Teachable moment the japan earthquake and tsunami
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On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Honshu, Japan, generating a powerful tsunami. This was one of the largest earthquakes in Japanese history and caused widespread damage. The earthquake and tsunami highlighted Japan's vulnerability to natural disasters due to its location at the boundary of four tectonic plates.
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Incorporated Research Institue for Seismology does an amazing job at providing detailed information shortly after large earthquakes. Learn more at: http://www.iris.edu/hq/retm
Presentation on Earthquake in Japan & Nepal
This presentation summarizes information about earthquakes in Japan and Nepal. It begins with an outline that discusses the countries of Japan and Nepal, plate tectonics, major earthquakes in each country, and mitigation systems. Japan is located in the Pacific Ocean and experiences frequent earthquakes due to its position along the Ring of Fire. Nepal is located in the Himalayas and has over 90 active faults. Major earthquakes that impacted Japan include the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Modern mitigation systems in both countries include early warning systems, earthquake-resistant building codes, and shock absorbers. The presentation concludes with a discussion of policies to reduce losses from future earthquakes.
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A 9.0 magnitude undersea megathrust earthquake struck off the coast of Japan's Tōhoku region on March 11, 2011, generating massive tsunamis with waves reaching up to 40.5 meters. It was the most powerful earthquake to ever hit Japan and fourth most powerful globally since 1900. The earthquake and tsunamis caused widespread damage and loss of life across Japan's northeast coast.
Devastation in japan (pankit)
1. A 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, generating a powerful tsunami that devastated coastal areas.
2. The tsunami waves reached heights of over 40 meters in some areas, sweeping inland and destroying many cities and towns.
3. Over 15,000 people were killed and over 2,500 were reported missing as a result of the earthquake and tsunami. The disaster also caused nuclear meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.
Japan Earthquake
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake occurred off the coast of Japan with a magnitude of 9.0, making it the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan. The epicenter was 70 km east of Oshika Peninsula. Over 15,000 people were killed, mostly by the resulting tsunami, and over 100,000 buildings were destroyed. The earthquake occurred due to the convergence of the Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates, shifting portions of Japan closer to North America and triggering a large tsunami. Significant damage was caused across northern Japan.
Giant Earthquake in Japan (Mw=9.0), March 11, 2011
A magnitude 8.9 earthquake struck off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, generating a powerful tsunami. The earthquake was one of the largest ever recorded in Japan and caused widespread damage, including fires and flooding in Tokyo from the tsunami. The tsunami waves traveled far inland, sweeping away buildings and vehicles and claiming many lives. A tsunami warning was issued for the Pacific basin due to the potential for destructive waves over a wide area.
Earthquake2
On January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck Kobe, Japan, killing over 5,000 people and making over 300,000 homeless. The 20-second quake caused $100 billion in damage to infrastructure and buildings. Earthquakes occur when blocks of the earth slip past one another at fault lines, releasing stored elastic energy in seismic waves.
2011 Japan Earthquake
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake that struck offshore of Japan was the most powerful ever recorded in the country. It was caused by subduction zone activity along the Japan Trench, where the Pacific Plate is being subducted under the North American Plate. The magnitude 9.0 quake triggered a massive tsunami that killed thousands and was generated by the sudden displacement of water from the horizontal and vertical movement of the tectonic plates colliding underground.
Recommended
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A 9.0 magnitude undersea megathrust earthquake struck off the coast of Japan's Tōhoku region on March 11, 2011, generating massive tsunamis with waves reaching up to 40.5 meters. It was the most powerful earthquake to ever hit Japan and fourth most powerful globally since 1900. The earthquake and tsunamis caused widespread damage and loss of life across Japan's northeast coast.
Devastation in japan (pankit)
1. A 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, generating a powerful tsunami that devastated coastal areas.
2. The tsunami waves reached heights of over 40 meters in some areas, sweeping inland and destroying many cities and towns.
3. Over 15,000 people were killed and over 2,500 were reported missing as a result of the earthquake and tsunami. The disaster also caused nuclear meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.
