Vegetti et al. discovered a satellite galaxy located around a more distant elliptical galaxy acting as a gravitational lens. They were able to detect the satellite galaxy through its effect on distorting light from a background source, causing detectable "dents and blobs" in the ring of light formed by the main lens galaxy. This satellite galaxy has a mass of about 113 million solar masses, making it one of the lowest-mass satellite galaxies detected so far. The discovery provides evidence that gravitational lensing techniques can be used to find satellite galaxies beyond the Local Group and help test theories of galaxy formation and evolution.
The document summarizes key concepts in biology including:
- Mendel's experiments with dominant and recessive traits in pea plants and how they are passed from parents to offspring.
- Punnett squares are used to predict offspring traits from genetic crosses using probabilities.
- Meiosis results in haploid cells while linked genes are on the same chromosome.
- DNA contains nucleotides that make up genes while RNA is involved in protein synthesis through transcription and translation.
- Mutations can occur in genes or chromosomes and can be identified through karyotypes and pedigree charts.
- Autosomes and sex chromosomes determine phenotypes from genotypes.
- Examples of inherited diseases and how their traits are transmitted.
Introduction of Animal Genetics & History of GeneticsAashish Patel
This document provides an overview of genetics including key discoveries and scientists. It discusses Gregor Mendel's foundational work in 1866 and subsequent rediscovery of his principles. Important milestones are highlighted such as Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA structure in 1953. The document also covers branches of genetics, pre-Mendelian concepts of heredity, and applications of genetics in fields like taxonomy, veterinary medicine, and evolution.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Crossing over is exchange of strictly homologous segments of a genome between their
respective non-sister chromatids during cell division, which results in chromosomal
recombinations of linked genes in daughter cells.
This document provides an introduction to genetics and molecular medicine as well as a history of medical genetics. It discusses key topics like nucleotides, the central dogma of genetics, protein synthesis, mitosis, meiosis, genetic disorders and mutations. Important figures mentioned include Gregor Mendel who established the foundations of genetics, Thomas Hunt Morgan who discovered genes are arranged on chromosomes, Francis Crick and James Watson who discovered the double helix structure of DNA, and Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer who developed recombinant DNA techniques.
The document discusses pedigree and genes, including the chance that three children will be heterozygous if their parents are heterozygous for a gene. It then provides information on pedigrees, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed down based on whether alleles are dominant or recessive. The document also discusses chromosomes, including their structure, number and size in different species. It summarizes the early discoveries around chromosomes and genes, including linkage of genes to chromosomes through experiments in fruit flies. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of heredity through pedigrees and genes and their relationship to chromosome structure.
Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered conjugation in 1946 while experimenting with two auxotrophic E. coli strains - strain A could produce certain amino acids while strain B was deficient in those amino acids. When mixed together, prototrophic bacteria emerged that could produce all amino acids. Further experiments showed conjugation requires physical contact between cells. During conjugation, the F plasmid containing the genetic material is replicated in the donor cell and transferred to the recipient cell through a sex pilus. The recipient cell then incorporates the new genetic material into its genome. This allows for the exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells.
GENETICS - Dr. P. Saranraj, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
The document summarizes key concepts in biology including:
- Mendel's experiments with dominant and recessive traits in pea plants and how they are passed from parents to offspring.
- Punnett squares are used to predict offspring traits from genetic crosses using probabilities.
- Meiosis results in haploid cells while linked genes are on the same chromosome.
- DNA contains nucleotides that make up genes while RNA is involved in protein synthesis through transcription and translation.
- Mutations can occur in genes or chromosomes and can be identified through karyotypes and pedigree charts.
- Autosomes and sex chromosomes determine phenotypes from genotypes.
- Examples of inherited diseases and how their traits are transmitted.
Introduction of Animal Genetics & History of GeneticsAashish Patel
This document provides an overview of genetics including key discoveries and scientists. It discusses Gregor Mendel's foundational work in 1866 and subsequent rediscovery of his principles. Important milestones are highlighted such as Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA structure in 1953. The document also covers branches of genetics, pre-Mendelian concepts of heredity, and applications of genetics in fields like taxonomy, veterinary medicine, and evolution.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Crossing over is exchange of strictly homologous segments of a genome between their
respective non-sister chromatids during cell division, which results in chromosomal
recombinations of linked genes in daughter cells.
This document provides an introduction to genetics and molecular medicine as well as a history of medical genetics. It discusses key topics like nucleotides, the central dogma of genetics, protein synthesis, mitosis, meiosis, genetic disorders and mutations. Important figures mentioned include Gregor Mendel who established the foundations of genetics, Thomas Hunt Morgan who discovered genes are arranged on chromosomes, Francis Crick and James Watson who discovered the double helix structure of DNA, and Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer who developed recombinant DNA techniques.
