This document discusses using DNA as a method for digital data storage. It notes that current storage needs are increasing greatly. DNA is described as a potentially viable alternative as it is stable, dense, and durable when stored properly. The document outlines how digital data can be encoded and stored in DNA using various methods. It provides examples of what types of files have already been stored, and discusses the advantages of DNA storage being highly reliable long-term without needing power, though the current disadvantages are slower synthesis and higher costs. The future potential applications of DNA storage and computing are also mentioned.

1. DNA DIGITAL DATA STORAGE
Presented by :
ANIRUDDHA MARAM
1AY14BT002

2. CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 Current Storage devices
 DNA
 DNA as a storage device
 Coding table
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Future Scope
 References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Since time immemorial we have been indulged in sharing and storing
information for later use.
 From the age of cave paintings to symbols we have arrived to the
age of computerization and digitaization.
 But the amount of information to be stored is increasing ever so.

4. That means the cost is increasing but not our
budget
So its time to opt for better methods,
more innovative methods, that are
Long lived, stable and easily synthesized.
DNA

5. CURRENT DEVICES
 Some fundamental storage technologies that have been in
use in the past or are proposed for development.
 Semiconductor
 Magnetic
 Optical
 Paper

7. BRIEF ABOUT DNA
 DNA is the abbreviation for Deoxy Ribo Nucleic Acid.
 It encodes the genetic instructions for that respective organism.
 It is mostly double stranded.
 Each nucleotides is made up of one of these nitrogen bases, A, G, T
and C
 It is perfectly suited for biological information storage.

9. DNA AS A STORAGE DEVICE
 In this growing economy, there has been an increased surge in the
information, and posses a big challenge.
 Researchers have turned towards biological ways to determine better
ways of storing information like cells.
 But these cells die, on the contrary the DNA is stable, dense and
durable under preferred conditions.
 DNA could vastly hold information than the surface of a disk drive.

10. HOW?

11. MODULES
 The various encoding modules used are :
 Genesis Project
 PCR based encoding
 Alignment based encoding
 Next generation sequencing

13. CODING TABLE

14. WHAT HAVE BEEN STORED ON DNA?
 They have stored all the 154 sonnets old Shakespeare.
(in ASCII text)
 The Watson – Crick DNA model in pdf format.
 A colour photograph of Hinxton in JPEG format.
 An MP3 format of a clip from Martin Luther King speech
“I have a dream”.

15. ADVANTAGES
 It has durability, stability and easy synthesis.
 Needs no active maintenance.
 Store digital files without electric supply for many years.
 We can store 2.2 peta bytes in one gram of DNA.
 It is Highly reliable.

16. DISADVANTAGES
 The speed of synthesis is slow at present.
 The process is expensive in current technologies.

17. COMPARISION

18. FUTURE SCOPE
 It can be used in DNA computing.
 It has applications in DNA nanotechnology.

19. CONCLUSION
 The longer you want to store the information, the more
attractive the DNA becomes.
 The cost of sequencing and synthesis is more and is failing
fast.
 The amount of data that can be stored is huge, compared
to the cost of production.
 We should not be obsessed with the fact that it isn’t
possible today, but look into the future 5 to 10 years from
now, when the technology is advanced.

20. REFERENCES
 [1] The various characteristics of the digital storage devises were available
from URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage.
 [2] Elaine R Mardis, “The Annual review of Genomics and Human
Genetics”, Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2008. 9:387–402
 [3] Victor Zhirnov, Reza M. Zadegan, Gurtej S. Sandhu, George M.
Church and William L. Hughes, “Nucleic acid Memory”, Natural Materials,
Vol 15., 2016.
 [4] George M. Church, Yuan Gao, Sriram Kosuri., “Next-Generation
Digital Information Storage in DNA”, Science 337 (6102), 1628, August
16, 2012.

21.  [5] Robert N. Grass, Reinhard Heckel, Michela Puddu, Daniela
Paunescu, and Wendelin J. Stark, “Robust Chemical Preservation
of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error Correcting
Codes”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, pg 1–5.
 [6] James Bornholt, Randolph Lopez, Douglas M. Carmean, Luis
Ceze, Georg Seelig, Karin Strauss. “A DNA-Based Archival
Storage System”, NSF grants #1064497 and #1409831.
 [7] Yaniv Erlich and Dina Zielinski, “DNA Fountain enables a
robust and efficient storage architecture”, Science 355 ,pg 950 –
954, (2017).
 [8] Raunak Laddha, Kishor Honwadkar, International Journal of
Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 142 – No.2, May
2016.