Japan Earthquake
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake occurred off the coast of Japan with a magnitude of 9.0, making it the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan. The epicenter was 70 km east of Oshika Peninsula. Over 15,000 people were killed, mostly by the resulting tsunami, and over 100,000 buildings were destroyed. The earthquake occurred due to the convergence of the Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates, shifting portions of Japan closer to North America and triggering a large tsunami. Significant damage was caused across northern Japan.
Giant Earthquake in Japan (Mw=9.0), March 11, 2011
A magnitude 8.9 earthquake struck off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, generating a powerful tsunami. The earthquake was one of the largest ever recorded in Japan and caused widespread damage, including fires and flooding in Tokyo from the tsunami. The tsunami waves traveled far inland, sweeping away buildings and vehicles and claiming many lives. A tsunami warning was issued for the Pacific basin due to the potential for destructive waves over a wide area.
Earthquake2
On January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck Kobe, Japan, killing over 5,000 people and making over 300,000 homeless. The 20-second quake caused $100 billion in damage to infrastructure and buildings. Earthquakes occur when blocks of the earth slip past one another at fault lines, releasing stored elastic energy in seismic waves.
2011 Japan Earthquake
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake that struck offshore of Japan was the most powerful ever recorded in the country. It was caused by subduction zone activity along the Japan Trench, where the Pacific Plate is being subducted under the North American Plate. The magnitude 9.0 quake triggered a massive tsunami that killed thousands and was generated by the sudden displacement of water from the horizontal and vertical movement of the tectonic plates colliding underground.
Tsunami 26th December 2004 In Sumatra
The document summarizes the 2004 tsunami that struck northern Sumatra. It describes how the tsunami was caused by an earthquake at the collision boundary between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates. While scientists were aware of the seismic risk, there was no warning system in place to detect and communicate a potential tsunami to the affected coastal communities. The tsunami devastated the region and its victims.
The 2011 tohoku earthquake
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan was a 9.0 magnitude megaquake caused by subduction along the plate boundary where the Pacific plate dives beneath the Eurasian plate. It generated a massive tsunami that caused widespread damage. Over 15,000 people died, mostly from drowning, and economic costs are estimated at $185-309 billion, making it one of the most costly natural disasters ever. Strict building codes limited structural damage from the quake, but the tsunami overwhelmed coastal infrastructure and communities. The disaster highlighted the need to strengthen protections against both seismic events and tsunamis.
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The document compares and contrasts the 2011 Japan tsunami and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It notes that while both disasters were deadly, the death toll was much higher for the 2004 tsunami which killed over 200,000 people across several countries. In contrast, the 2011 Japan tsunami has resulted in around 10,000 deaths reported so far. A key difference was that Japan had early warning systems and tsunami preparedness measures in place, while coastal areas in South Asia caught by the 2004 tsunami had little to no warning. Both earthquakes that triggered the tsunamis were extremely large at 9.0 magnitudes.
Earthquake
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. Faults in the crust result from tectonic plate movements and cause earthquakes when the rocks on either side slip past each other due to accumulated elastic strain. The focus is the point where slippage originates underground, while the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Seismographs installed worldwide record earthquake ground motions to study seismic activity.
Tsunami Pictures in Japan
A tsunami hit Japan in 2011 after an 8.9 magnitude undersea earthquake. Tsunamis are formed by earthquakes or landslides under the sea. They can cause massive damage as entire coastal towns are flooded and airports are swamped by towering waves over 75 feet high. Signs warned people to evacuate to high ground if a tsunami was sighted.
2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused widespread damage in Japan. A 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Japan, generating massive tsunamis up to 40 meters high. Over 15,000 people were killed and infrastructure like roads, railways and power plants were severely damaged. The tsunamis also caused a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in radiation leaks. The disaster caused short term impacts like power outages and interruptions to transportation and communications across northern Japan.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of energy from shifting tectonic plates. When plates lock, potential energy builds until released as seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus. Most earthquakes occur along oceanic and continental plate edges or along faults like normal, reverse, and transform boundaries. P and S waves are the primary seismic waves, with P waves traveling faster and S waves causing the shaking felt during quakes. Earthquake magnitude measures the energy released using the Richter scale, while intensity qualitatively describes the shaking effects on a place using the Mercalli scale.
