Direct Link Lan
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The document discusses several topics related to reliable data transmission over physical networks: 1) Encoding techniques like NRZ, Manchester, and 4B/5B encode binary data onto signals to transmit over networks and solve issues like consecutive 1s/0s. 2) Framing breaks the bit stream into frames using techniques like sentinel bits, counters, or clock timing. 3) Error detection codes like parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) detect errors by adding redundant bits and checking values at the receiver.
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http://www.cyberintelligents.in
info@cyberintelligents.in
https://www.facebook.com/cyberintelligents
https://in.linkedin.com/in/cyberintelligents/en
https://cyberintelligents.wordpress.com/
http://cyberintelligent.blogspot.in
+91 9876162698 +919988288019
http://trainingcyberintelligents.blogspot.com
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Local area networks can use different topologies and transmission mediums. Common topologies include bus, ring, and star. Transmission mediums include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Bridges connect different LANs and repeat frames between them in a transparent manner. Spanning tree protocols allow bridges to dynamically establish loop-free routes between LANs. Layer 2 switches improve performance over shared bus and hub architectures by providing dedicated bandwidth to each connected device.
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This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
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MAC.ppt
The document discusses MAC layer protocols for wireless networks. It begins by explaining what MAC is and its role in controlling access to the transmission medium. It then discusses CSMA/CD, the MAC protocol used in Ethernet wired networks, and how it is not suitable for wireless due to the hidden terminal problem where collisions cannot be detected by the sender. The document introduces MACA and 802.11 DCF protocols which use RTS/CTS handshaking to avoid collisions for wireless transmissions. It describes the components of 802.11 DCF including carrier sensing, backoff procedures, and interframe spacing used between transmissions.
MAC.ppt
MAC stands for Media Access Control. A MAC layer protocol is the protocol that controls access to the physical transmission medium on a LAN.
It tries to ensure that no two nodes are interfering with each other’s transmissions, and deals with the situation when they do.
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Virtual and physical carrier sense (CS)
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Binary exponential backoff
RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK for unicast packets
Broadcast packets are directly sent after CS
Takes time for every node to increase CW
Especially if traffic is spatially-correlated and bursty
Waste backoff slots if collisions cause CW to increase
Now let’s look at how this works in practice.
B hears A’s transmission, so when B’s chosen slot comes, it continues to wait.
In CSMA, each node picks a timeslot uniformly at random in the contention window.
This means that every slot has an equal chance of being chosen by a node.
However, if someone else starts transmitting before your chosen slot, you need to remain quiet.
Therefore…
SIFS : used by ACK, CTS, poll response (short)
PIFS : used by PC (point coordinator) when issuing polls (point)
DIFS : used by ordinary asynchronous traffic (distributed)
SIFS - 16 µsec. Slot Time - 9 µsec. AIFS[0] = (2 * 9) + 16 = 34 µsec = DIFS. AIFS[1] = (4 * 9) + 16 = 52 µsec (52 – 34) / 9 = 18/9 = 2 Slots ...
slot: 9us. SIFS: 16us. PIFS: 25us. DIFS: 34us. AIFS: >=34us.
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A and C want to send data to B
A senses medium idle and sends data
C senses medium idle and sends data
Collision occurs at B
Contention-based protocols
CSMA — Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Ethernet (CSMA/CD) is not enough for wireless (collision at receiver cannot detect at sender)Packets which suffered collisions should be re-sent.
Ideally, we would want all packets to be sent collision-free, only once…
Ethernet Collisions
Node A needs to transmit data to Node D.
Node A builds a packet.
Checks to see if the cable plant is clear (no one else is currently transmitting).
Transmits packet while listening to the cable.
Before Node A’s transmission reaches node C, node C accomplishes the above steps and also starts to transmit.
There is a collision on the cable plant caused by node A and C.
All stations invoke the backoff algorithm.
This defe
Mac
The document discusses MAC layer protocols for wireless networks. It begins by explaining that MAC (Media Access Control) controls access to the shared transmission medium on a local area network. It aims to prevent nodes from interfering with each other's transmissions. Common MAC protocols discussed include CSMA/CD used in Ethernet, and early wireless MAC protocols like MACA which introduced RTS/CTS to avoid the hidden terminal problem. A key part of wireless MAC is the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function, which uses carrier sensing, backoff mechanisms and RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK to allow multiple nodes fair access to the shared wireless channel.
Link layer
The document discusses the link layer and its services. It introduces key link layer concepts like framing, link access, error detection, flow control, and multiple access protocols. It describes different types of multiple access protocols including channel partitioning protocols like TDMA and FDMA as well as random access protocols like ALOHA and CSMA. It also discusses error detection techniques like parity checking, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). The document provides examples and comparisons of protocols to convey their tradeoffs and how they address the challenges of sharing communication channels.
