Approximately 10% of patients with mesenteric cysts present with an acute abdominal emergency, the most common picture is small-bowel obstruction, which may be associated with intestinal volvulus or infarction.
Role and types of surgery in chronic pancreatitisShambhavi Sharma
This document discusses the role and types of surgery in chronic pancreatitis. It begins with an introduction and overview of chronic pancreatitis and its causes. It then discusses the various symptoms and complications that can arise. The document outlines the surgical and non-surgical management options, including drainage procedures like Puestow's procedure and resection procedures like pancreaticoduodenectomy. It provides details on the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of different surgical procedures. The key message is that surgery aims to relieve pain and complications while preserving pancreatic function as much as possible.
This document discusses the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. It begins by describing the causes, symptoms, signs, and diagnosis of CBD stones. CBD stones can be primary (formed in the duct) or secondary (passed from the gallbladder). Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, MRCP, and ERCP. Treatment depends on whether stones are detected before, during, or after cholecystectomy. Options include ERCP sphincterotomy and stone extraction, laparoscopic CBD exploration, open CBD exploration, and surgery like choledochoduodenostomy. For retained stones, additional options are extracting through a T-tube or dissolving chemically. The goal is to remove stones using the least
The document discusses different types of intestinal volvulus including gastric, small bowel, large bowel, and combinations. Gastric volvulus is classified as organoaxial or mesenteroaxial depending on the axis of rotation. Small bowel volvulus often occurs due to midgut malrotation. Large bowel volvulus commonly affects the cecum or sigmoid colon. Sigmoid volvulus is the most common type of large bowel volvulus and presents as an inverted U-shape on imaging. Cecal volvulus results from torsion of the cecum around its own mesentery.
This document discusses the management of enterocutaneous fistulas (ECF). The goals of management are to control sepsis, provide nutritional support, define the intestinal anatomy, and develop a surgical procedure. Investigations such as fistulography and imaging modalities are used to characterize the fistula. Nutritional support may involve enteral or parenteral nutrition depending on the location and output of the fistula. Controlling drainage and skin care is important for wound healing. Surgical intervention is considered if non-operative measures fail.
This document discusses tumors of the appendix. It outlines different types of appendix tumors including mucocele, primary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, and carcinoid tumors. Mucocele occurs when the appendix lumen becomes blocked, causing a fluid-filled cyst. Ruptured mucocele or adenocarcinoma can lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei, where mucus accumulates in the abdominal cavity. Carcinoid tumors are the most common appendix tumors but are generally not aggressive. Management depends on tumor type but often involves surgical removal of the appendix or part of the colon.
This document discusses ileosigmoid knotting (ISK), a rare cause of bowel obstruction. ISK occurs when a loop of the ileum or sigmoid colon wraps around the base of the other, causing a double closed loop obstruction. It presents diagnostic challenges and can lead to gangrene within hours if not treated. Surgical intervention is usually required and involves resection of any gangrenous bowel segments with primary anastomosis or stoma placement. Outcomes are poorer in older patients or those with gangrene or delayed presentation.
Biliary stricture is an abnormal narrowing of the bile duct. The most common cause is injury during cholecystectomy, accounting for 80% of non-malignant strictures. Bile duct injury can cause inflammation, fibrosis, scarring, and cirrhosis. Surgical treatment depends on when the injury is recognized, with immediate repair during surgery or delayed repair weeks later being options. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is a common repair method that involves a mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis of the bile duct to the jejunum. Factors like multiple prior repairs, proximal strictures, and surgeon inexperience can lead to poor outcomes.
Role and types of surgery in chronic pancreatitisShambhavi Sharma
This document discusses the role and types of surgery in chronic pancreatitis. It begins with an introduction and overview of chronic pancreatitis and its causes. It then discusses the various symptoms and complications that can arise. The document outlines the surgical and non-surgical management options, including drainage procedures like Puestow's procedure and resection procedures like pancreaticoduodenectomy. It provides details on the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of different surgical procedures. The key message is that surgery aims to relieve pain and complications while preserving pancreatic function as much as possible.
This document discusses the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. It begins by describing the causes, symptoms, signs, and diagnosis of CBD stones. CBD stones can be primary (formed in the duct) or secondary (passed from the gallbladder). Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, MRCP, and ERCP. Treatment depends on whether stones are detected before, during, or after cholecystectomy. Options include ERCP sphincterotomy and stone extraction, laparoscopic CBD exploration, open CBD exploration, and surgery like choledochoduodenostomy. For retained stones, additional options are extracting through a T-tube or dissolving chemically. The goal is to remove stones using the least
The document discusses different types of intestinal volvulus including gastric, small bowel, large bowel, and combinations. Gastric volvulus is classified as organoaxial or mesenteroaxial depending on the axis of rotation. Small bowel volvulus often occurs due to midgut malrotation. Large bowel volvulus commonly affects the cecum or sigmoid colon. Sigmoid volvulus is the most common type of large bowel volvulus and presents as an inverted U-shape on imaging. Cecal volvulus results from torsion of the cecum around its own mesentery.
