This document discusses DNA computing, which uses DNA molecules to store and process data instead of traditional silicon chips. It summarizes Leonard Adleman's 1994 experiment, the first DNA computer prototype that solved a Hamiltonian path problem using DNA strands to represent cities and paths. The document outlines advantages of DNA storage like high density and stability. It also looks at ongoing research at universities and companies to develop DNA data storage and computing, as well as potential future applications like solving complex problems. In conclusion, while DNA computing is still in development, it may one day store vastly more data than electronic devices and power more powerful computers.

1. DNA COMPUTING
By Rakesh Pal
TE(CS)-72013175J
SIDDHANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SUDUMBARE, PUNE-412109
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Guide :
PROF. SHRAVAGE CHETANA

2. Overview
➔ Introduction to DNA.
➔ Adleman Theory
➔ DNA vs Electronics Chip
➔ Advantages
➔ Research and Development
➔ Future of DNA Computing
➔ Conclusion

3. What is DNA Computing ?
DNA computing is an area of natural
computing based on the concept of
performing logical and arithmetic
operations using molecular properties of
DNA by replacing traditional
carbon/silicon chips with biochips.

4. Genetic information is carried in the
linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Each molecule of DNA is a double
helix formed from two complementary
strands of nucleotides held together by
hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T
base pairs.
Double Helix

5. Adleman Experiment
In 1994 Leonard Adleman presented the first prototype of a DNA computer. The TT-100
was a test tube filled with 100 microliters of a DNA solution. He managed to solve an
instance of the directed Hamiltonian path problem.
In Adleman’s experiment, the Hamiltonian Path Problem was implemented notationally as
“travelling salesman problem”. The problem aimed at finding out the shortest route between
a number of cities by going through each city only once.In his experiment, the strands of
DNA represented 7 cities. The sequences of genetic alphabets A, T, C, and G represented
cities and the path. After this, when the DNA molecules were mixed in a test tube, some
DNA strands stuck together and the chains of strands were the possible answers. Using
some chemical reactions, wrong molecules were removed.

6. - The HDD, first introduced by IBM in 1956, weighed over a ton and was the size of a
refrigerator with 3.75 MB of storage.
- A single gram of DNA can store at least 5.5 Petabits (Around 700 Terabytes) of data.

7. Revaluation of Information Storage
We've come such a long way in
data storage. Devices have
evolved dramatically. But all
media eventually wear out or
become obsolete.

9. Data Storage Crisis

10. Advantages
Weight:
DNA storage computer
are lightweight device.
Storage Density:
DNA’s information
storage density is
several orders of
magnitude higher than
any other known storage
technology.
Stability:
DNA is an extremely stable
molecule with a half-life of
over 500 years. If stored in
cold conditions, DNA is
capable of remaining intact
for hundreds of thousands
of years

11. Research and Development
Sector Organization Primary Effort
Private Microsoft R&D with the eventual goal of a proto-commercial
DNA data storage system
Academia Harvard University R&D of DNA synthesis technology and novel
mechanisms of encoding and retrieving information
from DNA
Academia ETH Zurich Research on storing varying types of files in DNA
Private Catalog Commercialization of DNA data storage technology

12. History of data storage in DNA
Date Size Group Description
1988 .000004 MB (35
bits)
Harvard University Encoded image
2009 .0002 MB University of Toronto Text, music, image
March 2017 2.14 MB New York Genome Center,
Columbia University
Graphical operating
system, movie, PDF,
image, text, and malware
February 2018 400 MB Microsoft, University of
Washington
Unspecified

13. Future of DNA Computing
1. DNA computers will be more powerful and will store more data than
every electronic devices ever made to date.
2. DNA will solve very complex problems.
3. DNA computing incorporate cost-benefit analysis for potentially benefit
to various circles of science and Industry.

14. CONCLUSION
Before you trash your silicon-based computer and start trying to process words with
DNA, remember that it'll be a while before the wet computers show up in
showrooms. DNA computers can't be found at your local electronics store yet. The
technology is still in development.

15. References
1. https://www.frontierinternet.com/gateway/data-storage-timeline/
1. https://www.pillsburylaw.com/en/news-and-insights/dna-data-storage.html
1. https://www.catalogdna.com/
1. https://potomacinstitute.org/images/studies/Future_of_DNA_Data_Storage.pdf
1. https://www.section.io/engineering-education/dna-computing/
1. https://foglets.com/dna-computing/

16. Thank You!