The document discusses pedigree and genes, including the chance that three children will be heterozygous if their parents are heterozygous for a gene. It then provides information on pedigrees, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed down based on whether alleles are dominant or recessive. The document also discusses chromosomes, including their structure, number and size in different species. It summarizes the early discoveries around chromosomes and genes, including linkage of genes to chromosomes through experiments in fruit flies. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of heredity through pedigrees and genes and their relationship to chromosome structure.
Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered conjugation in 1946 while experimenting with two auxotrophic E. coli strains - strain A could produce certain amino acids while strain B was deficient in those amino acids. When mixed together, prototrophic bacteria emerged that could produce all amino acids. Further experiments showed conjugation requires physical contact between cells. During conjugation, the F plasmid containing the genetic material is replicated in the donor cell and transferred to the recipient cell through a sex pilus. The recipient cell then incorporates the new genetic material into its genome. This allows for the exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells.
GENETICS - Dr. P. Saranraj, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
This document proposes a hypothesis for the origin of the three cellular domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It suggests that independent transfers of DNA viruses to existing RNA cells gave rise to the three domains. Each transfer stabilized a different version of the proteins involved in translation. The existence of three different founder DNA viruses also explains why each domain has distinct DNA replication machinery. This model aims to address weaknesses in other models and explain why informational proteins differ across domains.
1. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is circular DNA located in chloroplasts that contains genes essential for photosynthesis. These genes are inherited extra-nuclearly and do not follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance.
2. In 1909, Correns discovered that four o'clock plant leaf color was inherited maternally through the chloroplast rather than through nuclear genes. This was an early example of non-Mendelian cytoplasmic inheritance.
3. Chloroplast genes code for proteins involved in photosynthesis, though nuclear genes are also required. Mutations in chloroplast genes often result in white or yellow leaves due to disrupted chlorophyll production.
Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact. It was first discovered in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in E. coli K12 strains. The process involves a donor bacterium containing an F plasmid transferring it to a recipient bacterium. The F plasmid encodes for sex pili that allow the transfer of genetic material. During conjugation, the recipient bacterium receives part of the donor's DNA and may gain traits like antibiotic resistance.
Viruses can only replicate inside host cells and rely on the host for transcription and translation. Virus genomes consist of either DNA or RNA but not both, and can be single or double stranded. Bacteriophages infect bacteria and can either lyse the host cell or integrate into the bacterial chromosome and remain dormant. Plasmids are small extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can be stably inherited and confer additional functions like antibiotic resistance on bacteria. Bacteria can exchange genetic material through transformation, conjugation, and transduction, allowing for recombination of traits.
This document discusses constructing phylogenetic trees to analyze the evolutionary relationships between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya based on nuclear, membrane, and metabolic genes. 18 organisms were selected from each domain and their 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and gene sequences were obtained from databases. Multiple sequence alignments were performed and phylogenetic trees were constructed to compare the relationships depicted in the gene trees to the standard rRNA tree of life.
This document summarizes bacterial conjugation, which involves the direct transfer of DNA between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact. It describes the key elements involved, including F-plasmids, F+ and F- cells, and Hfr cells. The mechanism of conjugation is explained, where the F-plasmid is nicked and a single strand is transferred from the donor to recipient cell using a rolling circle mechanism. Conjugation allows for the exchange of genetic material between bacteria and the potential spread of traits like antibiotic resistance.
- Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located near each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. This is because genes located close together on a chromosome move together to the same pole during cell division.
- There are different types of linkage based on whether crossing over occurs, the genes involved, and the chromosomes. Linkage can be complete or incomplete depending on the presence or absence of crossing over. It can involve dominant or recessive alleles.
- Linkage is detected through test crosses, where deviations from expected Mendelian ratios indicate genes are linked. The strength of linkage depends on distance between genes, with closer genes showing stronger linkage.
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It is a broad discipline that includes molecular genetics, transmission genetics, population genetics, and many other fields. Some key areas of genetics are molecular genetics, which studies genes at the molecular level; transmission genetics, which explores inheritance patterns; population genetics, which studies genetic variation in populations; and quantitative genetics, which examines continuously measured traits. Genetics interfaces with disciplines like biochemistry, molecular biology, and evolution and has applications in areas such as agriculture, medicine, and conservation.
Mendel's work with pea plants in the mid-19th century laid the foundations of genetics by demonstrating that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of inheritance. During the early 20th century, scientists such as Morgan and Sutton connected Mendel's theories to chromosomes and the cellular basis of inheritance. The emergence of molecular genetics in the mid-20th century revealed that DNA carries the genetic information that is passed from cell to cell and between generations.
1. Genetic linkage occurs when two genes located near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis.
2. Early theories of linkage proposed by Sutton, Boveri, Bateson and Punnett failed to fully explain observed inheritance patterns.
3. Morgan's chromosomal theory of linkage established that genes are linearly arranged on chromosomes and that the closer two genes are, the stronger the tendency for them to be inherited together. This provided an explanation for linkage patterns and laid the foundation for modern genetics.
