This document discusses using DNA as a digital storage medium. It provides an introduction to DNA digital storage and outlines the structure and coding methods used to encode digital data in DNA. The document explains how source data is converted to a tertiary code and then mapped to DNA nucleobases to encode the information. It describes some potential applications of DNA storage such as archiving and discusses how companies are developing DNA storage technologies that could store massive amounts of data in very small physical volumes.

1. DNA DIGITAL STORAGE
Name:- Khalid Majeed Mir
Roll no. :- 321/14
Department:- IT
Semester:- 7th sem
12/4/2017 1
Guide:-Jasleen Mam

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS DNA
 DO WE NEED ANOTHER STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
 STRUCTURE OF DNA
 CODES FOR ENCODING
 HOW DNAAS STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
 PROCESS
 WHY DNA
 APPLICATIONS
 DEVELOPMENTS
 OUR FUTURE
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFRENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Refers to the scheme to store digital data in the base sequence of DNA
 Uses artificial DNA made using commercially available oligonucleotide synthesis

4. WHAT IS DNA?
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
 Molecule that carries the genetic instructions
 Essential for all known forms of life
 Consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double
helix
 Nature’s storage device, replicating and propagating genetic code over thousands
of generations

5. DNA under an electron microscope

6. DO WE NEED ANOTHER STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY?
 Rapid growth of data generated
 Information to be stored for long periods
 Prone to damage from external factors
 Rise in e-waste
 Requires more energy
E-waste disposal site

7. STRUCTURE OF DNA
 DNA consists of Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and
Thymine(T)
 Paired into nucleotide base pairs A-T and G-C
 Backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating
phosphate and sugar residues
 Single nucleotide can represent 2 bits of information

9. CODES FOR ENCODING
 The Huffman Code
 Perfect Genetic Code

10. HOW DNA AS STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY?
 Source data in form of binary bits (0 and 1) was converted to a tertiary bit code (0, 1
and 2) to decrease chances of encoding errors
 Following the conversion, the digital data is encoded into the nucleobases of DNA
 By altering the positions of nucleobases A,T,G and C, the tertiary code can be
mapped onto the nucleobases codes, thus making a repetitive blocks of nucleobases
that encode data
 The encoded DNA then can be sequenced and read back to tertiary and then to
binary data using technologies similar to those used to map the human genome

11. PROCESS
Coding : Any digital file—a movie, medical records,
the Encyclopedia Britannica—can be converted to a
“genetic file” and stored as strands of DNA. First the
digital file’s binary code is translated into the four-
letter genetic code, composed of the As, Cs, Gs, and Ts
that represent the chemical building blocks of DNA
strands.
Synthesis : Then a synthetic-biology company
manufactures the strands to the customer’s
specifications.
Storage : A test tube containing the genetic file can be
stashed away in cold storage until someone wants to
retrieve the information.

13. WHY DNA?
 A mere milligram of the molecule could encode the complete text of
every book in the Library of Congress
 Very high data density
 More compact than current magnetic tape or hard drive storage

14. Human genetic code

15. APPLICATIONS
 National security for information hiding
purposes and for data stenography
 Preserve safely the personal information of a person such as medical information and
family history in their own bodies
 Storage of archival documents

16. DEVELOPMENTS
 Microsoft is making huge investment in DNA data storage research. The
company reported that it had written 200 MB data, including War and
Peace and 99 other literary classics, into DNA
 Twist Bioscience of San Francisco used a machine to create the strings
letter by letter that can build up to 1.6 million strings at a time
 The field has scope for research in the coming years

17. OUR FUTURE!!
An artist’s impression of a DNA storage device

18. CONCLUSION
DNA-based storage has the potential to be the ultimate archival storage
solution: it is extremely dense and durable.While this is not practical yet due
to the current state of DNA synthesis and sequencing, both technologies are
improving at an exponential rate with advances in the biotechnology
industry.Given the impending limits of silicon technology, we believe that
hybrid silicon and biochemical systems are worth
serious consideration: time is ripe for computer architects to consider
incorporating biomolecules as an integral part of computer design. DNA-
based storage is one clear example of this direction.

19. REFERENCES
[1] http://www.nature.com/news/how-dna-could-store-all-the- world-s-data-1.20496
[2]https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~bornholt/papers/dnastorageasplos16.pdf
[3]//www.idc.com/downloads/where_is_storage_infographic_243338.pdf
[4]http://www.synthesis.cc/2014/02/time-for-new-cost-curves-2014.html
[5]http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/18/facebook-builds-newdata-
centers-for-cold-storage/
[6]http://www.extremetech.com/computing/159245-new-optical-laser-canincrease-dvd-
storage-up-to-one-petabyte

20. Questions?

21. THANK YOU !