This document discusses the management of enterocutaneous fistulas (ECF). The goals of management are to control sepsis, provide nutritional support, define the intestinal anatomy, and develop a surgical procedure. Investigations such as fistulography and imaging modalities are used to characterize the fistula. Nutritional support may involve enteral or parenteral nutrition depending on the location and output of the fistula. Controlling drainage and skin care is important for wound healing. Surgical intervention is considered if non-operative measures fail.
This document discusses tumors of the appendix. It outlines different types of appendix tumors including mucocele, primary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, and carcinoid tumors. Mucocele occurs when the appendix lumen becomes blocked, causing a fluid-filled cyst. Ruptured mucocele or adenocarcinoma can lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei, where mucus accumulates in the abdominal cavity. Carcinoid tumors are the most common appendix tumors but are generally not aggressive. Management depends on tumor type but often involves surgical removal of the appendix or part of the colon.
This document discusses ileosigmoid knotting (ISK), a rare cause of bowel obstruction. ISK occurs when a loop of the ileum or sigmoid colon wraps around the base of the other, causing a double closed loop obstruction. It presents diagnostic challenges and can lead to gangrene within hours if not treated. Surgical intervention is usually required and involves resection of any gangrenous bowel segments with primary anastomosis or stoma placement. Outcomes are poorer in older patients or those with gangrene or delayed presentation.
Biliary stricture is an abnormal narrowing of the bile duct. The most common cause is injury during cholecystectomy, accounting for 80% of non-malignant strictures. Bile duct injury can cause inflammation, fibrosis, scarring, and cirrhosis. Surgical treatment depends on when the injury is recognized, with immediate repair during surgery or delayed repair weeks later being options. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is a common repair method that involves a mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis of the bile duct to the jejunum. Factors like multiple prior repairs, proximal strictures, and surgeon inexperience can lead to poor outcomes.
The document describes surgical procedures for removing kidney stones. It indicates that open surgery is still needed in cases of obstruction, infection, failed lithotripsy, or stones too large for other procedures. It then provides details on instruments, incisions, and techniques for simple pyelolithotomy, coagulum technique, extended pyelolithotomy, and managing stones extending into the ureteropelvic junction. The goal is to remove all stones and debris while minimizing damage to the kidney and ensuring the pelvis can be closed watertight.
Intussusception is the telescoping of one segment of the intestine into another. It occurs more commonly in children between 6 months and 2 years of age and is often caused by viral gastroenteritis leading to mucosal edema and lymphoid hyperplasia. In adults, intussusception usually has an identifiable anatomical lead point such as a tumor, polyp, ulcer, or Meckel's diverticulum. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody stools. Diagnosis can be made using imaging studies like ultrasound, X-ray, or barium enema which may show signs like a target or meniscus.
1. Choledochal cysts are abnormal dilations of the bile ducts that are more common in Asia and women.
2. They are classified into 5 types based on location and extent of dilation.
3. Presentation varies from jaundice and abdominal mass in children to pain and cholangitis in older patients.
4. Investigation involves ultrasound, CT, MRCP and cholangiography to determine type and rule out complications.
5. Treatment is complete excision of the cysts and biliary tree with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, except for type III which can be managed endoscopically.
Choledochal cyst is a rare congenital dilatation of the bile duct that occurs in 1 in 100,000 people. It is more common in Asian populations and women. The pathogenesis is typically due to an anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction, where the pancreatic and biliary ducts fuse before entering the duodenum. This allows pancreatic secretions to reflux into the bile duct and cause inflammation and cystic degeneration. Choledochal cysts are classified into 5 types based on their location and extent. Patients typically present with jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, or a palpable mass. Investigations include ultrasound, CT, MRCP and ERCP to establish the diagnosis and classification. Complications include
Duodenal atresia is a congenital disease where the duodenum fails to form properly, occurring in 1 in 5,000-10,000 births. It is classified into three types depending on the severity of blockage of the duodenum. Type I involves a duodenal diaphragm, Type II is a complete blockage, and Type III is a complete separation of the duodenal ends. Ultrasound often reveals the "double bubble" sign of stomach dilation due to duodenal blockage. Treatment involves surgery to reconnect the duodenum. Prognosis is usually good though rare late complications can include megaduodenum or pancreatitis.
