A printer is a hardware device that takes electronic data from a computer and prints it onto paper. There are different types of printers categorized as either impact printers like daisy wheel printers that use a spinning disk to imprint characters, or non-impact printers like inkjet printers that spray ink onto paper and laser printers that use toner. Key qualities of printers are color capability, resolution, speed, and memory. New printing technologies may include inkless printing and 3D printing.
In computers, a printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. Printers are sometimes sold with computers, but more frequently are purchased separately. Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost. In general, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution color printing. https://isotechline.com/
Scanner is a device that translates hard copy into soft copy.
It translates data on a sheet of paper to a form that can be stored on a computer.
In other words converting of a document into digital format.
Data can be in either form of text or graphics.
Fleet Management and Driver safety solutions for field service organizations. Focused on best practices for driver behavior and fleet management and optimization for field service and mobile workforces
In computers, a printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. Printers are sometimes sold with computers, but more frequently are purchased separately. Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost. In general, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution color printing. https://isotechline.com/
Scanner is a device that translates hard copy into soft copy.
It translates data on a sheet of paper to a form that can be stored on a computer.
In other words converting of a document into digital format.
Data can be in either form of text or graphics.
Fleet Management and Driver safety solutions for field service organizations. Focused on best practices for driver behavior and fleet management and optimization for field service and mobile workforces
"ICT tools & social media for communication, sharing and publishing." Access Program Teacher Training (APT-Training)
21- 23 October, 2016, Marrakech, Morocco.A workshop by:
Mohammed Hassim, ELT Supervisor, Taroudant, Morocco.
mohammed.hassim@gmail.com
http://mohammedhassim.wix.com/edu-resources
The Diamond Datascram Diaries: Diamond Datascram Development Polsinelli PC
Our 2017 Labor and Employment Webinar Series will track the challenges that employers face through the highs and lows of the business cycle that can drive and ultimately determine a company’s success. Stages in this cycle can include company formation, growth through new investments or strategic alliances, and workforce restructuring due to changing economic conditions.
At each stage, there are discrete labor and employment issues that must be understood and addressed, which exist alongside complicating factors such as changing technologies, regulatory oversight and best practices for a compliant workforce. Polsinelli’s Labor and Employment attorneys will be joined by colleagues from practices across the firm (including Intellectual Property, White Collar, and Employee Benefits) to provide a comprehensive review of these issues.
In this series, we will follow the rise and fall of the innovative but fictional Diamond Datascram Inc. during the four main phases of the business cycle:
1. Formation: Diamond Datascram Development
2. Peak: Diamond Datascram Dominance
3. Contraction: Diamond Datascram Decline
4. Trough: Diamond Datascram Decimated
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE FORNECEDORES NO SETOR AUTOMOTIVO
O resultado final da produção não é mais a única prioridade dentro do sistema produtivo. Ao longo dos anos, se viu uma crescente preocupação em atender com excelência a todos os requisitos dos clientes. Foi por meio dessa preocupação que as empresas, a começar pelo setor automotivo, passaram a tratar todo o processo, desde fornecimento até a montagem final, como partes fundamentais para a busca e manutenção do posto de liderança em seus respectivos mercados (AQUINO; MENEGUETTE; PAGLIARUSSI, 2012).
De acordo com Krause e Ellram (1997), “[...] devido à incerteza de encontrar uma fonte melhor de fornecimento e ao alto custo para pesquisar e avaliar novos fornecedores, as empresas necessitam trabalhar com os fornecedores atuais para melhorar o seu desempenho”. ”[...] Como consequência, afirmam que é essencial desenvolver o relacionamento entre as partes”.
Deste modo, as empresas brasileiras, primeiramente pelas montadoras, observaram que era preciso melhorar o processo de produção dos fornecedores e o seu relacionamento. Tratando-se de melhoria de processos produtivos, grande parte das ferramentas de gestão da produção é amplamente aplicada na fase de procurement.