Sumatra earthquake 2004
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
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The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami caused widespread damage in Japan. The 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Honshu on March 11, 2011 and generated a powerful tsunami. Over 15,000 people were killed and over 6 million homes lost power. The tsunami also caused a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, resulting in radioactive releases and over 100,000 evacuations. The Japanese government coordinated relief efforts and long-term responses such as waste disposal to address the extensive damage from the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear incidents.
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1) Most earthquakes originate from a sudden release of energy at the focus or hypocenter located beneath the earth's surface.
2) Faults are fractures in the earth's crust where movement has occurred. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake involved slippage of 4.7 meters along the San Andreas Fault.
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Japan Tsunami
The document summarizes a study of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan. It describes the tsunami's effects along a 4.5 km transect from the coast inland. Extensive erosion was observed up to 2 km inland. A sheet-like sand deposit was found up to 2.9 km inland, with thickness varying over short distances. The tsunami caused widespread erosion, deposition of sand and mud inland, and landscape changes. Observations along the transect provide insights into tsunami geologic processes and deposits.
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A tsunami is generated by a sudden rise or fall of the earth's crust under or near the ocean, most commonly caused by earthquakes. As the tsunami wave enters shallow coastal waters, its speed decreases and height increases, posing a threat to coastal areas. Countries like Japan have implemented extensive tsunami warning systems using deep ocean sensors and satellites to detect tsunamis early and issue warnings to allow for evacuation. The devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was triggered by a massive undersea earthquake and resulted in waves that took different arrival times to hit various coastlines, demonstrating the long distances tsunamis can travel.
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3) The document provides a table listing details of significant earthquakes from 1923 to 2008 including location, year, magnitude on the Richter scale, and deaths.
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This document provides an overview of earthquakes including how they are measured, the types of damage they can cause, the different types of seismic waves, and details about the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan. It discusses how the Richter scale and Mercalli scale are used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes. It also explains elastic rebound theory and defines tsunamis, noting that the Tohoku earthquake generated massive tsunami waves and shifted the Earth's axis.
Brendan,rocco+philly
The document summarizes information about earthquakes and seismic waves. It describes how earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale and quantified by magnitude. It outlines the two main types of seismic waves - body waves and surface waves - and the types of damage caused by earthquakes, such as landslides, collapsed buildings, and tsunamis. It provides details about a specific earthquake that occurred in Japan in 2011, measuring 9.0 in magnitude, and its effects on the local environment, infrastructure, economy, and loss of life.
Major earthquakes around the world
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan:
- Magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, making it the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan.
- Caused enormous damage through tsunamis and shaking, including over 15,000 deaths and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
- Resulted from subduction zone tectonics as the Pacific plate plunged beneath northern Honshu island at a rate of 3-4 inches per year, building up stress until a massive rupture occurred.
Tsunami
The document provides information about tsunamis presented by Harsh in standard VIII A. It defines tsunamis as a series of large ocean waves caused by earthquakes under the sea. The largest tsunami was in Lituya Bay, Alaska in 1958. Earthquakes are the main cause of tsunamis as the movement of tectonic plates under the sea can sometimes cause huge displacements of water. Proper warning systems and evacuation procedures help minimize loss of life from tsunamis.
Cecil
This document summarizes information about earthquakes, including how they are caused, measured, and the damage they can cause. It discusses the different types of seismic waves, body waves that move faster or slower, and the theory of elastic rebound. The document also summarizes specifics about the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, including its magnitude, effects on the environment, people, economy, and how it shifted GPS sensors due to elastic rebound. Lastly, it defines tsunamis, how they are caused by undersea earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, and can reach heights of 98 feet and speeds of 589 mph.