1) Carcinoma of the rectum arises from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and risk factors include red meat, alcohol, smoking, and inflammatory bowel disease.
2) Evaluation involves digital rectal exam, rigid proctoscopy, colonoscopy, CT, MRI, and lab tests to stage the tumor and check for metastases.
3) Treatment depends on tumor stage but commonly includes total mesorectal excision surgery with clear margins and may involve radiation or chemoradiation to downstage the tumor preoperatively.
This document discusses abdominal abscesses, including:
- Definitions and types of abdominal abscesses
- Pathophysiology, factors that favor abscess formation, and clinical features
- Diagnostic tests including X-ray, CT scan, USG, and MRI
- Management including adequate resuscitation, antimicrobial therapy, and source control through percutaneous or surgical drainage
- Specific discussions of pyogenic liver abscesses, amoebic liver abscesses, prerequisites and complications of percutaneous drainage, and criteria for drain removal
This document discusses the evaluation and management of abdominal pain using imaging modalities. It covers:
1) Differential diagnosis for acute abdomen is wide, ranging from life-threatening to benign conditions. Management varies from emergency surgery to reassurance depending on diagnosis.
2) Sonography and CT are important aids but findings may be normal in urgent cases or abnormal without surgical disease.
3) A plain abdominal x-ray has limited value and may falsely reassure as normal does not rule out pathology.
4) The document then discusses various x-ray findings that help diagnose conditions like perforation, obstruction, appendicitis, diverticulitis, and others.
This document summarizes retroperitoneal anatomy, collections, and hematomas. It describes the three retroperitoneal compartments and expansive interfascial planes that allow collections to spread. Common causes of retroperitoneal hematomas are discussed. Diagnostic imaging includes CT or angiography. Management depends on stability and source of bleeding, ranging from conservative treatment to angiographic embolization or surgery.
1) Duodenal injuries are uncommon and difficult to diagnose and repair due to the duodenum's retroperitoneal location. The mortality rate for duodenal injuries is high.
2) Diagnosis of duodenal injuries requires a high index of suspicion as there is no single, fully accurate diagnostic test. CT scans, upper GI studies, and exploratory laparotomy can help diagnose duodenal injuries.
3) Treatment depends on the grade of the duodenal injury. Lower grade injuries may be treated with primary closure, tube duodenostomies, or jejunal patching. Higher grade injuries involving complete wall disruption may require duodenal resection or diversion procedures like duodenal divertic
Bile duct injury is a rare but potentially devastating complication of cholecystectomy that can result in biliary peritonitis, sepsis, and cirrhosis. It is most commonly caused by misidentification of structures during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Management involves controlling infection, delineating biliary anatomy, and reestablishing biliary drainage, usually through surgical hepaticojejunostomy. Prevention relies on identification of anatomical variations, achieving a "critical view of safety" before duct division, and open conversion if needed. Proper management requires a multidisciplinary approach between surgeons, radiologists, and gastroenterologists.
1) Mesenteric cysts are rare benign intra-abdominal tumors with an incidence of 1 per 250,000 hospital admissions.
2) They are often discovered accidentally during imaging for other reasons or during surgery for complications, as symptoms tend to be variable and non-specific.
3) Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice for symptomatic cysts to prevent recurrence, though diagnosis can be difficult due to rarity and nonspecific presentation.
Diverticulosis and diverticular diseaseDoha Rasheedy
This document discusses diverticular disease, specifically diverticulosis and acute diverticulitis. It covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations including CT and barium enema, differential diagnosis, and Hinchey classification of diverticulitis severity. Diverticulosis is asymptomatic protrusions in the colon wall that become symptomatic as diverticulitis in 20% of cases from obstruction, inflammation, or perforation. Risk factors include low fiber diet and increased age. CT is the best imaging method to diagnose and stage diverticulitis.
The document discusses surgical management of chronic pancreatitis. It describes various surgical procedures for treating chronic pancreatitis including resection procedures like Whipple procedure, drainage procedures like Puestow's procedure, and hybrid procedures like Frey procedure. Studies have shown that duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection procedures and longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy provide better postoperative outcomes and pain control compared to resection procedures while preserving exocrine and endocrine function. The document concludes that surgery is effective for relieving pain in chronic pancreatitis and duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection procedures have advantages over other surgical options.