O presente trabalho se enquadra pela ABEPRO como uma pesquisa na subárea de Gestão de Cadeia de Suprimentos, dentro da área de Logística.
O objetivo deste trabalho é entender e descrever como uma montadora de veículos pesados e extrapesados trata o desenvolvimento do relacionamento com os seus fornecedores. Trata-se compreender questões como custo, qualidade e prazo de entrega do produto final para o cliente. Foram descritas e analisadas, as ferramentas e métodos para desenvolvimento de fornecedores que a montadora utiliza atualmente, bem como o perfil do profissional necessário para aplicar as metodologias da engenharia de produção às outras camadas da cadeia de suprimento.
Para que se possa ter foco nas análises e coletas de dados e, também, como resultado deste trabalho esperam-se as respostas das seguintes perguntas: como ocorre a iniciativa de se melhorar o processo produtivo de um fornecedor? Quais são os indicadores de processos analisados no fornecedor? Quais são os resultados financeiros, de qualidade e lead time de entrega de materiais ao aplicar a metodologia de desenvolvimento da cadeia de suprimentos? O foco utilizado pela empresa com relação aos fornecedores condiz com o retorno dado por elas?
Este trabalho tem como base prática o estudo de caso de uma indústria montadora de veículos de transporte pesados e extrapesados, na qual foi analisado o desenvolvimento de seus fornecedores.
Printer is an output device. There are several types of printer. Operation and advantage and disadvantages are presented on this assignment. This assignment was made as an assignment for university's course.
This assignment was made by the help of online web portals. My heartiest thanks to the authors of that portals.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
2. Description about Printers
A printer is an external hardware output device
that takes the electronic data stored on a
computer or other device and generates a hard
copy of it or print something on a paper. For
example, if you created a report on your computer
you could print several copies to hand out at a
staff meeting or to print a very valuable document
in a less amount of time. Printers are one of the
most popular computer peripherals and are
commonly used to print text and photos. The
picture to the right is an example of an inkjet
computer printer. We Can divide printers as
follows….
3. The four printer qualities of most interest to most users are:
Color: Color is important for users who need to print pages for presentations or maps and other pages
where color is part of the information. Color printers can also be set to print only in black-and-white. Color
printers are more expensive to operate since they use two ink cartridges (one color and one black ink) that
need to be replaced after a certain number of pages. Users who don't have a specific need for color and
who print a lot of pages will find a black-and-white printer cheaper to operate.
Resolution: Printer resolution (the sharpness of text and images on paper) is usually measured in dots per
inch (dpi). Most inexpensive printers provide sufficient resolution for most purposes at 600 dpi.
Speed: If you do much printing, the speed of the printer becomes important. Inexpensive printers print only
about 3 to 6 sheets per minute. Color printing is slower. More expensive printers are much faster.
Memory: Most printers come with a small amount of memory (for example, one megabyte) that can be
expanded by the user. Having more than the minimum amount of memory is helpful and faster when
printing out pages with large images or tables with lines around them (which the printer treats as a large
image).
We can divide printer into 2 main categories there are
Impact – Daisy wheel printers and Dot Metrix printers
Non-impact – Inkjet, Thermal and Laser
4. Daisy Wheel Printers
A type of printer that produces letter-quality type. A daisy-
wheel printer works on the same principle as a ball-head
typewriter. The daisy wheel is a disk made of plastic or
metal on which characters stand out in relief along the
outer edge. To print a character, the printer rotates the disk
until the desired letter is facing the paper. Then a hammer
strikes the disk, forcing the character to hit an ink ribbon,
leaving an impression of the character on the paper. You can
change the daisy wheel to print different fonts. Daisy-wheel
printers cannot print graphics, and in general they are noisy
and slow, printing from 10 to about 75 characters per
second. As the price of laser and ink-jet printers has
declined, and the quality of dot-matrix printers has
improved, daisy-wheel printers have become obsolete.
