. Using Cole’s references [18], we classified the subjects on BMI values: 23.0% of subjects were overweight (n=329), 5.4% were obese (n=77) and 71.6% were normal weight (n=1026). We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Among all the NW who had same characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age, we randomly selected an equivalent number (n=308) who accepted to participate in the study. The main sports practiced by the whole sample were soccer, basketball, swimming cycling, judo and rowing. All the sample practiced 3.2±0.6 hours weekly. The overall sample characteristics are shown in Table 1. Since the two groups were matched, no statistical differences were found between groups (OW+OB and NW) as for age and Socio Economic Status (unpaired T test p=N.S.). As far as Physical Activity concerns, the whole sample performed at least 4 hours per week of sports, with the NW group being more active in sports and less sedentary during leisure time. It is relevant that 58% of OW+OB subjects has almost one component of the family who is overweight compared to 16.9% of NW subjects (p<0.01). Besides adolescents BMI is correlated with overweight and obesity familiarity (R=0.78, p<0.01).
The second section (Section B: Food Habits) consists of 14 questions. This section was aimed at investigating the food habits of the adolescents in particular related to breakfast content, number of meals a day, daily consumption of fruit and vegetables as well as of both soft and alcoholic beverages. In this section, some questions already investigated in section A were asked again aimed at evaluating if numbers of portions consumed by the subjects satisfied the ones recommended. Eight of the questions had the following response categories: always, often, sometimes, never; the other six have instead four response categories structured in different ways. This section was analyzed as frequency of consumption as well as using the score assigned to each response ranging from 0 to 3, with the maximum score assigned to the healthiest one and the minimum score to the least healthy one. The total score of this section was 42 [21].
The third section (Section C: Physical Activity and Lifestyle) contains six questions aimed at investigating lifestyle and physical activity levels. All responses are structured in different ways according to each question, each score ranging from 0 to 3, with the maximum score assigned to the healthiest habit. The total score of this section was 18 [21]. This section was also analyzed as frequency distribution.
The fourth section (Section D: Smoke Habits) consists of 3 questions aimed at investigating if smoking habit is present, if present, at what age adolescent smokers started and how many cigarettes a day they smoke. This section was analyzed as frequency of smoking habits.
As a measure of internal consistency of the section B and C of the questionnaire, in the validation study [20] Cronbach’s alphas were computed, while Pearson’s correlation was used as a measure of temporal stability. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.75 for section B and 0.71 for section C indicating a good internal consistency. Pearson’s correlation, used to assess test-retest reliability for both the sections, was very high, equal to 0.88, indicating a very good temporal stability. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were statistically significant with p<0.01.
Section A, that is frequency of food consumption, is not a scale and there is no total score. Therefore temporal stability was evaluated for each item of this section. Pearson’s correlation coefficients of section A items ranged from a minimum of 0.45 to a maximum of 0.90, indicating a good temporal stability of the section A items. All Pearson correlation coefficients were statistically significant with p<0.01. Section D was not formally tested.
Considering that this eating and lifestyle habits assessment will be followed by a nutrition education program designed for this specific target of adolescents, the use of this questionnaire will enable us to assess the impact of this intervention thanks to its stability when using measurements to make comparisons over time. The previous significantly good Pearson correlation coefficient results found in the validation study [20] would warrant that the observed differences in two sequential administrations will not be because of temporal instrument instability.
Statistics
Data were analysed using the SPSS for PC statistical software package version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The first and the fourth section answers were described by frequency distribution. The scores obtained in the other two sections were expressed as mean ± Standard Deviation and the percentage distribution of subjects in each tertile score was calculated. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the main features of the sample. Student’s T test was used to detect statistical differences between the two groups, while correlations were assessed using the Pearson’s correlation coefficients. The statistical significance level was set to p<0.05 for all tests.
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Sample characteristics
NW (n=308)
OW+OB (n=308)
P value
Average age (years)
14.4 ± 1.73
14.2 ±1.83
N.S.
Body Mass Index (BMI) kg/m2
19.9 ± 2.3
27.1 ± 4.2
< 0.01
Presence of at least one member of the family who was overweight
16.9%*
(52)
58.0%*
(178)
< 0.01
Weekly hours of sports: 4 hours
6.5%*
(20)
36.4%*
(112)
< 0.01
Weekly hours of sports:> 4 hours
93.5%*
(288)
63.6%*
(196)
< 0.01
Spare time: sedentary activities
29.9% *
(92)
66.2%*
(204)
< 0.01
Spare time: dynamic activities
70.1%*
(216)
33.8%*
(104)
< 0.01
NW=Normal weight subjects
OW+OB=Overweight and obese subjects
* Percentage of subjects; in brackets number of subjects
Table 1: Overall sample characteristics
Questionnaire
Section A: Frequency of Food Consumption
No significant statistical differences were found between the two groups. The consumption of milk and yogurt was on daily base only for about 50% of the subjects in the two groups.
The intake of complex carbohydrates (such as pasta, bread, rice, potatoes) satisfied the recommendations [23]: almost 90% of the subjects referred to eat 1-2 portions of such foods per day.