The document provides a history of genetics, beginning with ancient observations of inheritance and selective breeding. It describes early incorrect ideas that were later disproven, such as spontaneous generation and inheritance of acquired traits. A major breakthrough was Gregor Mendel's experiments in the 1860s which demonstrated genes and inheritance patterns but went largely unnoticed. In the early 1900s, Mendel's work was rediscovered and linked to chromosomes by Thomas Hunt Morgan. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined DNA's double helix structure, explaining its role in heredity and linking genetics to molecular biology.
This document discusses bacterial gene mapping techniques. It describes how interrupted conjugation can be used to map genes by determining the order and time at which donor alleles enter recipient bacterial cells. Recombination between donor and recipient DNA during conjugation allows for mapping analysis. Higher resolution mapping can be done by measuring recombinant frequencies between specific genes to determine smaller map distances. Interrupted conjugation experiments provide an initial rough map that is refined through additional experiments measuring recombinant frequencies between different gene combinations.
A complete set of chromosomes/genes inherited as a unit from one parent called genome. The entire genetic complement of a living organism.
The total amount of genetic information in the chromosomes of an organism, including its genes and DNA sequences. The genome of eukaryotes is made up of a single, haploid set of chromosomes that is contained in the nucleus of every cell and exists in two copies in the chromosomes of all cells except reproductive and red blood cells. The human genome is made up of about 35,000 genes.
The document discusses gene order (synteny) and how it relates to evolutionary divergence between species. It notes that closely related species tend to have similar gene orders, while more distantly related species have undergone chromosomal rearrangements that disrupt synteny. Over time, random breaks and rearrangements of chromosomes change the order and positioning of genes. The document also discusses how computational analysis of gene orders and orthologs between species can provide insights into evolutionary relationships and the number/types of rearrangements between genomes.
Theories and concepts governing living thingsFelix Bunagan
This document outlines several theories and concepts related to living things, including:
- Spontaneous theory proposes that life arose from non-living matter.
- Biogenesis stresses that life comes only from pre-existing life through processes like cell division.
- Interplanetary theory suggests living forms may have originated from other parts of the universe.
- Naturalistic theory proposes life organized from non-living Earth matter as it formed from a gaseous ball.
- Special creation theory asserts God directly created all life including humans.
- Molecular and cellular unity and genetics show common biological molecules and genetic information link all life.
This document discusses meiosis and genetic linkage in plants and animals. It provides details on:
- The alternation of generations life cycle in plants, which involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage.
- How crossing over during meiosis increases genetic variation by exchanging parts of homologous chromosomes.
- How the frequency of recombination between two genes indicates their distance on the same chromosome, and is used to construct genetic linkage maps.
This document discusses linkage and crossing over of genes. It explains that genes located on the same chromosome are linked, and the closer they are, the stronger the linkage. Crossing over occurs during meiosis and leads to recombination of genes from homologous chromosomes. Linkage maps can be constructed by observing the frequency of crossing over between linked gene loci. These maps show the linear order and genetic distances between genes on chromosomes.
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
B.Sc. Microbiology/Biotech II Cell biology and Genetics Unit 5 microbial gene...Rai University
1. Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of alleles located near each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. Linkage mapping uses recombination frequencies between genetic markers to construct genetic maps showing the relative positions of genes.
2. Physical mapping techniques like restriction mapping cut DNA into fragments to construct overlapping contig maps of chromosome regions without regard to specific genes.
3. Bacterial cells can exchange genetic material through three main processes: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. These processes aid genetic recombination and variation in bacteria.
Gemini Observatory has rebooted its twin telescopes in Hawaii and Chile with new adaptive optics technology. The new system at Gemini South, called GeMS, uses a 50-watt laser split into five beams to correct atmospheric distortions over a large field of view, more than 10 times the area of previous systems. This will allow astronomers to study larger astronomical objects and more distant objects in a single image. The adaptive optics system is seen as a major step forward and other observatories plan to adopt similar technology. Gemini is also upgrading other instruments and software to improve scientific productivity.
1) Agricultural expansion, logging, and climate variability such as drought are disturbing the Amazon basin. Recent extreme droughts have led to higher tree mortality rates and loss of forest carbon storage.
2) Deforestation reduces evapotranspiration from forests and alters regional climate patterns, lengthening dry seasons and increasing flooding. As deforestation and drought interact, forests become more vulnerable to degradation.
3) While the Amazon forest has resisted moderate annual droughts by accessing deep soil water, extreme multi-year droughts can overwhelm this resilience, as seen in severe droughts in 2005 and 2010 that caused higher tree mortality across the basin.
This document proposes a hypothesis for the origin of the three cellular domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It suggests that independent transfers of DNA viruses to existing RNA cells gave rise to the three domains. Each transfer stabilized a different version of the proteins involved in translation. The existence of three different founder DNA viruses also explains why each domain has distinct DNA replication machinery. This model aims to address weaknesses in other models and explain why informational proteins differ across domains.
1. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is circular DNA located in chloroplasts that contains genes essential for photosynthesis. These genes are inherited extra-nuclearly and do not follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance.