The document describes the Department of Urology at Government Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India. It provides information on the moderators of the department, a brief history of pyeloplasty techniques, indications for pyeloplasty, goals of the procedure, factors to consider before surgery, principles of pyeloplasty, preoperative preparation and imaging, surgical approaches including open, laparoscopic and robotic techniques, and descriptions of various open pyeloplasty techniques including Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty and Foley's V-Y plasty.
Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord twists, reducing blood flow to the testicle. There are two main types - intravaginal torsion which is more common and often seen at puberty due to a "bell-clapper" deformity, and extravaginal torsion which occurs in newborns without this deformity. Risk factors include a history of cryptorchidism or an abnormally long spermatic cord. Physical exam may reveal an elevated, tender testicle with absent cremasteric reflex. Ultrasound can show reduced blood flow, but surgery should not be delayed for imaging. Manual detorsion can be attempted in some cases but all patients require surgical exploration to detorse
This document summarizes the diagnosis and classification of pancreatic and duodenal injuries using radiology. Multidetector CT plays a key role in early diagnosis. It is important to differentiate between duodenal wall contusions or hematomas versus perforations. For pancreatic injuries, determining if the pancreatic duct is involved is essential. Duodenal and pancreatic injuries can occur together but are often isolated. Mortality rates for pancreatic injuries range from 9-34% and for duodenal injuries range from 6-29%. CT imaging is used to classify duodenal injuries from Grade I to III based on findings such as wall thickening, extraluminal air, or discontinuity of the wall.
This document summarizes key information about duodenal injuries:
- The duodenum is 12 inches long and located retroperitoneally behind the liver and pancreas. It has four parts and is vulnerable to trauma due to its location and proximity to other abdominal organs.
- Duodenal injuries can be from penetrating or blunt trauma. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and upper GI series. Management principles involve restoring intestinal continuity, decompressing the duodenum, providing drainage, and nutritional support.
- Treatment options depend on the severity of injury and include primary repair, diversion procedures like gastrojejunostomy, or pancreaticoduodenectomy for severe injuries involving other structures. Complications can include
Acute calculous cholecystitis is caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone. Symptoms include biliary colic, fever, and right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasound and hepatobiliary scintigraphy can diagnose thickened gallbladder walls and obstruction. Treatment involves early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for mild cases, or initial conservative treatment with antibiotics and potential percutaneous cholecystostomy for severe cases presenting with sepsis, with delayed cholecystectomy once the patient improves. Guidelines recommend early surgery for mild disease and initial medical management for severe acute cholecystitis.
Testicular torsion is a urological emergency caused by twisting of the spermatic cord, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. It most commonly affects adolescent boys and young men under age 25. Without prompt surgical intervention to untwist the cord within 6-12 hours, the testicle will become necrotic. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like a high-riding, swollen testicle with absent cremasteric reflex as well as Doppler ultrasound showing reduced or absent blood flow. Immediate orchiopexy is needed to save the testicle from necrosis and allow for potential future fertility.
This document provides an overview of intestinal obstruction, including classification, pathophysiology, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the different types of intestinal obstruction including dynamic, adynamic, small bowel, and large bowel obstruction. Common causes of mechanical small and large bowel obstruction are described. The diagnostic evaluation focuses on distinguishing mechanical obstruction from ileus and determining the etiology, degree, and nature of the obstruction. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, gastrointestinal drainage, antibiotics, and potentially surgical intervention depending on the severity and nature of the obstruction.
This document discusses the embryology, anatomy, physiology, clinical evaluation, common conditions, and surgical management of the colon, rectum, and anus. It covers topics such as the development of the gastrointestinal tract, the layers of the colonic wall, blood supply, motility, imaging and endoscopic evaluation, conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, and various surgical procedures including resections, anastomoses, and ostomies.
The document describes surgical procedures for removing kidney stones. It indicates that open surgery is still needed in cases of obstruction, infection, failed lithotripsy, or stones too large for other procedures. It then provides details on instruments, incisions, and techniques for simple pyelolithotomy, coagulum technique, extended pyelolithotomy, and managing stones extending into the ureteropelvic junction. The goal is to remove all stones and debris while minimizing damage to the kidney and ensuring the pelvis can be closed watertight.
Intussusception is the telescoping of one segment of the intestine into another. It occurs more commonly in children between 6 months and 2 years of age and is often caused by viral gastroenteritis leading to mucosal edema and lymphoid hyperplasia. In adults, intussusception usually has an identifiable anatomical lead point such as a tumor, polyp, ulcer, or Meckel's diverticulum. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody stools. Diagnosis can be made using imaging studies like ultrasound, X-ray, or barium enema which may show signs like a target or meniscus.