Vegetables consumption was low: only half of the sample consumed 1-2 servings per day; fruit intake was high in the two groups.
Meat consumption was higher than the recommended servings, being “almost every day” for about 50% of the groups. Whereas, fish intake was low: only about half of the subjects in the two groups consumed it at least once per week.
Cheese, ham, salami and sausages consumption was similar into the two groups; in particular, they were consumed almost every day by 60% of the subjects.
Eggs were generally consumed about 2 to 3 times a week and the consumption of legumes was mainly reported as “sometimes”.
Sweets and cakes were part of the daily diet for about one third of the whole sample.
French fries intake was reported as “almost every day” by 39.0% and 23.0% of OW+OB and NW subjects respectively.
Alcohol consumption was similar in the two groups, about 20.0% of the subjects; only the oldest ones (>14 years of age) usually drank 1 glass of beer or wine or other alcoholic drinks once a week, in both groups.
Section B: Food Habits
No significant statistical differences were found between the two groups.
About 30% of both groups skipped breakfast every day. If consumed, breakfast was mainly based on milk and cereals. Only 23.4% of the OW+OB group and 27.3% of the NW subjects consumed two portions of fruit every day. As for vegetables, only 18.2% of the OW+OB group and 42.8% of the NW one consumed them daily, at least 2 times a day. More than 40% of the subjects did not drink enough water throughout the day. High sugar soft drinks consumption was extremely high, more than the 50.0% of both groups consumed such drinks every day. Most of the subjects were able to correctly share out the energy intake during the day. The mean score obtained was 22 ± 3 and 24 ± 4 for the OW+OB group and the NW one respectively (p=NS).
In Table 2 percentage of distribution of subjects according to tertile scores is reported for NW and OW+OB subjects respectively.
Questionnaire sections
NW Subjects (n 308)
OW+OB subjects (n 308)
1st tertile
2nd tertile
3rd tertile
1st tertile
2nd tertile
3rd tertile
B. Eating habits
19.5
52.3
28.2
20.3
53.8
25.9
C. Physical activity and lifestyle
5.1
43.6
50.3
60.7
34.1
5.2
NW=Normal Weight
OW+OB= Overweight + Obese
Table 2: Percentage distribution of subjects according to Tertile Scores (%)
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Section C: Physical Activity and Lifestyle
All the sample used to practice sport during the entire year, 93.5% and 63.6% of NW adolescents and OW+OB subjects respectively practice physical activity more than 4 hours a week (p<0.01). About 75% of NW prefer dynamic activities during the spare time while most of OW+OB adolescents (66.2%) would rather choose sedentary activities such as watching TV, listening to music and using the computer. A statistically significant difference was found between NW and OW+OB group with the highest score obtained by the NW subjects (14 ± 2 vs 8 ± 3; p<0.001).
In Table 2 percentage of distribution of subjects according to tertile scores is reported for NW and OW+OB subjects respectively. Analysing the overall sample, we found a statistically significant negative correlation between weight and weekly amount of physical activity hours (R=0.78, p=0.01).
Another statistically significant correlation was found between personal preferences of activity during spare time and weight: subjects who prefer dynamic activities had a lower weight (R=0.76, p<0.001).
Section D: Smoking Habits
The percentage of the subjects who smoke (about 14%) is really similar within the groups (p=N.S.) (Table 3). Most adolescent smokers refer to start after 13 years of age and most of them smoke less than 10 cigarettes a day. We found a statistically significant positive correlation between smoking habit and alcohol intake (p=0.000; R=0.82).
Questions
Answers
n (OW+OB)
n (NW)
%(OW+OB)
%(NW)
1. Do you smoke?
• yes
• no
48
260
43
265
15.5
84.5
13.9
86.1
2. If yes, when did you start?
•11-13 years old
•14-16 years old
•17-18 years old
13
19
16
12
17
14
28.1
38.1
33.8
28.1
39.4
32.5
3.How many cigarettes do you smoke?
• Less than 5 cigarettes a day
• 5-10 cigarettes a day
• More than 10 cigarettes a day
17
16
15
15
15
13
36.4
33.1
30.5
35.7
34.3
30.0
Table 3: Section D results: Smoking HabitsDiscussion
This study was conducted on 11-18 years old, male children and adolescents clinical records who underwent a medical evaluation in a Sports Medical Centre.
We recruited 308 OW+OB subjects and, within the group of NW adolescents, we randomly included an equivalent number of adolescents who had same characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age. Hence, we handed and explained the validated self-administered life style questionnaire aimed at outlining the main characteristics of the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of physically active male adolescents, comparing them for BMI.
The prevalence of OW+OB (28.4%) in our sample of "physical active adolescents" (n 1432) was equivalent to that observed in the male Italian adolescent population aged 11-15 years in 2010 [24] who typically perform three hours of physical activity per week (less than 50% of males and less than 30% of females).
From our results it is clear that both OW+OB as well as NW teenagers have unhealthy food habits with no statistically significant difference between the two groups, despite physical activity that should promote healthy eating habits for a better performance, involving them in a “healthier” environment as far as lifestyle is concerned.