Jaimin chp-3 - data-link layer- 2011 batch
The document discusses data link layer services and functions including:
1. Providing interfaces between network layers and framing/error control/flow control.
2. Types of services include unacknowledged/acknowledged connectionless and connection-oriented.
3. Framing methods like character count, flag bytes, and encoding violations are used to delineate frames. Error control uses acknowledgments, timers, and sequence numbers.
CS6551 COMPUTER NETWORKS
This document provides an overview of Ethernet and wireless computer networks. It discusses Ethernet standards and protocols including CSMA/CD, frame formats, addressing, and the transmitter algorithm. It also covers wireless networking technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16). Key aspects summarized include the use of carrier sensing and collision detection in Ethernet, exponential backoff for retransmission after collisions, and the use of frequency hopping and direct sequence spread spectrum in wireless networks.
Week15 lec1
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 5 of the textbook "Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach". It discusses:
- The link layer, which encapsulates datagrams into frames and transfers them between adjacent nodes. Different link layer protocols may be used on different links.
- Link layer services like framing, reliable delivery between nodes, error detection, flow control, and more. These services are implemented in network interface cards.
- Multiple access protocols that coordinate access to shared broadcast links, including TDMA, FDMA, ALOHA, and CSMA.
- Switches, which examine frame addresses and selectively forward frames to the correct outgoing link, avoiding collisions. Switches learn node
Mac
This document discusses media access control (MAC) protocols. It begins by describing different channel partitioning techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It then discusses random access protocols like Aloha and its variants Slotted Aloha, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and Ethernet. Contention-free protocols like token ring and FDDI are also summarized. The document discusses challenges with wireless MAC including hidden and exposed terminals, and how CSMA/CA and RTS/CTS protocols address these. It concludes with an overview of the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard.
wireless.ppt
An e-market, or electronic market, is a virtual marketplace where buyers and sellers can engage in transactions through the use of digital platforms, such as websites, mobile apps, or social media. E-markets have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their convenience, accessibility, and global reach.
E-markets differ from traditional markets in several ways:
Global reach: E-markets have a global reach, allowing buyers and sellers to connect from anywhere in the world. This means that businesses can access new markets and reach customers that they may not have been able to reach through traditional channels.
Convenience: E-markets offer a high degree of convenience, allowing customers to shop from the comfort of their homes or on the go using mobile devices. This convenience factor can lead to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Lower overhead costs: E-markets typically have lower overhead costs than traditional markets, as they do not require physical storefronts, inventory storage, or other infrastructure. This can result in lower prices for customers and higher profit margins for businesses.
24/7 availability: E-markets are available 24/7, allowing customers to shop at any time of the day or night. This can be particularly advantageous for businesses that operate in multiple time zones or that cater to customers with varying schedules.
Greater competition: E-markets can be highly competitive, with many businesses vying for the attention and loyalty of customers. This can result in lower prices, higher quality products, and better customer service as businesses compete for market share.
Mac
The document discusses broadcast networks and medium access control (MAC) protocols. It introduces the concepts of broadcast networks, where a single shared medium allows all connected devices to receive messages. This leads to potential conflicts when multiple devices try to transmit simultaneously. MAC protocols are needed to coordinate transmissions and resolve conflicts. Common MAC protocols discussed include ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD (Ethernet), and token passing (Token Ring). LAN standards like IEEE 802.3 that define MAC sublayer functions for CSMA/CD networks are also summarized briefly.
F06_Lecture7_etherne..
The document discusses Ethernet and multiple access protocols. It covers:
- Ethernet uses CSMA/CD as its multiple access protocol to prevent collisions on shared channels.
- Bridges connect multiple Ethernet networks and use the spanning tree protocol to prevent loops while maintaining connectivity.
- Switches operate similarly to bridges but each port connects to a single device, allowing for full-duplex links.
UnIT VIII manet
- AODV is a reactive routing protocol that establishes routes on-demand. When a node needs to send a packet to a destination, it broadcasts a route request (RREQ) to its neighbors.
- Neighbors rebroadcast the RREQ, creating a reverse path back to the source. If the destination receives a RREQ, or an intermediate node knows of a route, it responds by unicasting a route reply (RREP) back to the source.
- AODV sets up forward routes at intermediate nodes along the reverse path so bidirectional communication is possible. Route entries expire if not used recently and link failures are reported using route error (RERR) messages to update routing tables.
Cs8591 Computer Networks
This document summarizes a faculty development program on computer networks held from April 24-30, 2019. On April 25, Dr. A. Kathirvel from MNM Jain Engineering College gave a lecture covering various topics related to the data link layer, including data link protocols, media access control, encoding, framing, and error detection techniques. Specific protocols and concepts discussed include HDLC, PPP, Manchester encoding, 4B/5B encoding, byte-oriented and bit-oriented framing, CRC, checksums, and two-dimensional parity.
8251 08 Serial
The document discusses serial communications and common interface standards. It covers:
1) Types of serial communication including asynchronous and synchronous transfer, and simplex, half duplex, and full duplex transfer types.