1. Choledochal cysts are abnormal dilations of the bile ducts that are more common in Asia and women.
2. They are classified into 5 types based on location and extent of dilation.
3. Presentation varies from jaundice and abdominal mass in children to pain and cholangitis in older patients.
4. Investigation involves ultrasound, CT, MRCP and cholangiography to determine type and rule out complications.
5. Treatment is complete excision of the cysts and biliary tree with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, except for type III which can be managed endoscopically.
Choledochal cyst is a rare congenital dilatation of the bile duct that occurs in 1 in 100,000 people. It is more common in Asian populations and women. The pathogenesis is typically due to an anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction, where the pancreatic and biliary ducts fuse before entering the duodenum. This allows pancreatic secretions to reflux into the bile duct and cause inflammation and cystic degeneration. Choledochal cysts are classified into 5 types based on their location and extent. Patients typically present with jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, or a palpable mass. Investigations include ultrasound, CT, MRCP and ERCP to establish the diagnosis and classification. Complications include
Duodenal atresia is a congenital disease where the duodenum fails to form properly, occurring in 1 in 5,000-10,000 births. It is classified into three types depending on the severity of blockage of the duodenum. Type I involves a duodenal diaphragm, Type II is a complete blockage, and Type III is a complete separation of the duodenal ends. Ultrasound often reveals the "double bubble" sign of stomach dilation due to duodenal blockage. Treatment involves surgery to reconnect the duodenum. Prognosis is usually good though rare late complications can include megaduodenum or pancreatitis.
1) Carcinoma of the rectum arises from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and risk factors include red meat, alcohol, smoking, and inflammatory bowel disease.
2) Evaluation involves digital rectal exam, rigid proctoscopy, colonoscopy, CT, MRI, and lab tests to stage the tumor and check for metastases.
3) Treatment depends on tumor stage but commonly includes total mesorectal excision surgery with clear margins and may involve radiation or chemoradiation to downstage the tumor preoperatively.
This document discusses abdominal abscesses, including:
- Definitions and types of abdominal abscesses
- Pathophysiology, factors that favor abscess formation, and clinical features
- Diagnostic tests including X-ray, CT scan, USG, and MRI
- Management including adequate resuscitation, antimicrobial therapy, and source control through percutaneous or surgical drainage
- Specific discussions of pyogenic liver abscesses, amoebic liver abscesses, prerequisites and complications of percutaneous drainage, and criteria for drain removal
This document discusses the evaluation and management of abdominal pain using imaging modalities. It covers:
1) Differential diagnosis for acute abdomen is wide, ranging from life-threatening to benign conditions. Management varies from emergency surgery to reassurance depending on diagnosis.
2) Sonography and CT are important aids but findings may be normal in urgent cases or abnormal without surgical disease.
3) A plain abdominal x-ray has limited value and may falsely reassure as normal does not rule out pathology.
4) The document then discusses various x-ray findings that help diagnose conditions like perforation, obstruction, appendicitis, diverticulitis, and others.
This document summarizes retroperitoneal anatomy, collections, and hematomas. It describes the three retroperitoneal compartments and expansive interfascial planes that allow collections to spread. Common causes of retroperitoneal hematomas are discussed. Diagnostic imaging includes CT or angiography. Management depends on stability and source of bleeding, ranging from conservative treatment to angiographic embolization or surgery.
1) Duodenal injuries are uncommon and difficult to diagnose and repair due to the duodenum's retroperitoneal location. The mortality rate for duodenal injuries is high.
2) Diagnosis of duodenal injuries requires a high index of suspicion as there is no single, fully accurate diagnostic test. CT scans, upper GI studies, and exploratory laparotomy can help diagnose duodenal injuries.
3) Treatment depends on the grade of the duodenal injury. Lower grade injuries may be treated with primary closure, tube duodenostomies, or jejunal patching. Higher grade injuries involving complete wall disruption may require duodenal resection or diversion procedures like duodenal divertic
Bile duct injury is a rare but potentially devastating complication of cholecystectomy that can result in biliary peritonitis, sepsis, and cirrhosis. It is most commonly caused by misidentification of structures during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Management involves controlling infection, delineating biliary anatomy, and reestablishing biliary drainage, usually through surgical hepaticojejunostomy. Prevention relies on identification of anatomical variations, achieving a "critical view of safety" before duct division, and open conversion if needed. Proper management requires a multidisciplinary approach between surgeons, radiologists, and gastroenterologists.
1) Mesenteric cysts are rare benign intra-abdominal tumors with an incidence of 1 per 250,000 hospital admissions.