2. In 1909, Correns discovered that four o'clock plant leaf color was inherited maternally through the chloroplast rather than through nuclear genes. This was an early example of non-Mendelian cytoplasmic inheritance.
3. Chloroplast genes code for proteins involved in photosynthesis, though nuclear genes are also required. Mutations in chloroplast genes often result in white or yellow leaves due to disrupted chlorophyll production.
Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact. It was first discovered in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in E. coli K12 strains. The process involves a donor bacterium containing an F plasmid transferring it to a recipient bacterium. The F plasmid encodes for sex pili that allow the transfer of genetic material. During conjugation, the recipient bacterium receives part of the donor's DNA and may gain traits like antibiotic resistance.
Viruses can only replicate inside host cells and rely on the host for transcription and translation. Virus genomes consist of either DNA or RNA but not both, and can be single or double stranded. Bacteriophages infect bacteria and can either lyse the host cell or integrate into the bacterial chromosome and remain dormant. Plasmids are small extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can be stably inherited and confer additional functions like antibiotic resistance on bacteria. Bacteria can exchange genetic material through transformation, conjugation, and transduction, allowing for recombination of traits.
This document discusses constructing phylogenetic trees to analyze the evolutionary relationships between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya based on nuclear, membrane, and metabolic genes. 18 organisms were selected from each domain and their 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and gene sequences were obtained from databases. Multiple sequence alignments were performed and phylogenetic trees were constructed to compare the relationships depicted in the gene trees to the standard rRNA tree of life.
This document summarizes bacterial conjugation, which involves the direct transfer of DNA between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact. It describes the key elements involved, including F-plasmids, F+ and F- cells, and Hfr cells. The mechanism of conjugation is explained, where the F-plasmid is nicked and a single strand is transferred from the donor to recipient cell using a rolling circle mechanism. Conjugation allows for the exchange of genetic material between bacteria and the potential spread of traits like antibiotic resistance.
- Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located near each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. This is because genes located close together on a chromosome move together to the same pole during cell division.
- There are different types of linkage based on whether crossing over occurs, the genes involved, and the chromosomes. Linkage can be complete or incomplete depending on the presence or absence of crossing over. It can involve dominant or recessive alleles.
- Linkage is detected through test crosses, where deviations from expected Mendelian ratios indicate genes are linked. The strength of linkage depends on distance between genes, with closer genes showing stronger linkage.
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It is a broad discipline that includes molecular genetics, transmission genetics, population genetics, and many other fields. Some key areas of genetics are molecular genetics, which studies genes at the molecular level; transmission genetics, which explores inheritance patterns; population genetics, which studies genetic variation in populations; and quantitative genetics, which examines continuously measured traits. Genetics interfaces with disciplines like biochemistry, molecular biology, and evolution and has applications in areas such as agriculture, medicine, and conservation.
Mendel's work with pea plants in the mid-19th century laid the foundations of genetics by demonstrating that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of inheritance. During the early 20th century, scientists such as Morgan and Sutton connected Mendel's theories to chromosomes and the cellular basis of inheritance. The emergence of molecular genetics in the mid-20th century revealed that DNA carries the genetic information that is passed from cell to cell and between generations.
1. Genetic linkage occurs when two genes located near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis.
2. Early theories of linkage proposed by Sutton, Boveri, Bateson and Punnett failed to fully explain observed inheritance patterns.
3. Morgan's chromosomal theory of linkage established that genes are linearly arranged on chromosomes and that the closer two genes are, the stronger the tendency for them to be inherited together. This provided an explanation for linkage patterns and laid the foundation for modern genetics.
The document provides a history of genetics, beginning with ancient observations of inheritance and selective breeding. It describes early incorrect ideas that were later disproven, such as spontaneous generation and inheritance of acquired traits. A major breakthrough was Gregor Mendel's experiments in the 1860s which demonstrated genes and inheritance patterns but went largely unnoticed. In the early 1900s, Mendel's work was rediscovered and linked to chromosomes by Thomas Hunt Morgan. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined DNA's double helix structure, explaining its role in heredity and linking genetics to molecular biology.
This document discusses bacterial gene mapping techniques. It describes how interrupted conjugation can be used to map genes by determining the order and time at which donor alleles enter recipient bacterial cells. Recombination between donor and recipient DNA during conjugation allows for mapping analysis. Higher resolution mapping can be done by measuring recombinant frequencies between specific genes to determine smaller map distances. Interrupted conjugation experiments provide an initial rough map that is refined through additional experiments measuring recombinant frequencies between different gene combinations.
A complete set of chromosomes/genes inherited as a unit from one parent called genome. The entire genetic complement of a living organism.
The total amount of genetic information in the chromosomes of an organism, including its genes and DNA sequences. The genome of eukaryotes is made up of a single, haploid set of chromosomes that is contained in the nucleus of every cell and exists in two copies in the chromosomes of all cells except reproductive and red blood cells. The human genome is made up of about 35,000 genes.