Earthquakes by Matteo di Vita, 3.02
Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust or mantle. They originate at focal points and send shock waves to the epicenter, or point above the focal point on the surface. There are three types of waves produced - P waves, S waves, and surface waves. P waves are compressional waves that can travel through solids and liquids. S waves are shear waves that move sideways and can only travel through solids. Surface waves cause the most damage to buildings by making the ground rise and fall in circular motions. Together, these wave types are responsible for significant loss of life and property damage from earthquakes each year.
Earthquake
1. The document provides an overview of earthquakes, their causes, characteristics, effects, and preparedness measures. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and buildup of elastic strain energy that is suddenly released.
2. Key characteristics discussed include the different types of seismic waves that cause shaking and damage, the measurement scales used to describe magnitude versus intensity, and secondary hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
3. Typical effects of earthquakes outlined are physical damage to structures, infrastructure and property, casualties, and public health issues in the aftermath.
earthquake.pptx
The most devastating earthquake in Philippine history occurred in 1976 in Mindanao, causing over 8,000 deaths. Scientists have warned that a powerful earthquake called the "Big One" could strike the West Valley Fault near Manila, potentially killing 34,000 people. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up energy in the Earth's crust from plate tectonics and fault movements, producing seismic waves.
Earthquake+project
The document summarizes information about earthquakes, including how they are caused by movement of rock beneath the earth's surface. It describes the different types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and discusses the major 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan. This earthquake, measured at magnitude 9.0, caused widespread damage through tsunamis, landslides and collapsed buildings. It severely impacted the Japanese economy by damaging factories and disrupting the auto industry, and also caused problems for nearby nuclear power plants.
Earthquake+project
The document summarizes information about earthquakes, including their causes, effects, and measurement. It specifically discusses the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, noting that it was a magnitude 9.0 quake near Japan's northeast coast. The earthquake caused widespread damage through tsunamis, landslides, and collapsed buildings. It severely impacted Japan's economy and infrastructure, destroying homes and workplaces while injuring many people.
The most dangerous country
This document compares the natural disaster risks of earthquakes and volcanoes in Indonesia and Japan. It discusses how tectonic plates cause earthquakes and volcanoes, and provides charts showing the history of volcanic eruptions and major earthquakes in each country. Based on more frequent, larger earthquakes and proximity to the ocean, the document concludes that Japan is a more dangerous place to live than Indonesia due to natural disasters.
Earthquake project
The document provides information about earthquakes, including:
1) What causes earthquakes including the buildup and sudden release of energy within rocks, often along fault lines as tectonic plates move.
2) Different types of seismic waves - P, S, and surface waves - are produced and how they travel through the Earth.
3) Major earthquake zones exist along plate boundaries like the Circum-Pacific belt and Alpide belt, and earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale from small to great quakes over magnitude 8.
Page 313 13.1 InTroduCTIonIt was the deadliest day in .docx
Page | 313
13.1 InTroduCTIon
It was the deadliest day in the
history of Mt. Everest. On April
25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earth-
quake hit Nepal. This triggered
an avalanche that killed 19 climb-
ers on Mt. Everest. In Nepal, over
8,800 people died, and many more
were injured and made homeless.
Hundreds of aftershocks (smaller
earthquakes that follow a larger
earthquake) have occurred since
(Figure 13.1).
Earthquakes are not new to this
region. A similar death toll was ex-
perienced in a 1934 earthquake, and
many other smaller earthquakes
have occurred within historical
times. An 1833 quake of similar
magnitude resulted in less than 500
deaths, though this was most likely due to two very large foreshocks (smaller earth-
quakes that precede the main earthquake) that sent most residents out of doors in
alarm, which was safer for them. Worldwide, there have been much deadlier and
stronger earthquakes just in this century (Haiti, 2010 – 316,000 dead; Sumatra,
2004 – 227,000 dead, both with deaths related to ground shaking and the other
hazards that were created by the earthquake). Earthquakes give geologists valuable
information about the Earth, both the interior, as we learned about in the Earth’s In-
terior chapter, and about conditions at the Earth’s surface (most earthquakes occur
at plate boundaries, as we learned in the Plate Tectonics chapter, Figure 4.8).
figure 13.1 | A map of the main earthquake to hit Nepal
on April 25, 2015, along with a major aftershock on May 12,
and numerous (>100) other aftershocks (in red – note the
magnitude scale in the upper right).