2) They are often discovered accidentally during imaging for other reasons or during surgery for complications, as symptoms tend to be variable and non-specific.
3) Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice for symptomatic cysts to prevent recurrence, though diagnosis can be difficult due to rarity and nonspecific presentation.
Diverticulosis and diverticular diseaseDoha Rasheedy
This document discusses diverticular disease, specifically diverticulosis and acute diverticulitis. It covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations including CT and barium enema, differential diagnosis, and Hinchey classification of diverticulitis severity. Diverticulosis is asymptomatic protrusions in the colon wall that become symptomatic as diverticulitis in 20% of cases from obstruction, inflammation, or perforation. Risk factors include low fiber diet and increased age. CT is the best imaging method to diagnose and stage diverticulitis.
The document discusses surgical management of chronic pancreatitis. It describes various surgical procedures for treating chronic pancreatitis including resection procedures like Whipple procedure, drainage procedures like Puestow's procedure, and hybrid procedures like Frey procedure. Studies have shown that duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection procedures and longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy provide better postoperative outcomes and pain control compared to resection procedures while preserving exocrine and endocrine function. The document concludes that surgery is effective for relieving pain in chronic pancreatitis and duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection procedures have advantages over other surgical options.
The document describes the Department of Urology at Government Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India. It provides information on the moderators of the department, a brief history of pyeloplasty techniques, indications for pyeloplasty, goals of the procedure, factors to consider before surgery, principles of pyeloplasty, preoperative preparation and imaging, surgical approaches including open, laparoscopic and robotic techniques, and descriptions of various open pyeloplasty techniques including Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty and Foley's V-Y plasty.
Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord twists, reducing blood flow to the testicle. There are two main types - intravaginal torsion which is more common and often seen at puberty due to a "bell-clapper" deformity, and extravaginal torsion which occurs in newborns without this deformity. Risk factors include a history of cryptorchidism or an abnormally long spermatic cord. Physical exam may reveal an elevated, tender testicle with absent cremasteric reflex. Ultrasound can show reduced blood flow, but surgery should not be delayed for imaging. Manual detorsion can be attempted in some cases but all patients require surgical exploration to detorse
This document summarizes the diagnosis and classification of pancreatic and duodenal injuries using radiology. Multidetector CT plays a key role in early diagnosis. It is important to differentiate between duodenal wall contusions or hematomas versus perforations. For pancreatic injuries, determining if the pancreatic duct is involved is essential. Duodenal and pancreatic injuries can occur together but are often isolated. Mortality rates for pancreatic injuries range from 9-34% and for duodenal injuries range from 6-29%. CT imaging is used to classify duodenal injuries from Grade I to III based on findings such as wall thickening, extraluminal air, or discontinuity of the wall.
This document summarizes key information about duodenal injuries:
- The duodenum is 12 inches long and located retroperitoneally behind the liver and pancreas. It has four parts and is vulnerable to trauma due to its location and proximity to other abdominal organs.
- Duodenal injuries can be from penetrating or blunt trauma. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and upper GI series. Management principles involve restoring intestinal continuity, decompressing the duodenum, providing drainage, and nutritional support.
- Treatment options depend on the severity of injury and include primary repair, diversion procedures like gastrojejunostomy, or pancreaticoduodenectomy for severe injuries involving other structures. Complications can include
Acute calculous cholecystitis is caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone. Symptoms include biliary colic, fever, and right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasound and hepatobiliary scintigraphy can diagnose thickened gallbladder walls and obstruction. Treatment involves early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for mild cases, or initial conservative treatment with antibiotics and potential percutaneous cholecystostomy for severe cases presenting with sepsis, with delayed cholecystectomy once the patient improves. Guidelines recommend early surgery for mild disease and initial medical management for severe acute cholecystitis.
Testicular torsion is a urological emergency caused by twisting of the spermatic cord, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. It most commonly affects adolescent boys and young men under age 25. Without prompt surgical intervention to untwist the cord within 6-12 hours, the testicle will become necrotic. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like a high-riding, swollen testicle with absent cremasteric reflex as well as Doppler ultrasound showing reduced or absent blood flow. Immediate orchiopexy is needed to save the testicle from necrosis and allow for potential future fertility.
This document provides an overview of intestinal obstruction, including classification, pathophysiology, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the different types of intestinal obstruction including dynamic, adynamic, small bowel, and large bowel obstruction. Common causes of mechanical small and large bowel obstruction are described. The diagnostic evaluation focuses on distinguishing mechanical obstruction from ileus and determining the etiology, degree, and nature of the obstruction. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, gastrointestinal drainage, antibiotics, and potentially surgical intervention depending on the severity and nature of the obstruction.