The document discusses gene order (synteny) and how it relates to evolutionary divergence between species. It notes that closely related species tend to have similar gene orders, while more distantly related species have undergone chromosomal rearrangements that disrupt synteny. Over time, random breaks and rearrangements of chromosomes change the order and positioning of genes. The document also discusses how computational analysis of gene orders and orthologs between species can provide insights into evolutionary relationships and the number/types of rearrangements between genomes.
Theories and concepts governing living thingsFelix Bunagan
This document outlines several theories and concepts related to living things, including:
- Spontaneous theory proposes that life arose from non-living matter.
- Biogenesis stresses that life comes only from pre-existing life through processes like cell division.
- Interplanetary theory suggests living forms may have originated from other parts of the universe.
- Naturalistic theory proposes life organized from non-living Earth matter as it formed from a gaseous ball.
- Special creation theory asserts God directly created all life including humans.
- Molecular and cellular unity and genetics show common biological molecules and genetic information link all life.
This document discusses meiosis and genetic linkage in plants and animals. It provides details on:
- The alternation of generations life cycle in plants, which involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage.
- How crossing over during meiosis increases genetic variation by exchanging parts of homologous chromosomes.
- How the frequency of recombination between two genes indicates their distance on the same chromosome, and is used to construct genetic linkage maps.
This document discusses linkage and crossing over of genes. It explains that genes located on the same chromosome are linked, and the closer they are, the stronger the linkage. Crossing over occurs during meiosis and leads to recombination of genes from homologous chromosomes. Linkage maps can be constructed by observing the frequency of crossing over between linked gene loci. These maps show the linear order and genetic distances between genes on chromosomes.
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
B.Sc. Microbiology/Biotech II Cell biology and Genetics Unit 5 microbial gene...Rai University
1. Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of alleles located near each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. Linkage mapping uses recombination frequencies between genetic markers to construct genetic maps showing the relative positions of genes.
2. Physical mapping techniques like restriction mapping cut DNA into fragments to construct overlapping contig maps of chromosome regions without regard to specific genes.
3. Bacterial cells can exchange genetic material through three main processes: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. These processes aid genetic recombination and variation in bacteria.
Gemini Observatory has rebooted its twin telescopes in Hawaii and Chile with new adaptive optics technology. The new system at Gemini South, called GeMS, uses a 50-watt laser split into five beams to correct atmospheric distortions over a large field of view, more than 10 times the area of previous systems. This will allow astronomers to study larger astronomical objects and more distant objects in a single image. The adaptive optics system is seen as a major step forward and other observatories plan to adopt similar technology. Gemini is also upgrading other instruments and software to improve scientific productivity.
1) Agricultural expansion, logging, and climate variability such as drought are disturbing the Amazon basin. Recent extreme droughts have led to higher tree mortality rates and loss of forest carbon storage.
2) Deforestation reduces evapotranspiration from forests and alters regional climate patterns, lengthening dry seasons and increasing flooding. As deforestation and drought interact, forests become more vulnerable to degradation.
3) While the Amazon forest has resisted moderate annual droughts by accessing deep soil water, extreme multi-year droughts can overwhelm this resilience, as seen in severe droughts in 2005 and 2010 that caused higher tree mortality across the basin.
1. INTEGRAL observations of the SNR IC443 region detected several sources, including the pulsar wind nebula (Src #5) and the enigmatic hard X-ray source Src #11.
2. JEM-X images in the 6-10 and 10-20 keV bands tentatively identified counterparts for Src #5 and Src #11. Measured fluxes from JEM-X were consistent with XMM spectra but did not provide strong constraints.
3. Optical and infrared images showed possible counterparts for Src #11, including point sources and diffuse 2MASS-Ks emission thought to originate from shocked molecular hydrogen, suggesting a correlation between X-ray and infrared emission.
This document presents a new preon model with three fundamental spin-1/2 preons (α, β, δ) that can combine to form nine leptons, nine quarks, and nine heavy vector bosons. The preons have charges of +e/3, -2e/3, and +e/3. Quarks and leptons are composed of combinations of one spin-1/2 preon and one spin-0 "dipreon" made of two spin-1/2 preons. This model aims to address shortcomings of the standard model such as the large number of fundamental particles and mixings between particles, through a more fundamental layer of preons with an underlying symmetry.
Teachable moment the japan earthquake and tsunamiSérgio Sacani
On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Honshu, Japan, generating a powerful tsunami. This was one of the largest earthquakes in Japanese history and caused widespread damage. The earthquake and tsunami highlighted Japan's vulnerability to natural disasters due to its location at the boundary of four tectonic plates.
Stefano Sposetti and Marco Iten detected a probable lunar impact event on February 11, 2011 while monitoring the moon from two separate observatories in Switzerland. Their videos showed a flash of light on the lunar surface at 20:36:58 UTC. Analysis of the light curves and location of the flash place the impact in a region of craters near 86°W, 16°N. The editorial board of Selenology Today notes that images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter before and after the reported event can be searched to look for an impact crater at the reported coordinates.