Author: USGS
Source: USGS
License: Public Domain
13 earthquakesRanda Harris
Page | 314
Introductory GeoloGy earthquakes
13.1.1 learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Compare and contrast the different types of seismic waves
• Understand the different scales used to measure earthquakes, and
apply them to the amount of devastation
• Understand how different geologic materials behave during an
earthquake, and the resulting impact on structures
• Explain how an earthquake epicenter is located
• Explore the relationship between the fracking industry and seismicity
13.1.2 Key Terms
13.2 The ePICenTer, foCus, and waves
An earthquake is a like a telegram from the Earth. It sends a message about the
conditions beneath the Earth’s surface. The shaking or trembling experienced
during an earthquake is the result of a rapid
release of energy within the Earth, usually
as a result of movement along geologic
faults. Think back to the strike-slip fault
from the Crustal Deformation chapter.
Rocks on either side of the fault are sliding
past each other. As they move in opposite
directions, the rocks become deformed, as
they will bend slightly and build up pres-
sure. Eventually they will reach a breaking
point. Once the strength of the rock has
been exceeded, the rocks will snap back to
their normal shape, rel.
Ashley+and+jessica
The document provides information about earthquakes including what they are, how they are measured on the Richter scale, the types of damage they can cause such as cracks, damage to buildings and infrastructure, and tsunamis. It also discusses the different types of seismic waves called P and S waves that travel through both solids and liquids. The document then focuses on the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, noting its magnitude of 9.0, the effects like homes destroyed and lives lost, and impacts to the economy and environment from issues like radiation from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
Ashley+and+jessica
This document provides information about earthquakes. It defines an earthquake as a series of vibrations in the earth's crust. Earthquakes are measured by their magnitude on the Richter scale, which indicates their strength. Major earthquakes can cause damage like cracks in the crust, broken pipelines, and damaged housing and buildings, as well as tsunamis and landslides. The document discusses seismic waves, including primary and secondary waves, and how primary waves travel faster and arrive at the surface first. It provides details about a specific large 2011 earthquake in Japan and its effects, including homes destroyed, deaths, and economic impacts.
History ppt on tsunami
The document provides information about tsunamis including their history, causes, characteristics, and impacts. Some key points:
- Tsunamis are large sea waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides under water. They can travel at high speeds across oceans and grow dramatically in size and power when reaching shallow coastal waters.
- A tsunami may first appear as a rapid pulling back of water from the shore, exposing parts of the seabed, before a huge wave comes crashing in. This retreat only lasts a few minutes before the full force of the tsunami hits.
- The 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan triggered a massive tsunami with waves over 40 meters high
Ch. 2, section 3 Internal Forces
The movement of tectonic plates causes various geological phenomena including volcanoes, mountains, and earthquakes. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide in subduction or collision zones, and transform where they slide past each other. Earthquakes occur when stress builds up at faults until the plates suddenly slip, releasing energy. Large earthquakes can generate tsunamis through displacement of water. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries as magma rises from below the crust.
Similar to Teachable moment the japan earthquake and tsunami (20)
Page 313 13.1 InTroduCTIonIt was the deadliest day in .docx
Page 313 13.1 InTroduCTIonIt was the deadliest day in .docx
More from Sérgio Sacani
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
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�
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≲
1
�
) with
Λ
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�
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�
truly diverge from their low-
�
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...
We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a
bright (V = 12.6 mag, K = 7.8 mag) metal-poor M4V star only 12.162 ± 0.005 pc away from the Solar system with one of the
lowest stellar activity levels known for M-dwarfs. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors
42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations
with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory,
as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of
12.76144 ± 0.00006 d and a radius of 1.0 ± 0.1 R⊕, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of ∼315 K. Gliese 12 b has excellent
future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar
compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool
stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the galaxy.