The daisy wheel print head is mounted to a carriage
assembly that is very similar to the assembly used with dot
matrix printers. Daisy are slow and limited in the characters
printed to those on the wheel. Despite these limitations,
they are still used for their ability to print letter quality
documents and make carbon copies.
5. Dot Matrix Printer
The term of dot matrix refers to form of image using number of dots. In dot matrix
image quality will calculate by DPI.
Dot Matrix Printers are invented by Centronics in 1970. These are strike to place 100 to
1000 little dots to form a text or image. It have an ability to print 30 to 550 characters
per second (cps), Nowadays these are rarely use because of low quality and can still
found on Banks, Institutes, some of supermarkets etc. but still their printout cost is less
and more noisy.
How it works?
It produced printed images when tiny pins on a print head strike an inked ribbon.
When ribbon pressed against the paper, it creates dots that they form characters
and graphics.
Rectangular print head contains 7 to 24 vertical column pins.
Pins are activating by when the print head moves across the papers and it will form
a dotted image.
These can produce carbon copies along with the originals.
Dot Matrix Output
Pin Types
6. Ink-jet Printer
It’s a non-impact printer producing a high quality print. A
standard inkjet printer has a resolution of 300dpi. Newer
models have further improved dpi. Inkjet printers were
introduced in the later half of 1980s and are very popular
owing to their extra-ordinary performances.
How Inkjet printer works?
1.Print head having four ink cartridges moves.
2.Software instructs where to apply to dots of ink, which color and what
quantity to use
3.Electrical pulses are sent to the resisters behind each nozzle.
4.Vapor bubbles of ink are formed by resistors and the ink is forced to the
paper through nozzles.
5.A matrix of dots forms characters and pictures.
Advantages and Dis-advantages Of Ink-jet
Advantages--
1.High resolution output.
2.Energy Efficient.
3.Many options to select.
Dis-advantages--
1.Expensive.
2.Special paper required for higher resolution output.
3.time consuming in case of graphics printing.
7. Laser printers
A type of printer that utilizes a laser beam to produce an
image on a drum. The light of the laser alters the
electrical charge on the drum wherever it hits. The drum
is then rolled through a reservoir of toner, which is
picked up by the charged portions of the drum. Finally,
the toner is transferred to the paper through a
combination of heat and pressure. This is also the way
copy machines work
Future of Printers
Inkless printing is one of on testing level technology and Xerox was developing the following
technology for inkless prints. This technology includes a reusable paper and printer can erase
and print the same paper repeatedly.
Future of printing technology may be far differ from the available technology. Because of the
day by day printers are up to date and people are looking for more advanced printing methods
like 3D printing.
10. A display device is an output
device for presentation of
information for visual reception.
The display systems are often
referred to as Video monitor or
Video Display Unit(VDU).Display
devices are designed to project ,
show , exhibit display softcopy
information. Display
Analogue Digital Other
11. A cathode ray tube (CRT) is a specialized vacuum tube in which images are
produced when an electron beam strikes a phosphorescent surface. Most desktop
computer displays make use of CRTs. The CRT in a computer display is similar to
the "picture tube" in a television receiver.
A cathode ray tube consists of several basic components, as illustrated below. The
electron gun generates an arrow beam of electrons. The anodes accelerate the
electrons. Deflecting coils produce an extremely low frequency electromagnetic
field that allows for constant adjustment of the direction of the electron beam.
There are two sets of deflecting coils: horizontal and vertical. (In the illustration,
only one set of coils is shown for simplicity.) The intensity of the beam can be
varied. The electron beam produces a tiny, bright visible spot when it strikes the
phosphor-coated screen.
Printers Cathode Ray Tube Display
12. The illustration shows only one electron gun. This is typical of a
monochrome, or single-color, CRT. However, virtually all CRTs
today render color images. These devices have three electron
guns, one for the primary color red, one for the primary color
green, and one for the primary color blue. The CRT thus
produces three overlapping images: one in red (R), one in
green (G), and one in blue (B). This is the so-called RGB color
model.
Features of CRT
The features of a CRT can be split into 4 main sections:
1. Electron gun.
2. Deflection system
3. Fluorescent screen
4. Glass Tube & Base
13. Features of CRTs
1.Electron Gun
The role of this section is to produce electrons at a high, fixed, velocity.
This is done through a process known as thermionic emission.
2.Deflection System
It consists of Two PERPENDICULAR sets of Electric/Magnetic fields.
This allows control over both horizontal and vertical axes.
By controlling the Voltage applied to the fields, it is possible to vary the deflection through Electrostatic force/Motor
effect.
3.Fluorescent Screen
The role of this part is to display where the electrons are hitting the CRT.
It is a screen coated with a material that emits light when struck by electrons.
Zinc sulfide or Phosphorus are two commonly used materials.
4.Glass Tube & Base
The whole assembly is protected in a conical highly evacuated glass tube.
Glass tube is a long, clear tube. The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep, fairly heavy, and
relatively fragile.
Inside the tube's neck is an assembly that produces a stream of electrons. Electrical connections to these internal
components are made through metal pins that extend out through the back of the tube's neck, usually in a circular
formation.
Vacuum is created inside the glass tube 0.001Pa to 133 nPa.
14. How CRT work ?
A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor
dots that glow when struck by an electron beam that travels across the
screen to create a visible image. In a CRT monitor tube, the cathode is a
heated filament. The heated filament is in a vacuum created inside a
glass tube. The electrons are negative and the screen gives a positive
charge so the screen glows.
15. Liquid Crystal Display
The heart of all liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is a liquid crystal itself. A liquid crystal is a substance that
flows like a liquid, but its molecules orient themselves in the manner of a crystal.
There are three basic types of ordering in liquid crystals which are termed nematic, cholesteric and
sematic.
In the cholesteric crystals molecules form planes. A
plane has nematic-like structure, but with each
plane molecules change their direction. As a result
the molecules display a helical twist through the
material.
When a nematic liquid crystal material comes into
contact with a solid surface molecules become aligned
either perpendicular to the surface (homeotropic
ordering) or parallel to the surface (homogeneous
ordering). These two forms can be produced by
suitable treatment of the surface.
16. The most important electrical characteristic of liquid crystal materials is that the direction of
the molecules can be controlled by the electric field. Usually the molecules tend to be
orientated along the electric field.
Transmission LCD displays do not have the reflector and must
be provided with rear illumination. They operate in a very
similar fashion to the reflective displays. Colour displays are
possible by incorporating color filters. An LCD cell consumes
only microwatts of power over a thousand times less than
LED displays. LCDs can operate on voltages as low as 2 to 3 V
and are easily driven by MOS IC drivers. LCDs also have their
disadvantages. They cannot be seen in the dark, have a
limited viewing angle and a limited temperature range.
The left column electrode is at the same potential level as the row electrode. To the right
column electrode (red), a different voltage is applied. In this way, an electric field is
generated in the right pixel oriented perpendicular to the glass surfaces. On the picture
one can see that the rubbing direction of the alignment layers (green) on top and bottom
substrate are chosen perpendicular to each other. Due to this choice, the director in the
left pixel makes a homogeneous turn of 90°from bottom to top. Therefore, this type of
LCD is called a 'Twisted Nematic LCD' (TN-LCD). If a voltage is applied to the electrode, the
director reorients to become perpendicular to the surfaces (right pixel).
17. LED Display
• An LED display is a flat panel display, which uses light-emitting
diodes as a video display.
• A cluster of red, green, and blue diodes is driven together to
form a full-color pixel, usually square in shape.
• Matrix of diodes is arranged to form pixels and picture definition
is stored in refresh buffer.
• Information is read from refresh buffer and converted into
voltage levels that are provided to diodes, thus producing light
patterns in the display.
• Three techniques are used in making LED displays Which are ,
1. Edge-Led: -It is done around the rim by using a special diffusion
panel to spread the light evenly behind the screen.