The OPERA experiment measures the velocity of neutrinos produced at CERN and detected 730 km away at the Gran Sasso laboratory to high precision. To do so it must accurately measure the time of flight of neutrinos between the two sites by precisely synchronizing clocks at CERN and Gran Sasso, determining the baseline distance through geodesy, and calibrating the timing of the proton beam and neutrino detection. This allows OPERA to search for small deviations from the speed of light in the measurement of the neutrino velocity.
1) The Fermi bubbles are giant gamma-ray emitting structures extending above and below the galactic center.
2) The bubbles may have been formed by periodic capture of stars by the supermassive black hole at the galactic center, releasing energy of around 3x10^52 ergs per capture.
3) This energy injection could produce very hot plasma, accelerating electrons that produce radio and gamma-ray emission through synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton scattering.
1) The document describes small-scale graben (extensional faults) discovered on the Moon using images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera.
2) Some graben are located near lobate scarps (contractional faults), while others are found in mare basalts and in the highlands.
3) The graben crosscut small impact craters, suggesting they formed recently, within the last 50 million years. This indicates the Moon has experienced recent extensional tectonic activity.
This document reports the detection of a low-mass dark satellite galaxy in a gravitational lens system. Using pixelated lens modeling of adaptive optics images, the researchers detected a positive density correction indicating the presence of a mass substructure. They estimate the mass of the substructure to be 1.9 x 108 solar masses located 600 parsecs from the density peak. Combining this detection with a previous one, they constrain the logarithmic slope of the mass function for dark matter substructure in elliptical galaxies to be 1.1-0.4 with an average mass fraction of 3.3-1.8%. This is consistent with predictions from cold dark matter simulations.
Measurement of lmpulsive Thrust from a Closed Radio Frequency Cavity in VacuumSérgio Sacani
A vacuum test campaign evaluating the impulsive thrust performance of a tapered RF test article excited in the TM212 mode at 1,937 megahertz (MHz) has been completed. The test campaign consisted of a forward thrust phase and reverse thrust phase at less than 8 x 10-6 Torr vacuum with power scans at 40 watts, 60 watts, and 80 watts. The test campaign included a null thrust test effort to identify any mundane sources of impulsive thrust, however none were identified. Thrust data from forward, reverse, and null suggests that the system is consistently performing with a thrust to power ratio of 1.2 ± 0.1 mN/kW.
The document describes developmental patterns in several animal phyla. It discusses:
1) Spiral cleavage in mollusks and annelids, where cleavage planes are oblique, forming a spiral arrangement. This results in cells touching at more points than radially cleaving embryos.
2) Developmental axes in C. elegans defined by the anterior-posterior axis of the egg. The sperm entry point determines the posterior pole.
3) Radial holoblastic cleavage in sea urchins, where the first three cleavages are perpendicular, forming cell tiers, while the fourth cleavage divides cells meridionally.
This study investigates what happens to proteins associated with DNA during chromosome translocation in Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Using fluorescent protein fusions and a mutant that forms two forespores, the authors show that RNA polymerase, chromosome remodeling proteins, and transcription factors are stripped off the chromosome as it is translocated into the forespores. Specifically, they demonstrate that a TetR-GFP fusion bound to an operator array is efficiently removed from the translocating DNA. Additionally, in vitro experiments indicate that the ATPase domain of SpoIIIE can displace RNA polymerase from DNA. These results suggest that SpoIIIE translocates naked DNA and strips associated proteins during chromosome transport, which may play a role in reprogramming gene
Evolutionary Ties Between Molluses- Annelids- and Arthropods In older.docxConnorryKPooler
Evolutionary Ties Between Molluses, Annelids, and Arthropods In older editions of zoology textbooks one may find discussion of close evolutionary ties between the phyla Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda. You have not studied the arthropods or annelids yet. Both groups have segmentally arranged body parts. Which of the following statements could help sort out the true relationships among members of these phyla? Select all that apply. Check All That Apply Since the Monoplacophora have some segmentally arranged structures, past zoologists concluded that segmentation is synapomorphy that unites all three phyla. This conclusion is valid today. Mollusca and Annelida are lophotrochozoan phyla. Molecular and embryological evidence supports the ties between these two phyla. Arthropoda is an ecdysozoan phylum. It cannot be closely related to the other two. Recent evidence suggests that the segmental arrangement of structures in monoplacophorans is a derived character. It is probably not valid to base phylogenetic conclusions on that character. Embryological and molecular evidence clearly demonstrates that the Mollusca and Annelida are sister taxa. They are both protostome lophotrochozoans. Arthropods are more distantly related to members of the other two phyla. They are deuterostome lophotrochozoans.
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The document summarizes key concepts related to evolution:
1. Heredity allows traits to be passed from parents to offspring over generations, and changes in heritable traits through time result in evolution as it allows organisms to better survive and reproduce.
2. The central dogma explains how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins - DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins.