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...
Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation
typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative
civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is
often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing
the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence
that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern
plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated
emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans
are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution
of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox
(1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets
with significant continents and oceans) and fpt
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant
continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by
demonstrating that the product of foc
and fpt
is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack
of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on
exoplanets with primitive life.
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on Earth
Hadean zircons provide a potential record of Earth's earliest subduction 4.3 billion years ago. Itremains enigmatic how subduction could be initiated so soon after the presumably Moon‐forming giant impact(MGI). Earlier studies found an increase in Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB) temperature due to theaccumulation of the impactor's core, and our recent work shows Earth's lower mantle remains largely solid, withsome of the impactor's mantle potentially surviving as the large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Here,we show that a hot post‐impact CMB drives the initiation of strong mantle plumes that can induce subductioninitiation ∼200 Myr after the MGI. 2D and 3D thermomechanical computations show that a high CMBtemperature is the primary factor triggering early subduction, with enrichment of heat‐producing elements inLLSVPs as another potential factor. The models link the earliest subduction to the MGI with implications forunderstanding the diverse tectonic regimes of rocky planets.
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercont...
Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their
adaptations and resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All
life will eventually perish in a runaway greenhouse once absorbed solar
radiation exceeds the emission of thermal radiation in several billions of
years. However, conditions rendering the Earth naturally inhospitable to
mammals may develop sooner because of long-term processes linked to
plate tectonics (short-term perturbations are not considered here). In
~250 Myr, all continents will converge to form Earth’s next supercontinent,
Pangea Ultima. A natural consequence of the creation and decay of Pangea
Ultima will be extremes in pCO2 due to changes in volcanic rifting and
outgassing. Here we show that increased pCO2, solar energy (F⨀;
approximately +2.5% W m−2 greater than today) and continentality (larger
range in temperatures away from the ocean) lead to increasing warming
hostile to mammalian life. We assess their impact on mammalian
physiological limits (dry bulb, wet bulb and Humidex heat stress indicators)
as well as a planetary habitability index. Given mammals’ continued survival,
predicted background pCO2 levels of 410–816 ppm combined with increased
F⨀ will probably lead to a climate tipping point and their mass extinction.
The results also highlight how global landmass configuration, pCO2 and F⨀
play a critical role in planetary habitability.
Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243
The recently reported observation of VFTS 243 is the first example of a massive black-hole binary
system with negligible binary interaction following black-hole formation. The black-hole mass (≈10M⊙)
and near-circular orbit (e ≈ 0.02) of VFTS 243 suggest that the progenitor star experienced complete
collapse, with energy-momentum being lost predominantly through neutrinos. VFTS 243 enables us to
constrain the natal kick and neutrino-emission asymmetry during black-hole formation. At 68% confidence
level, the natal kick velocity (mass decrement) is ≲10 km=s (≲1.0M⊙), with a full probability distribution
that peaks when ≈0.3M⊙ were ejected, presumably in neutrinos, and the black hole experienced a natal
kick of 4 km=s. The neutrino-emission asymmetry is ≲4%, with best fit values of ∼0–0.2%. Such a small
neutrino natal kick accompanying black-hole formation is in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Detectability of Solar Panels as a Technosignature
In this work, we assess the potential detectability of solar panels made of silicon on an Earth-like
exoplanet as a potential technosignature. Silicon-based photovoltaic cells have high reflectance in the
UV-VIS and in the near-IR, within the wavelength range of a space-based flagship mission concept
like the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Assuming that only solar energy is used to provide
the 2022 human energy needs with a land cover of ∼ 2.4%, and projecting the future energy demand
assuming various growth-rate scenarios, we assess the detectability with an 8 m HWO-like telescope.
