Disciplines and ideas in the social sciences initial discussion
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This document discusses and compares natural science and social science. It notes that both are considered real sciences but have different origins, subjects of study, and limitations. Natural science deals with natural events using scientific methods that originated during the Renaissance, while social science emerged in the late 19th century to study human society and social interactions using methods like observation, experiments, interviews and surveys. Key differences include natural science aiming to discover natural laws through fields like physics and chemistry, while social science must interpret human behavior and faces challenges in controlling variables.
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- Society is divided into two main competing classes: the bourgeoisie (owners of capital) and the proletariat (workers).
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Submitted by: CYRIL M. AMPOLOQUIO
Submitted to: Teacher ALLAN E. BASUGA
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B. Introducing the disciplines within the Social Sciences.
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
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These approaches offer ways of looking at society from different perspectives. Marxism is one theoretical approach that is associated with conflict theory. It asserts that society is divided into classes that are in conflict with each other. Marxism views history as a result of conflicts caused by material needs. It sees society progressing through stages from primitive communism to capitalism and eventually communism, where there are no classes. Key concepts in Marxism include historical materialism, alienation, surplus value, false consciousness, and praxis. Marxism aims to challenge the status quo and encourage social change to abolish social classes.
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The philosophy of social science examines the concepts, methods, and logic used in the social sciences. It investigates both the practice of social sciences and the entities they study - human beings. The philosophy of social science can be descriptive, examining the tools used in social sciences, or prescriptive, recommending approaches for social sciences. It addresses whether and how the study of human social behavior can be scientific. As the area studied under "social studies" is wide, the philosophy of social sciences encompasses diverse questions, methods, and explanations across disciplines like economics, politics, anthropology and more.
Social sciences its relationship between individual and society
it is a interested topic in this feild Social sciences its relationship between individual and society
Origin and devpt socio
Sociology developed out of the intellectual movement of the Enlightenment in 18th century Europe. Auguste Comte coined the term "sociology" in 1839 to describe the scientific study of human social life and society. Early contributors like Herbert Spencer, Lester Ward, and Emile Durkheim applied scientific methods of systematic observation and classification to the study of societies. The first sociology departments were established in the late 19th century in the United States and Europe. By the early 20th century, sociology was becoming institutionalized as an academic discipline with dedicated journals, professional associations, and university programs established around the world.
Introduction to Sociology.ppt
The document provides an introduction to sociology and demography. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human society and social interaction, and traces its historical development from early social philosophers through founders like Comte, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. Demography is defined as the study of human populations in terms of size, structure, births, deaths, migration, and changes over time. The document outlines key areas and methods of sociology, as well as sources of demographic data and factors influencing population change. It discusses why these fields are studied and their importance for policymaking.
Lessons for sociology 1
Sociology is the scientific study of society and human social behavior. There are three major sociological perspectives: structural functionalism, which views society as a system with interrelated parts; conflict theory, which focuses on power struggles over scarce resources; and symbolic interactionism, which examines how society shapes individuals and their interactions. Major areas of sociology include social organization, social psychology, social change, human ecology, population studies, sociological theory/research, and applied sociology. Classical sociologists who developed influential theories include Comte, Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, and Weber. Culture encompasses the knowledge, social norms, values, beliefs, and other capabilities acquired by members of a society. Key elements that shape culture
nature-and-functions-of-social-sciences-disciplines-with-the-natural-sciences...
1. The document discusses the nine main disciplines of social sciences: anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, psychology, demography, and sociology.
2. It provides a brief definition and overview of each discipline, explaining their key areas of focus and methods of study related to human society and culture.
3. Social sciences aim to understand and explain human behavior and social relationships through distinct academic methods like research and analysis of topics like production, distribution, consumption, environment, politics, and demography.
Nature-and-functions-of-Social-Sciences-disciplines-with-the-natural-sciences...
1. The document discusses the nine main disciplines of social sciences: anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, psychology, demography, and sociology.
2. It provides a brief definition and overview of each discipline, explaining their key areas of focus and methods of study regarding human society and culture.
3. The disciplines of social sciences are interconnected and aim to explain human behavior and solve problems in society through systematic study using distinct methods.