3. Gradual changes over 300 million years led to the diversity of life today, supported by evidence like morphological similarities, connecting links between groups, and embryonic similarities showing common ancestry.
4. Anatomical and fossil evidence also support evolution by showing adaptations to environments and demonstrating changing life forms over ge
Evolution Vs Macroevolution Research PaperKatie Parker
The document discusses the theories of evolution and intelligent design as explanations for the origin of life. It provides definitions of key concepts like creation, intelligent design, and natural processes. The document also notes some of the perspectives Christians have regarding the origin of life based on accounts in the Bible, as well as examples evolutionists use regarding traits evolving through natural selection over time.
Arthropods emerged near the base of the Cambrian period based on early trace fossils and body fossils from the Cambrian. Molecular evidence indicates arthropods are monophyletic and part of the Ecdysozoa clade. Key insights include hexapods being crustaceans rather than allies of myriapods, and lobopodians representing stem lineages rather than relatives of onychophorans. The diversity of Cambrian lobopodians and anomalocaridids sheds light on the stem group leading to crown-group euarthropods.
This document discusses genetic linkage and its related concepts and theories. It defines genetic linkage as the tendency of genes located near each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together. It describes Walter Sutton's hypothesis that chromosomes carry hereditary units and Sutton and Boveri's chromosome theory of inheritance. It also discusses Bateson and Punnett's coupling and repulsion hypothesis, Morgan's discovery of gene location on chromosomes through fly experiments, and the different types of linkage like complete and incomplete linkage. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like complete and incomplete linkage.
The document summarizes the classic experiment conducted by Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl in 1958 that determined the mechanism of DNA replication. They grew bacteria in a culture containing the heavy isotope nitrogen-15 to produce "heavy" DNA. When these bacteria were then grown in a culture with regular nitrogen-14, the resulting DNA had an intermediate density, indicating that DNA replicates semiconservatively, with each parent strand serving as a template to produce two daughter double helices. Subsequent experiments showed that after a second generation, the DNA was half heavy and half light, confirming the semiconservative model. This elegant experiment provided the first direct evidence that DNA replicates in this manner.
Here are the key points to cover in the assignment:
1. Briefly explain the different types of structural changes that can occur in chromosomes - deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation.
2. Explain deletion in more detail - its types (terminal, intercalary), cytological detection using looping during meiosis, and genetic effects of changing gene number.
3. Explain duplication in more detail - its types (tandem, reverse, displaced), cytological detection using looping, and effects of changing gene number.
4. Explain inversion in more detail - its types based on centromere involvement (pericentric, paracentric), and that it does not change overall genetic material.
5. Provide detailed explanation
1. The evolutionary relationships between malaria parasite species have been controversial due to past studies relying on visible traits rather than molecular data and issues like taxon bias.
2. Different genes are suitable for phylogenetic analysis, with some like rRNA being problematic due to paralogs. Studies using multiple genes from different genomic compartments provide better resolution.
3. The origin of P. falciparum, which causes the most virulent human malaria, has been debated, with evidence it may have recently switched hosts from gorillas rather than co-diverging with humans. Further sampling of ape malarias is needed to resolve this.
4. 2 Intracellular Binding Partners Of Podocalyxin Lab StudyStephanie Roberts
This lab report examines cell motility and the role of cilia. Cilia are hair-like structures on cell surfaces that are important for cell movement and processing external signals during development. Approximately 600 cilia proteins must be synthesized inside cells and transported to cilia through intraflagellar transport. Disruptions to this transport can cause errors in cilia assembly. The report explores different types of cell movement and how the cytoskeleton, composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, is the main component enabling motility.
Using P-Element Induced Male Recombination To Generate A...Heidi Maestas
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division, explaining that cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells through the exact duplication and equal division of the cell's DNA during processes like the cell cycle stages of interphase and mitosis. Testing methods like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are used to diagnose conditions like Triple X syndrome by examining fetal DNA for genetic abnormalities early in pregnancy. The risks of these prenatal testing methods were explained to the patient.
Erwin Chargaff discovered in 1950 that guanine always pairs with cytosine and adenine always pairs with thymine in DNA. He also found that different species have different ratios of these base pairs. In 1953, Rosalind Franklin used x-ray crystallography to take a photo of DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick used Chargaff's rules and Franklin's photo to deduce the double helix structure of DNA. This provided the first understanding of DNA's molecular structure and established it as the molecule responsible for inheritance.
1. There are different types of mutations that can occur in DNA, including point mutations such as substitutions, insertions, or deletions of single nucleotides, and block mutations that change segments of chromosomes such as deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations.
2. Point mutations can have varying effects depending on whether they change the codon, from a minimal effect if the same amino acid is coded for, to more dramatic effects if a different amino acid or a shift in the reading frame occurs.
3. Block mutations and aneuploidy where the number of chromosomes changes can have far more significant phenotypic consequences than single nucleotide changes.
