This seminar presentation discusses DNA data storage. It provides background on DNA and its structure, then summarizes the history of data storage from punch cards to modern technologies. Challenges of big data are reviewed. DNA is proposed as a storage medium due to its high density and longevity. The presentation explains how data is stored in DNA using algorithms and techniques like polymerase chain reaction. Current research by Microsoft is discussed as a case study. Both advantages like density and disadvantages like cost and read speeds are presented. Applications and future potential are considered.

1. Course name : Seminar(IT331)
Faculty Guide : Prof. Nikita Patel
Presented By : Ravi Vaniya (15IT036)
Sanat Dhobi (15IT027)

2. From Magnetic drive to Genomic drive

3. Synopsis
 Introduction
 History (Evolution of Memory Storage Devices)
 Challenges of BigData
 What is DNA? , Why DNA? (A Biological perspective)
 DNA Data storage
 How data is stored? (Algorithms , Techniques etc.)
 Current research in world (case study by Microsoft)
 Pro’s and Con’s
 Application and Future scope

4. Introduction
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that
carries the genetic (hereditary) instructions used
in the growth, development and functioning of all
known living organism and many viruses.
 Most DNA molecules consist of
two biopolymer strands coiled around each other
to form a double helix.
 The information in DNA is stored as a code made
up of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine
(G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
 Nucleotide = Nitrogen base + Sugar + Phosphate.

5. Some images

6. History
(Evolution of Memory Storage Devices)

7. Earlier devices
 In mid-1700 – Punch card
It was used for input both of programs and data.
Used as early as 1725 in the textile industry (for controlling
mechanized textile looms).
 In 1946 – Selectron tube
Capacity - 32 to 512 bytes.
4096-bit Selectron was 10 inches long and 3 inches wide.
Con’s - expensive and production problems.

8. Courtesy: Wikipedia

9. Earlier devices …
 In 1932 – Magnetic drum memory
Memory capacity - 10 kB.
 In 1951 – Magnetic tape
 In 1956 – Hard disk drive
 IBM Model 350 - It had 50 24-inch discs with a total storage
capacity of 5 million characters (just under 5 MB).
 In 1971 – First Floppy drive (Diskette).
 In 1978 – Compact disc
 In 1980 – Hard disk drive (First 1 GB drive)

10. After 1990s …
 DVD and Flask storage (like SD card).
 Micro drive
 Holography.
 Cloud storage.

11. History
 The idea about the possibility of recording,
storage and retrieval of information on DNA
molecules were originally made by Mikhail
Neiman
 He published his idea in 1964–65 in the
Radiotekhnika journal, USSR(now Russia),
and the technology during that time was
referred to as MNeimONics(Mikhail Neiman
OligoNucleotides).

12. Challenges of Big Data

13. Introduction
 What is big data ?
Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that
traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal
with them.
 Problem for existing DBMS…
 Solutions..
1. Use software/framework
2. Some new technology

14. Issues
1. Data Volume
2. Data Velocity
3. Data Variety
4. Data Value
5. Data Complexity
Example : Google map

16. Challenges
 Privacy and security
 Data access and sharing of information
 Analytical challenges
 Human resource and manpower
 Technical – Fault tolerance , Scalability , Quality of data

17. Solution – 1 : Framework/Software
 Hadoop
Hadoop is an open-source framework(by Apache) that allows to store and process big
data in a distributed environment across clusters of computers using simple
programming models. It is designed to scale up from single servers to thousands of
machines, each offering local computation and storage.
 Let’s see how Hadoop works?

18. Traditional Approach Google’s Solution

19. Hadoop

20. Why DNA ?
1. Density of information that can be stored
- one gram of single-strand DNA could store as much as an exabyte
(1018 bytes).
2. DNA storage is not re-writable
- good for archiving records
3. Preservation
- DNA can still be sequenced from dried mummies thousands of
years old , but such sequences are rarely complete.

21. Polymerase Chain Reaction
 PCR is a technique to make many copies of a specific DNA region in
vitro (in a test tube rather than an organism).
 PCR relies on a thermostable DNA polymerase, Taq polymerase, and
requires DNA primers designed specifically for the DNA region of
interest.
 In PCR, the reaction is repeatedly cycled through a series of
temperature changes, which allow many copies of the target region to
be produced.
 PCR has many research and practical applications. It is routinely used
in DNA cloning, medical diagnostics, and forensic analysis of DNA.

25. Data Storage

26. Data put(Key,Value) process

27. Data get(Key) process

28. Advantages
 Density of information that can be stored is very high i.e. one gram of
single-strand DNA could store as much as an Exabyte.
 DNA storage is not re-writable means it is good for archiving records.
 DNA can be preserved for long time.
 DNA can maintain its integrity without any power supply. Also, its
small size and weight make it easy to store and transport.
 DNA is less susceptible to technical failures.

29. Disadvantages
 High cost of DNA synthesis per data stored (around US$12,400 per
megabyte of data stored).
 Data is read back at low speed.
 DNA is not rewritable, i.e. it can’t update the information it holds
without redoing the entire information storing process.
 DNA does not allow random access either, meaning, to access a
particular part of the data stored, the entire stored information should
be decoded.

30. References ...
 www.google.co.in
 Official website : University of Washington
 Official website : Microsoft Inc.
 Research paper by Siddhant Shrivastava and Rohan Badlani International
Journal of Electrical Energy, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 2014
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA
 http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/32494/title/DNA-Data-
Storage
 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-
sequencing-pcr-electrophoresis/a/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr