Gallstones are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder. Cholelithiasis refers to gallstones in the gallbladder, while choledocholithiasis refers to gallstones in the common bile duct. Treatment depends on whether gallstones are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Asymptomatic gallstones may be managed expectantly, while symptomatic gallstones usually require surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) or other interventions if complications occur.
Acute Diverticulitis is an inflammation of diverticula in the large intestine that commonly occurs in the sigmoid colon. It presents with lower abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits. Diagnosis is made through CT scan findings and blood tests. Treatment depends on severity and complications, ranging from oral antibiotics for uncomplicated cases to emergency surgery for perforated diverticulitis with peritonitis. Long term risks include recurrence requiring further treatment or surgery.
La colangitis es el resultado de una infección y obstrucción de los conductos biliares, generalmente causada por cálculos migratorios. Los síntomas incluyen fiebre, ictericia y dolor en el hipocondrio derecho. El diagnóstico se basa en hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio e imágenes que muestran obstrucción biliar. El tratamiento consiste en antibióticos, descompresión de la vía biliar mediante endoscopia o cirugía, y el manejo de complicaciones graves.
Intussusception is the telescoping of the proximal bowel inside the distal bowel. It is a common cause of bowel obstruction in infants and toddlers. The classic presenting symptoms are known as the "triad" - crying, currant jelly stools, and a palpable abdominal mass. Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, showing target or doughnut signs. Treatment involves hydrostatic or pneumatic reduction of the intussusception non-operatively. If this fails or signs of perforation are present, surgical reduction or resection is required.
This document discusses intestinal failure and its management through parenteral nutrition or intestinal transplantation. Intestinal failure results from inadequate intestinal absorption and can be caused by short bowel syndrome or other conditions. Parenteral nutrition is first-line therapy but is associated with serious complications like infections, liver disease, and catheter issues. Intestinal transplantation can cure intestinal failure by replacing the diseased intestine but carries risks of rejection, infection, and lifelong immunosuppression. Outcomes have improved in recent decades with 1-year survival rates over 80% for most age groups.
El documento trata sobre varias patologías biliares incluyendo el síndrome de Mirizzi, litiasis coledociana, quistes del colédoco, colangitis aguda y cáncer de vesícula. Describe la epidemiología, clasificación, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de cada una.
Gallstones are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder. Cholelithiasis refers to gallstones in the gallbladder, while choledocholithiasis refers to gallstones in the common bile duct. Treatment depends on whether gallstones are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Asymptomatic gallstones may be managed expectantly, while symptomatic gallstones usually require surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) or other interventions if complications occur.
Acute Diverticulitis is an inflammation of diverticula in the large intestine that commonly occurs in the sigmoid colon. It presents with lower abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits. Diagnosis is made through CT scan findings and blood tests. Treatment depends on severity and complications, ranging from oral antibiotics for uncomplicated cases to emergency surgery for perforated diverticulitis with peritonitis. Long term risks include recurrence requiring further treatment or surgery.
La colangitis es el resultado de una infección y obstrucción de los conductos biliares, generalmente causada por cálculos migratorios. Los síntomas incluyen fiebre, ictericia y dolor en el hipocondrio derecho. El diagnóstico se basa en hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio e imágenes que muestran obstrucción biliar. El tratamiento consiste en antibióticos, descompresión de la vía biliar mediante endoscopia o cirugía, y el manejo de complicaciones graves.
Intussusception is the telescoping of the proximal bowel inside the distal bowel. It is a common cause of bowel obstruction in infants and toddlers. The classic presenting symptoms are known as the "triad" - crying, currant jelly stools, and a palpable abdominal mass. Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, showing target or doughnut signs. Treatment involves hydrostatic or pneumatic reduction of the intussusception non-operatively. If this fails or signs of perforation are present, surgical reduction or resection is required.
This document discusses intestinal failure and its management through parenteral nutrition or intestinal transplantation. Intestinal failure results from inadequate intestinal absorption and can be caused by short bowel syndrome or other conditions. Parenteral nutrition is first-line therapy but is associated with serious complications like infections, liver disease, and catheter issues. Intestinal transplantation can cure intestinal failure by replacing the diseased intestine but carries risks of rejection, infection, and lifelong immunosuppression. Outcomes have improved in recent decades with 1-year survival rates over 80% for most age groups.
El documento trata sobre varias patologías biliares incluyendo el síndrome de Mirizzi, litiasis coledociana, quistes del colédoco, colangitis aguda y cáncer de vesícula. Describe la epidemiología, clasificación, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de cada una.
science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
Benign Billiary Stricture By Dr Dhaval Mangukiya
https://drdhavalmangukiya.com/
http://www.youtube.com/c/DrDhavalMangukiyaGastrosurgeonSurat
https://gastrosurgerysurat.blogspot.com/
This document discusses Ella Danis stent, a covered self-expanding metal stent used to treat acute bleeding from esophageal varices or refractory esophageal variceal bleeding. It has a nominal diameter of 25mm and flared ends of 30mm in length. The stent is contraindicated for patients with esophageal malignancy, stricture, or irradiation of the chest/esophagus. It provides an alternative to TIPS or balloon tamponade for treating variceal bleeding according to Baveno V guidelines.
This document reviews interventional endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) procedures, including EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA). EUS-FNA is a safe and accurate procedure used to diagnose lesions in the esophagus, pancreas, lymph nodes, liver, lungs and other organs. It has a diagnostic accuracy of 64-94% for pancreatic masses. EUS also guides drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and bile ducts when conventional endoscopy fails. Emerging applications include EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis for pain relief, fiducial placement for tumor localization, and ablation techniques for treating pancreatic cysts and tumors. In summary, the document outlines the various diagnostic and therapeutic applications of
Duodenal atresia is a congenital disease where the duodenum fails to form properly, occurring in 1 in 5,000-10,000 births. It is classified into three types depending on the severity of blockage of the duodenum. Type I involves a duodenal diaphragm, Type II is a complete blockage, and Type III is a complete separation of the duodenal ends. Ultrasound often reveals the "double bubble" sign of stomach dilation due to duodenal blockage. Treatment involves surgery to reconnect the duodenum. Prognosis is usually good though rare late complications can include megaduodenum or pancreatitis.
Approximately 10% of patients with mesenteric cysts present with an acute abdominal emergency, the most common picture is small-bowel obstruction, which may be associated with intestinal volvulus or infarction.
Gallstone surgery by Dr Dhaval Mangukiya
https://drdhavalmangukiya.com/
http://www.youtube.com/c/DrDhavalMangukiyaGastrosurgeonSurat
https://gastrosurgerysurat.blogspot.com/
Biliary stricture is an abnormal narrowing of the bile duct. The most common cause is injury during cholecystectomy, accounting for 80% of non-malignant strictures. Bile duct injuries can occur due to anatomical variations, technical errors, or inflammation and can be classified using systems like Bismuth's or Strasberg's. Clinical presentation includes jaundice, abdominal pain, and fever. Investigations include liver function tests, imaging, and cholangiography. Surgical repair such as Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is often needed for significant injuries. Prevention through surgeon experience and identification of anatomical variations is key to avoiding biliary strictures.
Biliary Anatomy and Reconstruction of the Biliary TractDr. Shouptik Basu
This document discusses various biliary conditions and procedures. It begins by listing different bile duct abnormalities and causes of gallstone disease. Various biliary reconstruction procedures are then described such as end-to-end anastomosis, choledochojejunostomy, and hepaticojejunostomy. Key steps for biliary reconstruction surgery are outlined including exposure, adhesiolysis, and irrigation. Complications are noted and T-tube placement is described as a option for distal bile duct injuries or palliation.
Hydatid cyst of the liver is very rare problem in the urban population of INDIA. However, we must know the disease its presentation, the review of literature for the same and its management with current updates.
This document discusses the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. It begins by describing the causes, symptoms, signs, and diagnosis of CBD stones. CBD stones can be primary (formed in the duct) or secondary (passed from the gallbladder). Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, MRCP, and ERCP. Treatment depends on whether stones are detected before, during, or after cholecystectomy. Options include ERCP sphincterotomy and stone extraction, laparoscopic CBD exploration, open CBD exploration, and surgery like choledochoduodenostomy. For retained stones, additional options are extracting through a T-tube or dissolving chemically. The goal is to remove stones using the least
Diverticulitis: Popular Misconceptions and New ManagementPatricia Raymond
Of course, it's not about just avoiding nuts and seeds. However, do you know how many attacks you can endure before suggesting a resection? How to manage young or immunosuppressed patients with diverticulitis? How Eastern (asian)diverticulitis differs? The role of mesalamine in treatment? It's time to re-explore a disease that you thought you knew!
Este documento trata sobre las fístulas biliares. Explica que las fístulas biliares son comunicaciones anormales del tracto biliar hacia otros órganos o superficies, y se clasifican como internas o externas, espontáneas, iatrogénicas, postoperatorias o traumáticas. La mayoría de las fístulas espontáneas son el resultado de complicaciones de litiasis biliar. Luego describe en más detalle las fístulas biliares internas, especialmente las bilioentéricas como la colecistod
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: complex cases and challenges, 2018, by R. Lunev...Raimundas Lunevicius
No residual calculi seen
Cases / challenges / scenario 48
Laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy
- Adhesiolysis
- Opening of the stump
- Large calculus removed
- Closure of the stump
- Uneventful recovery
Histology:
- Residual calculus in the stump
- Chronic inflammation
Take home message:
- Consider residual calculi in symptomatic patients post STC
- MRCP may miss small residual stones
- Completion cholecystectomy is a valid option
Cases / challenges / scenario 49
description of the most common and rare vascular malformation of the GIT and main presentation and approach to treatment and the most common complications
A 21-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, constipation, vomiting and fever. Imaging showed small bowel obstruction. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a defect in the mesentery through which a segment of distal ileum was herniating. The mesenteric defect was closed. The patient recovered well with no complications. The case involved an internal hernia, where a loop of bowel protruded through an abnormal opening within the peritoneal cavity, in this case a defect in the mesentery.
This document discusses lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, including:
- Causes of lower GI bleeding in adults include diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, and colorectal cancers and polyps. Risk factors include low fiber diet and medications like NSAIDs.
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam, labs, and endoscopic procedures like colonoscopy to identify the bleeding source and provide treatment.
- Colonoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment but must be performed carefully in unstable patients. Angiography and nuclear scans can help localize bleeding in severe cases.
Este documento describe la anatomía y fisiología de las vías biliares y presenta información sobre varias patologías que afectan las vías biliares, incluyendo litiasis vesicular, colecistitis aguda y crónica, coledocolitiasis, colangitis, tumores de la vesícula biliar y tumores malignos de las vías biliares. Explica los síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cada una de estas afecciones.
The document discusses pancreatic injury, providing details on:
- The anatomy, blood supply, and innervation of the pancreas.
- Epidemiology of pancreatic injury, which most often results from blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma.
- Mechanisms of injury depend on whether the trauma is blunt or penetrating.
- Grading systems classify injuries based on severity and ductal involvement.
- Management involves conservative treatment for minor injuries but surgery is often needed for more severe injuries or ductal disruption, such as distal pancreatectomy.
science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
Benign Billiary Stricture By Dr Dhaval Mangukiya
https://drdhavalmangukiya.com/
http://www.youtube.com/c/DrDhavalMangukiyaGastrosurgeonSurat
https://gastrosurgerysurat.blogspot.com/
This document discusses Ella Danis stent, a covered self-expanding metal stent used to treat acute bleeding from esophageal varices or refractory esophageal variceal bleeding. It has a nominal diameter of 25mm and flared ends of 30mm in length. The stent is contraindicated for patients with esophageal malignancy, stricture, or irradiation of the chest/esophagus. It provides an alternative to TIPS or balloon tamponade for treating variceal bleeding according to Baveno V guidelines.
This document reviews interventional endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) procedures, including EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA). EUS-FNA is a safe and accurate procedure used to diagnose lesions in the esophagus, pancreas, lymph nodes, liver, lungs and other organs. It has a diagnostic accuracy of 64-94% for pancreatic masses. EUS also guides drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and bile ducts when conventional endoscopy fails. Emerging applications include EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis for pain relief, fiducial placement for tumor localization, and ablation techniques for treating pancreatic cysts and tumors. In summary, the document outlines the various diagnostic and therapeutic applications of
Duodenal atresia is a congenital disease where the duodenum fails to form properly, occurring in 1 in 5,000-10,000 births. It is classified into three types depending on the severity of blockage of the duodenum. Type I involves a duodenal diaphragm, Type II is a complete blockage, and Type III is a complete separation of the duodenal ends. Ultrasound often reveals the "double bubble" sign of stomach dilation due to duodenal blockage. Treatment involves surgery to reconnect the duodenum. Prognosis is usually good though rare late complications can include megaduodenum or pancreatitis.
Approximately 10% of patients with mesenteric cysts present with an acute abdominal emergency, the most common picture is small-bowel obstruction, which may be associated with intestinal volvulus or infarction.
Gallstone surgery by Dr Dhaval Mangukiya
https://drdhavalmangukiya.com/
http://www.youtube.com/c/DrDhavalMangukiyaGastrosurgeonSurat
https://gastrosurgerysurat.blogspot.com/
Biliary stricture is an abnormal narrowing of the bile duct. The most common cause is injury during cholecystectomy, accounting for 80% of non-malignant strictures. Bile duct injuries can occur due to anatomical variations, technical errors, or inflammation and can be classified using systems like Bismuth's or Strasberg's. Clinical presentation includes jaundice, abdominal pain, and fever. Investigations include liver function tests, imaging, and cholangiography. Surgical repair such as Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is often needed for significant injuries. Prevention through surgeon experience and identification of anatomical variations is key to avoiding biliary strictures.
Biliary Anatomy and Reconstruction of the Biliary TractDr. Shouptik Basu
This document discusses various biliary conditions and procedures. It begins by listing different bile duct abnormalities and causes of gallstone disease. Various biliary reconstruction procedures are then described such as end-to-end anastomosis, choledochojejunostomy, and hepaticojejunostomy. Key steps for biliary reconstruction surgery are outlined including exposure, adhesiolysis, and irrigation. Complications are noted and T-tube placement is described as a option for distal bile duct injuries or palliation.
Hydatid cyst of the liver is very rare problem in the urban population of INDIA. However, we must know the disease its presentation, the review of literature for the same and its management with current updates.
This document discusses the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. It begins by describing the causes, symptoms, signs, and diagnosis of CBD stones. CBD stones can be primary (formed in the duct) or secondary (passed from the gallbladder). Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, MRCP, and ERCP. Treatment depends on whether stones are detected before, during, or after cholecystectomy. Options include ERCP sphincterotomy and stone extraction, laparoscopic CBD exploration, open CBD exploration, and surgery like choledochoduodenostomy. For retained stones, additional options are extracting through a T-tube or dissolving chemically. The goal is to remove stones using the least
Diverticulitis: Popular Misconceptions and New ManagementPatricia Raymond
Of course, it's not about just avoiding nuts and seeds. However, do you know how many attacks you can endure before suggesting a resection? How to manage young or immunosuppressed patients with diverticulitis? How Eastern (asian)diverticulitis differs? The role of mesalamine in treatment? It's time to re-explore a disease that you thought you knew!
Este documento trata sobre las fístulas biliares. Explica que las fístulas biliares son comunicaciones anormales del tracto biliar hacia otros órganos o superficies, y se clasifican como internas o externas, espontáneas, iatrogénicas, postoperatorias o traumáticas. La mayoría de las fístulas espontáneas son el resultado de complicaciones de litiasis biliar. Luego describe en más detalle las fístulas biliares internas, especialmente las bilioentéricas como la colecistod
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: complex cases and challenges, 2018, by R. Lunev...Raimundas Lunevicius
No residual calculi seen
Cases / challenges / scenario 48
Laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy
- Adhesiolysis
- Opening of the stump
- Large calculus removed
- Closure of the stump
- Uneventful recovery
Histology:
- Residual calculus in the stump
- Chronic inflammation
Take home message:
- Consider residual calculi in symptomatic patients post STC
- MRCP may miss small residual stones
- Completion cholecystectomy is a valid option
Cases / challenges / scenario 49
description of the most common and rare vascular malformation of the GIT and main presentation and approach to treatment and the most common complications
A 21-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, constipation, vomiting and fever. Imaging showed small bowel obstruction. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a defect in the mesentery through which a segment of distal ileum was herniating. The mesenteric defect was closed. The patient recovered well with no complications. The case involved an internal hernia, where a loop of bowel protruded through an abnormal opening within the peritoneal cavity, in this case a defect in the mesentery.
This document discusses lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, including:
- Causes of lower GI bleeding in adults include diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, and colorectal cancers and polyps. Risk factors include low fiber diet and medications like NSAIDs.
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam, labs, and endoscopic procedures like colonoscopy to identify the bleeding source and provide treatment.
- Colonoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment but must be performed carefully in unstable patients. Angiography and nuclear scans can help localize bleeding in severe cases.
Este documento describe la anatomía y fisiología de las vías biliares y presenta información sobre varias patologías que afectan las vías biliares, incluyendo litiasis vesicular, colecistitis aguda y crónica, coledocolitiasis, colangitis, tumores de la vesícula biliar y tumores malignos de las vías biliares. Explica los síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cada una de estas afecciones.
The document discusses pancreatic injury, providing details on:
- The anatomy, blood supply, and innervation of the pancreas.
- Epidemiology of pancreatic injury, which most often results from blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma.
- Mechanisms of injury depend on whether the trauma is blunt or penetrating.
- Grading systems classify injuries based on severity and ductal involvement.
- Management involves conservative treatment for minor injuries but surgery is often needed for more severe injuries or ductal disruption, such as distal pancreatectomy.
I meccanismi del danno gastrico e la patologia H. Pylori correlataASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Vincenzo De Francesco - "Malattia da reflussogastroesofageo e infezione da Helicobacter Pylori: old topics?" - Roma 11/05/2019
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Adolfo Francesco Attili - XII° Congresso Nazionale FIMeG 2018 - The Silver Tsunami: l'anziano fra appropriatezza e farmaeconomia
4LIFE INTERNATIONAL GROUP (www.4lifegroup.it ) nasce con l'intento di far conoscere a tutti un prodotto innovativo, il TRANSFER FACTOR, completamente naturale al 100%, frutto di 50 anni di ricerche e coperto con 4 brevetti mondiali, capace di informare e potenziare il nostro Sistema Immunitario affinchè il nostro organismo reagisca meglio alle più svariate malattie provocate da virus, neoplasie, allergie e malattie autoimmuni.
I Fattori di Trasferimento sono piccole molecole messaggere che trasferiscono informazioni immunologiche da un’entità ad un’altra, per esempio dalla madre al neonato. Le cause dell’indebolimento del nostro sistema immunitario sono molteplici e spesso legate allo stress, all’inquinamento e contaminazione ambientale, alla cattiva alimentazione, ai nuovi ceppi di “superbatteri” dovuto all’eccessivo consumo di medicine.
Anche gli antibiotici, usati troppo spesso e in dosi eccessive per combattere le infezioni hanno, a lungo termine, effetti negativi sul sistema immunitario
Le conseguenze di un sistema immunitario indebolito o deficitario, sono la causa di infezioni e malattie sempre più frequenti e prolungate.
I processi di estrazione dei Fattori di Trasferimento dal colostro vaccino e dal tuorlo dell’uovo, sono protetti da brevetto degli USA nr. 6.468.534 (colostro e tuorlo) e nr. 6.866.868 (tecnica di estrazione), ed altri brevetti in attesa di registrazione.
Oltre 3.000 ricerche scientifiche e test fatti in laboratori indipendenti, indicano che la formula 4Life Transfer Tri-Factor aumenta l’efficacia del sistema immunitario incrementando l’attività funzionale delle NK Cells (Cellule Natura Killer) del 473%.
Le cellule NK sono le barriere difensive del sistema immunitario.
Problems in diagnosing celiac disease,in communicating to patients in the last years.
Descibing how the disease is changed and which are the challenges for the future
2. Definizioni
La singola formazione si chiama diverticolo, mentre la situazione
(anatomica) in cui si hanno i più diverticoli, in assenza di sintomi, si
chiama diverticolosi.
Per malattia diverticolare si intende l’insieme delle manifestazioni
cliniche connesse alla presenza di diverticoli.
Quando tali sacche si infettano o si infiammano si parla allora
diverticolite
5. HINT OF HISTORY
1. Cruveilhier-1849- first described colonic involvement
by diverticular disease.
2. Term “ diverticulosis” – first used in 1914.
3. Acute diverticulitis recognized at the turn of the 20th
century (due to” excess of roughage”!).
4. Burkitt &Painter-geografic distribution of the
condition (Western vs.Third world)-due to
industrialization of milling of FLOUR.
5. Diverticulosis is a DEFICIENCY disease!!
6.
7. PREVALENZA della malattia diverticolare
del colon, basata su studi autoptici
6–15%
0%
42,5%
32%
37%
0,1%
1%
8.
9. Frequenza globale molto elevata nei Paesi “occidentali”:
5% sotto ai 40 anni; oltre il 60% sopra ai 65 anni
Il 20% dei portatori di diverticoli manifesta sintomi.
• Di questi, il 2% necessita di uno o più ricoveri.
• Di questi, lo 0,5% richiede un intervento chirurgico.
• La mortalità per cause legate ai diverticoli è di 1/10.000.
In generale il rapporto M/F è di 1 a 2
La Malattia Diverticolare del Colon
EPIDEMIOLOGIA
13. LE FIBRE:
INCREMENTANO IL PESO DELLE FECI
RIDUCONO LA PRESSIONE DEL COLON
RIDUCONO IL TEMPO DI TRANSITO
INTESTINALE
IL RISULTATO CONSISTE NEL PREVENIRE
L’IPERTROFIA MUSCOLARE,
LA SEGMENTAZIONE,
L’AUMENTO DI TENSIONE DEL COLON.
LE FIBRE NELLA DIETA
17. CLINICADIVERTICOLOSI: asintomatica.
MALATTIA DIVERTICOLARE IN ASSENZA DI FLOGOSI: Dolori addominali
vaghi e diffusi, flatulenza, modeste alterazioni dell’alvo, di solito inquadrati
nelle IBS.
DIVERTICOLITE (non complicata):
(teorie eziopatogenetiche: ostruzione o microperforazione su base
ischemica)
•Dolore in fossa iliaca sx o in sede sovrapubica, costante, forte
•Alterazioni dell’alvo con alternanza stipsi-diarrea (stipsi nelle stenosi)
•Febbre più o meno elevata
•Disturbi urinari stranguria, pollachiuria
•Massa palpabile dolente, in fossa iliaca sx, con segni più o meno evidenti
di peritonismo
La Malattia Diverticolare del Colon
Il quadro può avere aspetto recidivante
19. COLONSCOPIA
La diverticolosi è un comune reperto
alla colonscopia specialmente nei
pazienti anziani
Controindicata in caso di diverticolite
acuta
Mediante biopsia può consentire la
diagnosi differenziale tra stenosi
diverticolare e neoplastica
In mani esperte permette di trattare
l’emorragia diverticolare con iniezioni
di adrenalina, evitando l’intervento
chirurgico
La diagnosi
21. TOMOGRAFIA COMPUTERIZZATA
La Diagnosi
Esame gold-standard per la
diagnosi di diverticolite, delle
sue complicanze e per la
diagnosi differenziale
Sensibilità: 85-97%
Guida il drenaggio
percutaneo degli ascessi
addominali da diverticolite
24. LE DOMANDE PIÙ FREQUENTI
Si può guarire dai diverticoli?
No! Una volta formati i diverticoli non regrediscono.
I diverticoli predispongono al tumore del colon?
Attualmente non esistono dati sull'associazione tra diverticolosi e tumori del
colon.
Sono necessari controlli endoscopici?
Assolutamente no! La colonscopia nel paziente con diverticolosi è un esame
impegnativo e rischioso
Quando è necessaria la chirurgia?
Solo in presenza di complicanze quali la perforazione, l'emorragia imponente
e la presenza di stenosi (restringimenti del colon) causate dagli esiti di
importanti fenomeni infiammatori.
Ugualmente può essere suggerito l'intervento chirurgico nei casi in cui il
paziente ha ricorrenti e frequenti episodi di diverticolite che comportano un
maggior rischio di complicanze;
in questo caso forse potrebbe essere più utile e meno rischioso operare
programmando l'intervento che eseguire un intervento in urgenza.
25. MITO NUMERO 1
La diverticolosi spesso determina la diverticolite. FALSO
La diverticolite è l’infiammazione acuta del tratto di intestino interessato dalla
presenza di diverticoli e si presenta con dolore addominale e febbre.
Mentre alcuni dati in letteratura riferiscono che il 10-25% dei pazienti affetti da
diverticoli avranno almeno un episodio di diverticolite nel corso della vita, un
recente studio epidemiologico retrospettico condotto negli Stati Uniti ha
dimostrato che in realtà questo numero è il 4.3% ed addirittura, se i criteri
diagnostici per confermare la diverticolite sono severi (diagnosi posta
esecuzione di tac o all’ intervento chirurgico) tale percentuale scende
addirittura all’1% ad 11 anni dalla diagnosi.
Il numero è quindi molto più basso di quanto abitualmente detto e il
diverticolosi-diverticolite è molto meno comune di quanto ritenuto.
26. MITO NUMERO 2
La stipsi aumenta il rischi di diverticolosi. FALSO
Si consiglia abitualmente ai pazienti con diverticoli di evitare la stipsi in
genere assumendo una dieta ad alto residuo.
In realtà i dati di uno studio eseguito per determinare l’ effetto del calcio
sulla prevenzione dei polipi intestinali ha dimostrato il contrario: il rischio
di diverticolosi è apparso ridotto nei pazienti che avevano meno di
un’evacuazione giornaliera e ridotto del 25% nei pazienti con feci dure
rispetto ai pazienti con alvo regolare.
Nessuna associazione è stata trovata tra assunzione di fibre alimentari e
diverticoli. Non esiste evidenza quindi per consigliare una dieta ad alto
residuo in pazienti con diverticoli al fine di correggere la stipsi. Le fibre
restano ovviamente efficaci per combattere la stipsi ma questo è
ininfluente sulla storia naturale dei diverticoli
27. MITO NUMERO 3
La diverticolite non può essere prevista o prevenuta. FALSO
In realtà uno studio dimostra come livelli bassi di vitamina D possono
essere considerati un fattore predittivo per la comparsa di diverticolite
in pazienti con diverticoli.
La vitamina D infatti svolge un ruolo importante nel mantenimento
dell’equilibri intestinale, della integrità della mucosa e come mediatore
dell’ infiammazione intestinale.
E’ comprensibile quindi che un basso livello di vitamina d possa
associarsi a diverticolite. Controllare i livelli di vitamina de consigliare
un’ assunzione orale, in assenza di controindicazioni, può essere
indicato ed utile.
28. MITO NUMERO 4
La recidiva di diverticolite è inevitabile e non può essere prevenuta.
In realtà uno studio recente ha confrontato pazienti ai quali è stato
somministrato placebo, mesalazina, lattobacilli o mesalazina e lattobacilli
evidenziando una recidiva entro un anno nel 46% del gruppo placebo,
14% del secondo e terzo gruppo e in nessun paziente al quale sono stati
somministrati entrambi.
Altri studi avevano evidenziato un ruolo protettivo della mesalazina ma
questi nuovi dati suggeriscono un vantaggio associando un probiotico.
L’assunzione di fans, farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei è associata
inoltre a un aumento del rischio di recidiva e andrebbe quindi evitata.
29. IN CONCLUSIONE QUINDI:
1. L’INCIDENZA DI DIVERTICOLITE CONSEGUENTE A DIVERTICOLOSI
È MOLTO PIÙ BASSA DI QUANTO CREDUTO
2. LA STIPSI NON È ASSOCIATA ALLA DIVERTICOLOSI
3. BASSI LIVELLI DI VITAMINA D POSSONO PREVEDERE UNA
RECIDIVA DI DIVERTICOLITE
4. PROBIOTICI E MESALAZINA POSSONO PREVENIRE UNA RECIDIVA
DI DIVERTICOLI
30. TERAPIA
La Malattia Diverticolare del Colon
DIVERTICOLOSI Dieta ricca di fibre
MALATTIA DIVERTICOLARE IN
ASSENZA DI FLOGOSI
DIVERTICOLITE NON COMPLICATA
Dieta ricca di fibre
Cicli di antibiotici per os
Mesalazina
Lattulosio
Anticolinergici e Antispastici
DIVERTICOLITE RICORRENTE IN
PAZIENTI AD “ALTO RISCHIO”
(immunodepressi, obesi, età < 40)
DIVERTICOLITE NON RISPONDENTE
A TERAPIA MEDICA
Terapia chirurgica
DIVERTICOLITE COMPLICATA
Terapia chirurgica
Terapia conservativa (casi
selezionati)