Assuming the most favorable viewing orientation, and focusing on the strong absorption edge in the
ultraviolet-to-visible (0.34 − 0.52 µm), we find that several 100s of hours of observation time is needed
to reach a SNR of 5 for an Earth-like planet around a Sun-like star at 10pc, even with a solar panel
coverage of ∼ 23% land coverage of a future Earth. We discuss the necessity of concepts like Kardeshev
Type I/II civilizations and Dyson spheres, which would aim to harness vast amounts of energy. Even
with much larger populations than today, the total energy use of human civilization would be orders of
magnitude below the threshold for causing direct thermal heating or reaching the scale of a Kardashev
Type I civilization. Any extraterrrestrial civilization that likewise achieves sustainable population
levels may also find a limit on its need to expand, which suggests that a galaxy-spanning civilization
as imagined in the Fermi paradox may not exist.
Jet reorientation in central galaxies of clusters and groups: insights from V...
Recent observations of galaxy clusters and groups with misalignments between their central AGN jets
and X-ray cavities, or with multiple misaligned cavities, have raised concerns about the jet – bubble
connection in cooling cores, and the processes responsible for jet realignment. To investigate the
frequency and causes of such misalignments, we construct a sample of 16 cool core galaxy clusters and
groups. Using VLBA radio data we measure the parsec-scale position angle of the jets, and compare
it with the position angle of the X-ray cavities detected in Chandra data. Using the overall sample
and selected subsets, we consistently find that there is a 30% – 38% chance to find a misalignment
larger than ∆Ψ = 45◦ when observing a cluster/group with a detected jet and at least one cavity. We
determine that projection may account for an apparently large ∆Ψ only in a fraction of objects (∼35%),
and given that gas dynamical disturbances (as sloshing) are found in both aligned and misaligned
systems, we exclude environmental perturbation as the main driver of cavity – jet misalignment.
Moreover, we find that large misalignments (up to ∼ 90◦
) are favored over smaller ones (45◦ ≤ ∆Ψ ≤
70◦
), and that the change in jet direction can occur on timescales between one and a few tens of Myr.
We conclude that misalignments are more likely related to actual reorientation of the jet axis, and we
discuss several engine-based mechanisms that may cause these dramatic changes.
More from Sérgio Sacani (20)
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on Earth
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on Earth
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercont...
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercont...
Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243
Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243
Detectability of Solar Panels as a Technosignature
Detectability of Solar Panels as a Technosignature
Jet reorientation in central galaxies of clusters and groups: insights from V...
Jet reorientation in central galaxies of clusters and groups: insights from V...
Teachable moment the japan earthquake and tsunami
- 1. Teachable Moment The March 11, 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan www.LayeredEarth.com
- 2. On Friday, March 11, 2011, Japan experienced a catastrophic earthquake at 2:46:23 pm local time (i.e. 12:46:23 am EST). The earthquake occurred off the coast of the island of Honshu, approximately 80 miles (129 km) east of the community of Sendai. The 9.0 Richter magnitude earthquake, and the accompanying tsunami that resulted, have provoked the largest crisis that Japan has encountered in the 65 years since the end of World War II. The Honshu earthquake was the world’s fourth largest earthquake since 1900 and the largest in Japan since modern instrumental recordings began 130 years ago. About 1,500 earthquakes strike the island nation every year. Minor tremors occur on a nearly daily basis www.LayeredEarth.com
- 3. The rigid outer shell of the Earth, called the lithosphere, is broken up into many rigid segments of different sizes and shapes. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 4. These rigid segments, called plates, are in fluid motion relative to each other. Speed vectors highlight the fact that the Pacific plate is the fastest moving tectonic plate on the Earth’s surface. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 5. As the giant plates move, along their borders, tremendous energies are unleashed resulting in tremors that transform Earth’s surface. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 6. Japan sits on the boundaries of four tectonic plates; the Pacific plate, the Philippine plate, the Okhotsk plate and the Eurasian plate. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 7. The March 11, 2011 Honshu earthquake was caused by the Pacific plate sliding under the Okhotsk plate at a convergent boundary. A convergent boundary represents an area where two plates are moving toward one another, or converging. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 8. Earthquake Fault Types Interactive Interactive animation showing the rapid release of stored energy that causes an earthquake. The Honshu earthquake occurred along a reverse fault. On the web at: http://www.thelayeredearth.com/teachable.html#faulttypes www.LayeredEarth.com