2) The RS-232 standard for serial communication interfaces between DTE and DCE devices. It specifies voltage levels, connector types, and signal functions.
3) Common interface chips like the 8250/16450/16550 UART used for asynchronous communication and flow control between devices.
group11_DNAA:protocol stack and addressing
The document discusses the OSI model protocol stack and addressing. It describes the functions of each layer of the OSI model from the physical layer to the transport layer. The physical layer deals with physical transmission and encoding of data. The data link layer handles framing, addressing, error detection and flow control. The network layer is responsible for path determination and packet forwarding between hosts. The transport layer ensures reliable end-to-end delivery of data through functions like port addressing, segmentation/reassembly, connection control, flow control and error control.
Bluetooth mobileip
This document discusses Bluetooth and Mobile IP. It provides an overview of Bluetooth including its consortium, scenarios, specifications, and protocol architecture. It then discusses Mobile IP and the motivation for its development to allow for IP mobility as nodes change networks while maintaining ongoing connections and their IP address. The key requirement for Mobile IP is transparency, allowing mobile devices to keep their IP address and continue communication after changing networks.
Humming code error detector 7_communications.ppt
Redundant data transmission: detect error, and correct automatically! Common methods: Repeating. Hamming codes. Reed-Muller codes, etc… Majority coding: Data: ...
Lan
Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
1. In a point-to-point network with N computers, each computer needs to be connected to every other computer with a dedicated link. The total number of links required is the number of ways of choosing an ordered pair of computers out of N computers, which is N(N-1). Since each link connects two computers, the total number of links is N(N-1)/2 = (N2-N)/2.
2. For bus topology, if a station breaks, all communication on the segment is disrupted. For star topology, only the broken station is affected, other stations can still communicate. For ring topology, the ring is broken and no station after
Chapter 4ver2
Ethernet is a widely used local area network technology that operates at the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model. It uses CSMA/CD access method to share the transmission medium and detect collisions. Key Ethernet standards include 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 1000Base-T, and 10GBase-T for copper cable, as well as 100Base-FX and 1000Base-LX for fiber-optic cable. Switches help improve network performance by segmenting collision domains and enabling full-duplex transmissions.
Similar to Direct Link Lan (20)
MACPresentation based on medium access control mechanism
MACPresentation based on medium access control mechanism
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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Direct Link Lan
- 6. Encodings (cont) Bits NRZ Clock Manchester NRZI 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
- 16. CRC Example Generator 1101 11111001 10011010 000 Message 1101 1001 1101 1000 1101 1011 1101 1100 1101 1000 1101 101 Remainder
- 27. MAC Sub-layer Data link layer 802.3 CSMA-CD 802.5 Token Ring 802.2 Logical link control Physical layer MAC LLC 802.11 Wireless LAN Network layer Network layer Physical layer OSI IEEE 802 Various physical layers Other LANs
- 31. Taxonomy of MAC Protocols WiFi (802.11)
- 34. Performance of Aloha Protocols S = throughput = “goodput” (success rate) G = offered load = Np 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Pure Aloha Slotted Aloha
- 38. Collisions A B A B A B A B
- 39. Worst Case Collision Detection Time
- 49. Ethernet CSMA/CD Alg. Flow Chart
- 53. IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer IEEE 802.3 10 Mbps medium alternatives Thick Coax: Stiff, hard to work with T connectors flaky Hubs & Switches! (a) transceivers (b) Point-to-point link Star Bus Bus Topology 2 km 100 m 2 00 m 5 00 m Max. Segment Length Optical f iber T wisted pair Thin coax Thick coax Medium 10base FX 10base T 10base 2 10base 5
- 56. Ethernet Hubs & Switches Twisted Pair Cheap Easy to work with Reliable Star-topology CSMA-CD Twisted Pair Cheap Bridging increases scalability Separate collision domains Full duplex operation (a) Single collision domain (b) High-Speed backplane or interconnection fabric
- 60. Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer Specification (IEEE 802.3 1 Gigabit Ethernet medium alternatives) Star Star Star Star Topology 100 m 25 m 5 km 550 m Max. Segment Length Twisted pair category 5 UTP Shielded copper cable Optical fiber single mode Two strands Optical fiber multimode Two strands Medium 1000baseT 1000baseCX 1000baseLX 1000baseSX
- 65. Typical Ethernet Deployment Server 100 Mbps links 10 Mbps links Server Server Server 100 Mbps links 10 Mbps links Server 100 Mbps links 10 Mbps links Server Gigabit Ethernet links Gigabit Ethernet links Server farm Department A Department B Department C Hub Hub Hub Ethernet switch Ethernet switch Ethernet switch Switch/router Switch/router
- 68. Ring Topology
- 71. Token Release T oken Frame T oken Frame Release after Transmission Release after Reception
- 72. Tokens and Data Frames Body Checksum Src addr Variable 48 Dest addr 48 32 End delimiter 8 Frame status 8 Frame control 8 Access control 8 Start delimiter 8