1) Carl Woese and Ralph Wolfe discovered that methanogenic bacteria were not related to other known bacteria based on differences in their 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. This led to the realization that archaea are a distinct third domain of life in addition to bacteria and eukaryotes.
2) 16S rRNA sequences can reveal evolutionary relationships because they contain thousands of "building blocks" that can be aligned and compared between organisms. Archaeal 16S rRNA sequences contained large "gaps" compared to bacterial sequences.
3) The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) was an early organism from which the domains of archaea and bacteria diverged based on current phylogenetic trees, and it likely lived in an oxygen
Book club presented a chapter on the origins of evolutionary innovations from Andreas Wagner's book. The chapter discussed how there are many more RNA and protein sequences than folds, with some folds being more common than others. Sequences that produce the same fold, like globins, can be very different at the sequence level. Neighbors in a genotype network typically share the same fold, and new folds can emerge from just a few changes to the sequence.
The document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It defines linkage as two or more genes staying together on the same chromosome during inheritance. Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. There are two main types of linkage - complete linkage where no crossing over occurs, and incomplete linkage where crossing over does occur, resulting in both parental and recombinant offspring types. The document also outlines the mechanism of crossing over and factors that can influence its frequency.
The document discusses actin filaments and their assembly into various cellular structures. It focuses on structures at the plasma membrane, including sheet-like protrusions like lamellipodia and finger-like protrusions like filopodia. There are three known classes of actin nucleation factors - Arp2/3 complex, formins, and spire - that initiate actin filament assembly. The Arp2/3 complex produces a branched network of filaments near the leading edge of lamellipodia that drives protrusion, while formins and spire produce unbranched filaments throughout the lamellipodia and lamella.
1) The document discusses a study on the oxidation kinetics of 11 common organic contaminants in water treatment by ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The contaminants included various alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and ethers.
2) Five of the compounds were very efficiently oxidized by ozone, with rate constants of around 105 M–1s–1. Trihaloanisoles proved most resistant to ozone but were degraded by hydroxyl radicals.
3) The authors note hydroxyl radical treatment needs to be carefully applied to avoid producing excessive bromate ions from residual bromide salts.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...Sérgio Sacani
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...Sérgio Sacani
We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a
bright (V = 12.6 mag, K = 7.8 mag) metal-poor M4V star only 12.162 ± 0.005 pc away from the Solar system with one of the
lowest stellar activity levels known for M-dwarfs. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors
42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations
with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory,
as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of
12.76144 ± 0.00006 d and a radius of 1.0 ± 0.1 R⊕, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of ∼315 K. Gliese 12 b has excellent
future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar
compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool
stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the galaxy.
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...Sérgio Sacani
Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation
typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative
civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is
often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing
the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence
that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern
plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated
emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans
are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution
of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox
(1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets
with significant continents and oceans) and fpt
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant
continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by
demonstrating that the product of foc
and fpt
is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack
of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on
exoplanets with primitive life.
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on EarthSérgio Sacani
Hadean zircons provide a potential record of Earth's earliest subduction 4.3 billion years ago. Itremains enigmatic how subduction could be initiated so soon after the presumably Moon‐forming giant impact(MGI). Earlier studies found an increase in Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB) temperature due to theaccumulation of the impactor's core, and our recent work shows Earth's lower mantle remains largely solid, withsome of the impactor's mantle potentially surviving as the large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Here,we show that a hot post‐impact CMB drives the initiation of strong mantle plumes that can induce subductioninitiation ∼200 Myr after the MGI. 2D and 3D thermomechanical computations show that a high CMBtemperature is the primary factor triggering early subduction, with enrichment of heat‐producing elements inLLSVPs as another potential factor. The models link the earliest subduction to the MGI with implications forunderstanding the diverse tectonic regimes of rocky planets.
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercont...Sérgio Sacani
Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their
adaptations and resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All
life will eventually perish in a runaway greenhouse once absorbed solar
radiation exceeds the emission of thermal radiation in several billions of
years. However, conditions rendering the Earth naturally inhospitable to
mammals may develop sooner because of long-term processes linked to
plate tectonics (short-term perturbations are not considered here). In
~250 Myr, all continents will converge to form Earth’s next supercontinent,
Pangea Ultima. A natural consequence of the creation and decay of Pangea
Ultima will be extremes in pCO2 due to changes in volcanic rifting and
outgassing. Here we show that increased pCO2, solar energy (F⨀;
approximately +2.5% W m−2 greater than today) and continentality (larger
range in temperatures away from the ocean) lead to increasing warming
hostile to mammalian life. We assess their impact on mammalian
physiological limits (dry bulb, wet bulb and Humidex heat stress indicators)
as well as a planetary habitability index. Given mammals’ continued survival,
predicted background pCO2 levels of 410–816 ppm combined with increased
F⨀ will probably lead to a climate tipping point and their mass extinction.
The results also highlight how global landmass configuration, pCO2 and F⨀
play a critical role in planetary habitability.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/