Nevertheless, the consumption of vegetables did not meet the recommendations in the overall sample, however, the proportion of subjects meeting the recommended number of daily vegetable servings was significantly higher in the NW group compared to the OW+OB (42.8% vs 18.2%).
These data seem to support those reported by literature which demonstrate that among boys vegetable intake was inversely related to BMI z-score changes, attenuated after control for caloric intake [25].
According to our investigation, the adolescents diet was characterized mostly by food rich in saturated fats and salt (meat, eggs, salami, ham and prosciutto), nevertheless 50% of the subjects referred to consume fish at least once per week. The consumption of milk and yoghurt did not reach the recommendations as well as the vegetables intake resulting in a diet poor in calcium, fibre and micronutrients. We found a high number of breakfast skippers, about 30% of the whole sample did not consume breakfast daily. Literature demonstrated a strong correlation between overweight and breakfast skipping; in particular a recent study found an association between high blood glucose and lipid levels and skipping meals, mainly breakfast, in obese children and adolescents [26].
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The soft drinks intake of the whole sample was high both in the NW group as well as in the OW+OB one. It is important to underline that soft drinks are sugary beverages that, apart from sugar, energy and fluid, do not provide other nutritional value. A high consumption of such beverages has been associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes [27-29], dental caries [30] and low bone mineral density [31,32].
Recently research interest is drawn towards the possible link between salt and soft drinks consumption. We have not calculated the salt intake of our sample, however processed meats such as ham, salami and sausages are eaten every day by over 60% of the adolescents, regardless of BMI.
In a study by He FJ et al. [33] it is suggested that, since soft drinks consumption is an important total fluid intake component in children, a reduction in salt intake could not only have a beneficial effect on blood pressure but also be the way to reduce these drinks intake. This would lead to cardiovascular disease prevention and childhood obesity reduction respectively.
As for alcohol consumption and smoking habit, we found lower percentages of subjects compared to the national data [34,35], we can hypothesize that sport practice acts as a protective factor towards unhealthy habits. Since we did not find any consistent difference between the two groups regarding food habits, we analysed the physical activity besides the time dedicated to sports.
We found a statistically significant negative correlation between hours of physical activity and BMI. Normal weight subjects who practice sports more than 4 hours a week are almost 30% more than OW+OB (93.5% vs 63.6%).
Moreover, about 70% of NW prefers dynamic activities during the spare time whereas the majority of OW+OB adolescents (66.2%) would rather choose sedentary activities such as watching TV, listening to music, using the computer, playing videogames.
In agreement with our data, physical inactivity and sedentarism [36] are important factors in promoting and maintaining overweight.
Recently, achieving 10,000 steps per day has received scientific approval [37-39] as an index for minimum level of physical activity to achieve energy balance.
However time spent sleeping, eating, standing still, sitting, viewing television, playing games or working on a computer, talking on a phone, riding in a train, plane, car or driving should be taken into account. The prevalence of screen time (TV, computer, screen games) has been studied and has been identified as the greatest single contributing factor to sedentarism [40].
A recent study suggests that reduction of time spent watching TV may be an effective strategy to prevent excess weight gain among adolescents [41]. However it is difficult to say if this sedentarism is the cause of overweight or a consequence maintaining overweight itself [42].
Undoubtedly obesity is a social disease and being overweight means not being competitive with the other peers. So, not engaging in dynamic activities during the spare time may be a consequence of the exclusion due to overweight condition.
An important data we cannot ignore is the family history. Many studies are focusing on parenting styles [43-45] and it is relevant that 58% of OW+OB subjects in our sample has almost one component of the family who is overweight. This is also a known confounder [46] and is correlated with BMI in our sample (R=0.78, p< 0.01). In order to define an efficient area of intervention, the family lifestyle should be always seriously considered. Since many variables are consistently associated with adolescents' physical activity [46] statistics demonstrated that there is no difference between both groups in a number of key characteristics that can effect lifestyle behaviours such as sex, ethnicity, age, previous physical activity, school sports (p=N.S.).
It is relevant to underline that the sample may have learned about the importance of consuming vegetables and not drinking alcoholic beverages elsewhere. It should be interesting to further investigate the social desirability that may tend to overestimate healthy eating habits as well as PA.
Additionally the self-report instruments for capturing physical activity and dietary behaviours in adolescents have some limitations as reported in literature [47-49].
Nevertheless the use of a large number of subjects, as in our study, commonly reduces problems [48]. Despite the problems outlined in literature, self-administered questionnaires have practical value in indicating conditions where an improve in lifestyle habits would be beneficial as well as in monitoring changes [48]. Conclusions
Effective strategies may focus on determinants of healthful and sustainable behavior patterns, rather than focus on any single aspect (i.e. food habits, physical activity or sedentarism) both for OW+OB as well as NW adolescents.
According to our present analysis the physical activity and sports practice alone do not lead to a healthier eating habits, nor lower overweight and obesity prevalence in male adolescents.
Public health interventions should focus on nutrition and behavioral education programs besides the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood. Click here to download Appendix File
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Journal of Nutrition and Health SciencesReferences
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