1- Introduction to Philosophy of Social Sciences.pptx
Naturalism is a literary movement that emerged in the late 19th century as an outgrowth of realism. It applies scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to depict human beings, viewing them as animals governed by hereditary and environmental forces beyond their control. Naturalism presents a harsher, more deterministic worldview than realism, showing how social, economic, and biological factors dictate people's lives and restrict their free will. It aims to apply the principles of scientific determinism to literature.
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Social sciences its relationship between individual and society
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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
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Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and ReplicabilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
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https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
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Post translation modification by Suyash Garg
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•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
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In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
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Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
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The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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I am the PhD scholar of FND department, Assam down town University
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
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•Chemical
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Disciplines and ideas in the social sciences initial discussion
- 1. Social Science & Natural Science
- 2. Science • An endeavor to understand, explain and predict the world we live in using distinctive methods of enquiry in an attempt to construct theorist. • Is religion, astrology and fortune telling regarded as branches of sciences?
- 3. Natural and Social Science • Both are real sciences • First is formal, latter solves imaginary problems such as mathematics or Theoretical Computer Science, literary or applied sciences that talk about medicine and engineering.
- 4. Natural and Social Science • Use similar methods – scientific investigation. • Different origins, subjects of study, and limitations.
- 5. Natural Science • Disciplines that deals only with natural events using scientific methods. • Originated by Renaissance Thinkers who use systematic methods of investigations. • Arose from curiosity about the world and endeavor to transform nature in favor of human necessities of life.
- 6. Natural Science • Aims to discover the laws that rule the natural world. • Core areas such as chemistry, biology, & physics. • Early natural scientist were generalists • Use SMs since 17th century which are systematic observation, measurement and experiment
- 7. Natural Science • Theory cannot be confirmed by induction but only falsified by simple observation – Philosophical stance by Karl Popper • Paradigm reflection over paradigm shift by Thomas Kuhn. • Limited to technical and financial boundaries.
- 8. Social Science • Science that deals with human society, societal groups, individuals in their relationships with others or institutions of societies and material goods as expression of human cohabitation. • Started during late 19th century with “Suicide” by Emile Durkheim and Systeme de politique by Auguste Comte
- 9. Social Science • Subjects pertains to the phenomena of social interaction and coexistence. • Use the method of Observation, Experiments, interviews, surveys, and case studies in the uncontrollable social environments.
- 10. Social Science • Philosophically, what is the acceptable knowledge among social scientists. • Positivist – studies of social reality should apply the same methods as the natural sciences. Interpretivism – social reality cannot be measured in the same way as natural events but by grasping the subjective meaning of social actions.
- 11. Social Science Limited to the ff: • The need to base findings on interpretations • The complexity of a field in which single variables cannot be controlled easily • Ethical issues • Financial problems.
- 12. Social Science Social Sciences are those bodies of learning and study which recognize the simultaneous and mutual action of physical and non-physical stimuli which produce social relations – James High
- 13. Social Science Social Sciences are a body of knowledge and thought pertaining to human affairs as distinguished from sticks, stones, stars and physical objects. – Charles Beard
- 14. Social Science The subject that relate to the origin, organization, and development of human society, especially to man in his association with other men. – Bining and Bining
Editor's Notes
- Renaissance thinkers – Copernicus and Galileo who are concerned with problems from disciplines including Astronomy and Physics. Transformation was not yet possible to pursue freely in the era of slavery of the ancient society.
- Other disciplines are born out of the core areas. Generalists later specialized in newly disciplines such as astronomy in the beginning, engineering and later robotics or bionics. It rely on mathematically based methods while a large extent to controlled experimental settings in physics and chemisty.
- Inductive epistemology – finding is regarded as a general truth when a sufficient number of experiments have led to the same outcome. Search of a black swan by Popper. Paradigm is consists of a set of fundamental theoretical assumptions and a set of particular scientific problems that have been solved by means of theoretical assumptions. Invention of telescope and microscope / expensive equipment for space shuttles.
- Systeme to politique become the foundation for a positivist approach to social sciences.
- Perspective consists of the understanding and studying of a social aspect of society, group of people or a single individual. Highly complex social processes is often difficult or sometimes not possible at all.
- Thomas Compte – positivist Max Weber’s Notion of Verstehen