2. Full-array Led: - The are arranged behind the screen and their
brightness are not controlled individually.
3. Dynamic ‘Local Dimming’ Led: - This type of back-lightning
allows dimming of specific areas of darkness on the screen.
18. Vacuum Fluorescent displays
If you know how an old-style cathode-ray tube (CRT)
television works, understanding a VFD is simple. In a TV like
this, there's a hot piece of metal called the cathode whose
job is to fire electrons down a glass tube to the screen at
the front where the picture is formed. The screen is coated
with chemicals called phosphors that glow (or fluoresce)
when the electrons crash into them. By steering and
focusing the electron beam using magnets and a metal grid
with holes in it, we can paint an ever-changing pattern of
glowing dots on the screen—and that makes the moving
picture you see when you watch TV.
How it works in theory…
A VFD works in similar way to this using three electrical terminals(or electrodes)sealed inside a large glass
bulb from which the air has been removed
19. The cathode is negatively charged (−ve) and each anode is positively
charged (+ve), so electrons (yellow arrowed line) tend to flow naturally
from one to the other. When electrons strike the phosphor coated anode,
it glows with green light. We can stop this happening by making the grid
negatively charged, which repels electrons away from the anode.
Changing the grid voltage is thus a simple way of switching a segment of
the display on or off. It's also a way of controlling the brightness of the
display: making the grid more positively charged accelerates the electrons
so they rush past and hit the anode with more energy, giving off more
light. The higher the positive grid voltage, the brighter the display.
(Brightness controls on VFDs are effectively just voltage controls on the
grid.)
1. There's a heated filament (the negatively charged cathode) made from tungsten metal whose job is to produce
electrons. It's the red bar in our diagram.
2. Each segment of the display (which is a positively charged anode) is coated with phosphor, like the screen of a TV.
These phosphor-coated segments glow with light (often a ghostly green color) when electrons hit them.
3. In between the cathode and the anode there's a thin mesh of metal called the grid that can be switched on or off,
controlling the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode
20. Plasma Display Panels
The pixel cells in a plasma TV have things in common with both neon lamps and CFLs. Like a neon lamp,
each cell is filled with tiny amounts of neon or xenon gas. Like a CFL, each cell is coated inside with
phosphor chemicals. In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and
it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate
invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a
plasma TV, the cells are a bit like tiny CFLs only coated with phosphors that are red, blue, or green. Their
job is to take the invisible ultraviolet light produced by the neon or xenon gas in the cell and turn it into
red, blue, or green light we can actually see
1. Much like the picture in an LCD screen, the picture made by a plasma TV is made from an array (grid) of red, green and blue pixels
(microscopic dots or squares).
2. Each pixel can be switched on or off individually by a grid of horizontally and vertically mounted electrodes (shown as yellow
lines).
3. Suppose we want to activate one of the red pixels (shown hugely magnified in the light gray pullout circle on the right).
4. The two electrodes leading to the pixel cell put a high voltage across it, causing it to ionize and emit ultraviolet light (shown here
as a turquoise cross, though it would be invisible in the TV itself).
5. The ultraviolet light shines through the red phosphor coating on the inside of the pixel cell.
6. The phosphor coating converts the invisible ultraviolet into visible red light, making the pixel light up as a single red square
21. Electroluminescent Display
A technology used to produce a very thin display screen, called a flat-panel display,
used in some portable computers. An ELD works by sandwiching a thin film of
phosphorescent substance between two plates. One plate is coated with vertical
wires and the other with horizontal wires, forming a grid. When an electrical
current is passed through a horizontal and vertical wire, the phosphorescent film at
the intersection glows, creating a point of light, or pixel. Other types of flat-panel
displays include LCD displays and gas-plasma displays, both of which are more
common than ELDs.
EL displays contain a powdered or thin film phosphor layer
sandwiched between x- and y-axis panels. When an x-y
coordinate is charged, the phosphor in that vicinity emits
visible light.
EL displays are used in rugged, heavy-duty applications