This document discusses the embryology, anatomy, physiology, clinical evaluation, common conditions, and surgical management of the colon, rectum, and anus. It covers topics such as the development of the gastrointestinal tract, the layers of the colonic wall, blood supply, motility, imaging and endoscopic evaluation, conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, and various surgical procedures including resections, anastomoses, and ostomies.
This document discusses intestinal obstruction, which occurs when the normal flow of intestinal contents is impaired by a blockage. There are several types, including mechanical obstruction by adhesions, tumors, or foreign bodies; paralytic ileus involving impaired intestinal motility; and strangulation obstruction involving compromised blood supply. Symptoms include abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, and constipation or diarrhea. Diagnosis involves imaging and labs. Treatment involves correcting fluid/electrolytes, decompressing the bowel, and sometimes surgery to remove the obstruction. Nursing care focuses on pain relief, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and monitoring for complications like peritonitis.
- Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a faecolith. It presents with migratory abdominal pain that starts around the umbilicus and moves to the right lower quadrant, accompanied by nausea, anorexia, and low-grade fever. Diagnosis is suggested by Murphy's triad and can be confirmed with blood tests, ultrasound, or CT scan. Treatment is an appendectomy, which is usually performed laparoscopically.
This document discusses mesenteric and omental cysts, which are rare fluid-filled structures caused by blockages in lymphatic drainage. They can occur in the mesentery, which connects the intestines to the body, or the omentum, folds of fatty tissue around the intestines. Symptoms include abdominal pain or distention. Ultrasound and CT scans are used to identify the cysts. Surgical removal is often needed if they cause obstruction or other issues. Enucleation or excision with possible intestinal resection are the main treatment options. Prognosis is generally favorable after surgery.
This document discusses mesenteric and omental cysts, which are rare fluid-filled structures caused by blockages in lymphatic drainage. They can occur in the mesentery, which connects the intestines to the body, or the omentum, folds of fatty tissue around the intestines. Symptoms include abdominal pain or distention. Ultrasound and CT scans are used to identify the cysts. Surgical removal is often needed if they cause obstruction or other issues. Enucleation or excision with possible intestinal resection are the main treatment options. Prognosis is generally favorable after surgery.
Small intestine/Intestinal obstruction/crohns disease/ileostomy/viscous organ...RajeevPandit10
all about small intestine, anatomy, physiology, intestinal obstruction, crohns disease/ileostomy/viscous organ perforation, meckels diverticulum, mysenteric ischemia, short bowel syndrome, celiac disease
This document provides an overview of appendicitis presented by Mr. Rahul Ranjan. It defines appendicitis as an inflammation of the appendix, the most common cause of acute abdominal pain. The presentation discusses the epidemiology, causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic assessment, management including open appendectomy, and nursing care for appendicitis. Key points covered include the lifetime risk of appendicitis, common causes like infection and obstruction, use of diagnostic tools like ultrasound and CT scans, treatment through antibiotic therapy and appendectomy surgery, and the nursing roles in pre-operative, operative, and post-operative care of patients.
This document discusses acquired intestinal ileus, which can be paralytic or mechanical in nature. Paralytic ileus is caused by medications, surgery, infection, or other insults and results in paralysis of intestinal movement. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by hernias, adhesions, tumors or other structural issues that physically block intestinal contents. Symptoms include abdominal pain, distension and inability to pass gas or stool. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging and labs. Treatment focuses on restoring bowel motility with decompression, fluids and electrolyte replacement. The document also discusses specific causes like intussusception, adhesions and their signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management.
This document provides an overview of Meckel's diverticulum, including its embryology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and references for further information. Meckel's diverticulum results from incomplete obliteration of the vitelline duct during fetal development, leading to a true diverticulum of the small intestine. It most commonly presents with gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, or inflammation/intussusception in children under 2 years old. Diagnosis involves imaging scans or surgical exploration. Treatment is diverticulectomy, which can be performed open or laparoscopically.
Intestinal obstruction is the mechanical impairment which is partial or complete blockage of the bowel that results in the failure of the passage of intestinal content through the intestine.
This document discusses laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), including:
- The history and development of LC since its invention in 1985.
- The standard four-port technique for LC and strategies to minimize bile duct injuries like adopting the Critical View of Safety method.
- Potential complications of LC like hemorrhage, bile leak, and bile duct injury which can occur if the hepatocystic triangle anatomy is not correctly identified.
- Techniques to help identify anatomy like intraoperative cholangiography and using landmarks like Rouviere's sulcus and the epicholedochal plexus.