- 9. A tilted view of the many aftershocks that followed the magnitude 9.0 earthquake on March 11, 2011. The location of the Onagawa, Fukushima Daiichi, Fukushima Daini and Tokai nuclear power plants are highlighted with triangular markers. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 10. Japan has continued to experience a large number of smaller earthquakes following the catastrophic March 11 earthquake. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 11. A shake map for the Honshu earthquake. A shake map shows ground movement and shaking intensity for an earthquake. Notice how the shaking intensity of the earthquake was higher near the earthquake epicenter (yellow star marker). Several nuclear power plants (triangle markers) are located in areas that experienced severe shaking. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 12. The location of the Onagawa, Fukushima Daiichi, Fukushima Daini and Tokai nuclear power plants are highlighted with triangular markers. A star indicates the epicenter of the March 11 earthquake. Red dots represent magnitude 6+ or aftershocks, yellow dots magnitude 5-6 aftershocks and green dots less than magnitude 5 aftershocks. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 13. The Honshu earthquake occurred in an area known as the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a broad 40,000 km (approximately 25,000 miles) band around the Pacific Ocean shaped like a horseshoe. This region contains over three-quarters of the world’s volcanoes and accounts for 90% of the world's earthquakes. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 14. The Honshu earthquake was so powerful that the island of Honshu moved 2.4 meters to the east. This slight shift in the Earth’s mass has resulted in a slight increase to the Earth’s speed of rotation by 1.6 microseconds, thereby fractionally shortening the length of the Earth’s day. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 15. The Honshu earthquake created a shift in the Earth’s mass that speed up the rotation of the Earth and thereby shortened the length of a day. The Pacific plate sliding under the Okhotsk plate (resulting in an earthquake) is akin to a spinning figure skater pulling her arms in closer to increase rotation speed.
- 16. A worldwide series of early-warning sensors known as DART buoys (Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis), provided advance warning for the tsunami generated by the Honshu earthquake. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 17. On March 11, 2011 a tsunami warning was issued for Japan. The areas highlighted in red represented an estimated tsunami wave height of 3 meters or more. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 18. TSUNAMI Interactive Animation illustrating how water is a tsunami piles up into a large wave in coastal areas. On the web at: http://www.thelayeredearth.com/teachable.html#tsunami www.LayeredEarth.com
- 19. Satellite image of Japan on February 22, 2011. In the March 11, 2011 earthquake, coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from the the 10-meter (33 foot) high tsunami. The tsunami damaged the backup cooling systems needed to remove heat from the reactors radioactive fuel. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 20. The estimated tsunami wave heights in the Pacific basin. Dark color indicate where the force of the tsunami was directed. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 21. A travel-time map for the tsunami generated by the Honshu earthquake on March 11. The tsunami travel-time map has lines and numbers (in hours) on it to indicate how long it took the tsunami to travel through the Pacific Basin. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 22. A travel-time map in mercador projection for the tsunami generated by the Honshu earthquake on March 11. The tsunami travel-time map has lines and numbers (in hours) on it to indicate how long it took the tsunami to travel through the Pacific Basin. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 23. The movement of the Pacific plate under the Okhotsk plate has resulted in the formation at the plate boundaries of a deep oceanic trench known as the Japan Trench. The Japan Trench has a maximum depth of 9,000 m (19,500 ft). www.LayeredEarth.com
- 24. On Sunday March 13, 2011, the Shinmoedake volcano in southern Japan erupted (seen as a yellow volcano icon). In addition to earthquakes, colliding plates can also form new volcanoes or built up old ones. Whether there is a link between the March 11 earthquake and the March 13 eruption is not certain. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 25. A close up view of the Shinmoedake volcano that erupted on March 13, 2011. www.LayeredEarth.com
- 26. Japanese government officials have informed people living within 20 kilometers of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant to evacuate, and people within 30 kilometers to stay indoors. www.LayeredEarth.com