The document discusses several topics related to population growth and dynamics, including: 1. Direct consequences of population growth like overcrowding, pressure on land and resources, and slowed development. 2. Population growth curves that typically follow a lag phase, exponential growth phase, and equilibrium phase. 3. Carrying capacity, which is the maximum population size an environment can sustain. 4. Limiting factors that control population growth, including density-dependent and density-independent factors. 5. Reproductive strategies of r-selected and K-selected species that influence population fluctuations.

1. DIRECT
CONSEQUENCES
OF POPULATION
GROWTH

2. •1. OVERCROWDING
•2. PRESSURE ON LAND
•3. SLOW COSMIC GROWTH
•4. PRESSURE ON NATURAL
RESOURCES
•5. GENERAL RETARDATION
DEVELOPMENT

3. POPULATION
GROWTH
CURVE

4. • SEX RATION AND AGE DISTRIBUTION DIRECTLY
INFLUENCE THE RATE OF REPRODUCTION WITHIN A
POPULATION.
• EACH SPECIES HAS AN INHERENT REPRODUCTIVE
CAPACITY OT BIOTIC POTENTIAL-WHICH IS THE
ABILITY TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING.
• POPULATION GROWTH TENDS TO FOLLOW A
PARTICULAR PATTERN, CONSISTING OF (1) LAG PHASE;
(2) EXPONENTIAL GROWTH PHASE; AND (3) STABLE
EQUILIBRIUM.

5. CARRYING CAPACITY

6. •THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF A
SPECIES THAN CAN SURVIVE IN THAT
AREA OVER TIME.
•CAN BE DEFINED AS THE NUMBER OF
INDIVIDUALS IN A PARTICULAR
POPULATION THAT THE ENVIRONMENT
CAN SUPPORT OVER AN INDEFINITE
PERIOD OF TIME IN TERMS OF FOOD,
SPACE AND SHELTER.

7. 4 FACTORS THAT
INTERACT TO SET
THE CARRYING
CAPACITY

8. THE
AVAILABILITY OF
RAW MATERIALS

9. THE
AVAILABILITY
OF ENERGY

10. THE ACCUMULATION
OF WASTE
PRODUCTS AND
THEIR MEANS OF
DISPOSAL

11. THE
INTERACTIONS
AMONG
ORGANISMS

12. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES
•THE COLLECTION OF
FACTORS THAT REDUCES
THE GROWTH RATE OF
POPULATION.

13. •IT IS THE RESULT OF
INCREASE IN
MORTALITY AND
DECREASE IN
NATALITY.

14. •THIS RESULT FROM
THE RESOURCE
SHORTAGE, WATER,
FOOD.

15. •SOME RESISTANCE
COMES FROM THE
DISEASE, PREDATION
OR COMPETITION
AMONG ORGANISMS.

16. LIMITINIG FACTORS
•DETERMINE WHETHER OR
NOT A POPULATION CAN
GROW IN A GIVEN
ENVIRONMENT.

17. DENSITY DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTOR
•BIOTIC FACTORS ARE USUALLY
DEPENDENT ON THE DENSITY OF
THE POPULATION, THE EFFECT OF
COMPETITION, PREDATORS,
DISEASES, AVAILABILITY OF SPACE
AND FOOD.

18. •* THEY HELP TO
DETERMINE THE
CARRYING CAPACITY OF
AN ECOSYSTEM FOR A
PARTICULAR ORGANIM.

19. •THESE FACTORS
ARE DIRECTLY
ASSOCIATED WITH
LIVING THINGS.

20.  DENSITY INDEPENDEDNT LIMITING
FACTORS
•THESE ARE FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCE ALL POPULATION,
REGARDLESS OF THEIR
SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF
SUNLIGHT.

21. •THE AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE
AIR, WATER AND SOIL
CONDITION AND THE SLOPE OF
THE ENVIRONMENT ARE BIOTIC
FACTORS THAT ARE NOT
DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH
LIVING THINGS.

22. REPRODUCTIVE
STRATEGIES AND
POPULATION
FLUCTUATIONS

23. 2 BROAD CATEGORIES OF
SPECIES BASED ON THEIR
REPRODUCTIVE
STRATEGIES.

24. K- STRATEGIES
•USUALLY LARGE ORGANISMS
THAT HAVE RELATIVELY LONG
LIVES, PRODUCE FEW
OFFSPRING, AND PROVIDE CARE
FOR THEIR OFFSPRING.

25. •TYPICALLY
STABILISE AT THE
CARRYING
CAPACITY.

26. •THEIR REPRODUCTIVE
STRATEGY IS TO INVEST A
GREAT DEAL OF ENERGY IN
PRODUCING A NEW OFFSPRING
THAT HAVE A GOOD CHANCE
OF LIVING TO PRODUCE.

27. •80% OF THE CHILDREN SURVIVE.
•LIMITED BY DENSITY-DEPEDENT LIMITING
FACTOR, THOSE THAT BECOME MORE
SEVERE AS THE SIZE OF THE POPULATION
INCREASE.

28. R STRATEGIES
•A TYPICALLY SMALL ORGANISM
THAT HAS A SHORT LIFE,
PRODUCES MANY OFFSPRING,
AND DOES NOT REACH
CARRYING CAPACITY.

29. •THE REPRODUCTIVE
STRATEGY IS TO EXPEND
LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
PRODUCING MANY
OFFSPRING BUT TO PROVIDE
LIMITED CARE FOR THEM.

30. •THERE IS A HIGH
MORTALITY
AMONG THE
YOUNG.

31. •LIMITED BY DENSITY-
INDEPENDEDNT LIMITING
FACTORS, IN WHICH THE
SIZE OF THE POPULATION
HAS NOTHING TO KDO
WITH THE LIMITING
FACTOR.

32. •THE POPULATION SIZE OF R-
STRATEGISTS IS LIKELY TO
FLUCTUATE WIDELY. THEY
REPRODUCE RAPIDLY, POPULATION
SIZE INCREASE THE POPULATION
TO CRASH, AND THEY BEGIN THE
WHOLE PROCESS ALL OVER AGAIN.

33. COMMUNITY

34. •INTERACTING GROUPS OF
SPECIES IN WHICH EACH
KIND OF ORGNISM HAS A
SPECIFIC NICHE OR ROLE
PLAY.

35. •DIFFERENT
POPULATIONS
INTERACTING WITH EACH
OTHER IN A DIFFERENT
SPACE AND TIME.

36. •A COMMUNITY IS A
NOT A GEOGRAPHICAL
AREA BUT IS PLACE
WHERE POPULATIONS
INTERACT.

37. •ECOSYSTEM- THE SYSTEM
OF INTERACTING
ORGANISMS AND THEIR
NON LIVING
SURROUNDINGS.