Intestinal obstruction by Dr.Usman HaqqaniUsman Haqqani
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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3. Introduction (conc.)
• Mesenteric cysts can be simple or multiple,
unilocular or multilocular, and they may
contain hemorrhagic, serous, chylous, or
infected fluid.
(Egozi et al, 1997)
4. Introduction (conc.)
• The fluid is serous in ileal and colonic cysts
and is chylous in jejunal cysts.
• They can range in size from a few millimeters
to 40 cm in diameter.
(Egozi EI et al, 1997)
5. Incidence
• Mesenteric cyst is one of the rarest abdominal
masses.
• The incidence varies from 1 per 100,000 to 1 per
250,000 admissions
• Approximately one third of cases are diagnosed
before the age of 15.
(Egozi EI et al, 1997)
6. Types and Etiology
1)False mesenteric cyst:
• Blood cyst due to trauma.
• Tuberculous mesenteric cold
abscess due to caseating
tuberculous mesenteric adentitis.
7. 2) True mesenteric cyst:
• Chylolymphatic cyst “the commonest” due to:
– benign proliferations of ectopic lymphatics . (Bliss DP Jr et
al, 1997)
– Obstructed lymphatic drainage.
• Enterogenous cyst due to:
– failure of the leaves of the mesentery to fuse.
– Sequestrated intestinal epithelium or from duplicated
intestine.
• Treatomatous dermoid cyst
• Hydatid cyst
( kasr el-aini introduction to surgery, 8th edition, 2014)
12. Presentation
• Mesenteric cysts mostly discovered incidentally
• Symptoms
– Abdominal distention
– vague abdominal pain
– Mass may be palpable .
(Lockhart C et al, 2005)
13. Presentation(conc.)
• Approximately 10% of patients with mesenteric
cysts present with an acute abdominal
emergency, the most common picture is small-
bowel obstruction, which may be associated
with intestinal volvulus or infarction.
(Kosir MA et al, 1991)
15. Investigations (conc.)
CT scanning
• Abdominal CT scanning adds minimal
information, onlt ti ensure that cyst not
arising from another organ such as the kidney,
pancreas, or ovary.
(Nakano T et al, 2007)
16. Investigations (conc.)
Radiography (rare)
• Plain abdominal radiography may reveal a gasless,
homogeneous, water-dense mass that displaces bowel loops
laterally or anteriorly in the presence of a mesenteric cyst.
Fine calcifications can sometimes be observed within the cyst
wall.
(Wootton-Gorges SL et al, 2005)
19. Treatment (conc.)
2. Excision and intestinal resection:
– is frequently required to ensure that the
remaining bowel is viable.
– Bowel resection may be required in 50-60%
of children with mesenteric cysts, whereas
resection is necessary in about 30% of
adults.
20. Treatment (conc.)
3. partial excision with marsupialization:
• If enucleation or resection is not possible because of the
size of the cyst or because of its location deep within the
root of the mesentery
• the cyst lining should be sclerosed with 10% glucose
solution, electrocautery, or tincture of iodine to minimize
recurrence.
(Ricketts RR, Pediatric Surgery. 5th ed. 1998)
21. Treatment (conc.)
4. Current apporaches
• Laparoscopic management: could be used to
localize the cysts, and resection could be
performed through a small laparotomy or via
an extended umbilical incision.
(Bhandarwar AH et al, 2013)
23. Postoperative
• Depend on the intraoperative decision
• If enculation done: the patient is maintained
nothing by mouth (NPO) with intravenous fluids
until bowel function returns(mostly 24 hours).
• If intestinal resection done: follow up until
anastmosis is good.
24. Follow-up
• Routine postoperative follow-up care 2-3 weeks after
discharge from the hospital is indicated.
• The child's family should be warned about the potential for
intestinal obstruction from adhesions.
• If the patient was treated with marsupialization, closer follow-
up for possible recurrence should be instituted.
• Otherwise, long-term results for simple excision are favorable.
(Chang TS et al, 2011)
25. Outcome and Prognosis
• Overall results are favorable. The recurrence rate ranges
from 0-13.6%.
• Most recurrences occur in patients with retroperitoneal
cysts or those who had only a partial excision.
• Essentially, no mortality is associated with mesenteric cyst ;
only one pediatric death has been reported since 1950.
(Wong SW et al, 1998)
26. Future
• With the widespread use of ultrasonography,
mesenteric cysts are being diagnosed earlier, so
intervention during early infancy is indicated to
prevent potential complications such as intestinal
obstruction and volvulus.
(Polat C et al, 2004)