This document discusses diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. It provides information on the causative organisms, transmission, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, treatment, and prevention of each disease. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and spreads through respiratory droplets. It causes a pseudomembrane that can lead to airway obstruction. Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is highly contagious, spreading through the respiratory route. It causes a characteristic cough that lasts for months. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria. It produces a toxin that can cause membrane formations in the throat and airway obstruction. Symptoms vary depending on infection site but commonly include sore throat. Complications can include heart and nerve damage from the toxin. Treatment involves antitoxin to neutralize the toxin as well as antibiotics. Vaccination is important to prevent spread.
This document provides information on diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. It describes diphtheria as an infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria and is characterized by severe coughing fits. Transmission of both diseases occurs through respiratory droplets. Vaccines exist to prevent diphtheria and pertussis. Treatment involves antitoxins for diphtheria and antibiotics to stop toxin production.
Neonatal infections can occur through several modes of transmission, including antenatally from the mother, intranatally during birth, or postnatally after birth. Common infections presented include ophthalmic neonatorum (conjunctivitis), omphalitis (umbilical cord infection), tetanus neonatorum, necrotizing enterocolitis, oral thrush, and various skin infections. Proper infection prevention practices and timely treatment of infections are important for neonatal health outcomes.
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a greyish membrane in the throat or on skin. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits that can cause vomiting. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable but still occur worldwide. Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, and isolation of cases. Vaccination programs have reduced rates of these diseases significantly in many countries.
Bacterial infections can cause a variety of diseases. Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and presents with a characteristic rash. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani and causes muscle spasms. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and commonly affects the lungs, causing cough and weight loss. It can be diagnosed by smear or culture and treated with antibiotics.
1) Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis/parapertussis, and Clostridium tetani respectively.
2) They present with respiratory symptoms like sore throat and cough and neurological symptoms like muscle spasms. Diagnosis involves identification of bacteria and supportive lab tests.
3) Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, wound care and supportive measures. Immunization provides effective prevention against these diseases.
Bacterial infections can cause diseases that manifest in the oral cavity. Some diseases like scarlet fever are caused by specific bacteria, while others can be caused by a broad group of microorganisms. Common bacterial infections discussed in the document include scarlet fever caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, diphtheria caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These bacteria can cause lesions, ulcers, and pseudomembranes in the oral cavity. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacteria through cultures or identifying their characteristics through microscopic examination after staining.
Common diseases and affections of laboratroy rabbits, quick review guidePavulraj Selvaraj
This document discusses several bacterial diseases that affect rabbits, including pasteurellosis, bordetellosis, colibacillosis, Tyzzer's disease, and Staphylococcus infections. Pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the most common diseases and can cause upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, ear infections, genital infections, abscesses, conjunctivitis, and sepsis. Bordetellosis, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, has similar upper respiratory clinical signs. Colibacillosis is caused by pathogenic E. coli and causes diarrhea, fever, and anorexia in rabbits. Tyz
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria. It produces a toxin that can cause membrane formations in the throat and airway obstruction. Symptoms vary depending on infection site but commonly include sore throat. Complications can include heart and nerve damage from the toxin. Treatment involves antitoxin to neutralize the toxin as well as antibiotics. Vaccination is important to prevent spread.
This document provides information on diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. It describes diphtheria as an infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria and is characterized by severe coughing fits. Transmission of both diseases occurs through respiratory droplets. Vaccines exist to prevent diphtheria and pertussis. Treatment involves antitoxins for diphtheria and antibiotics to stop toxin production.
Neonatal infections can occur through several modes of transmission, including antenatally from the mother, intranatally during birth, or postnatally after birth. Common infections presented include ophthalmic neonatorum (conjunctivitis), omphalitis (umbilical cord infection), tetanus neonatorum, necrotizing enterocolitis, oral thrush, and various skin infections. Proper infection prevention practices and timely treatment of infections are important for neonatal health outcomes.
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a greyish membrane in the throat or on skin. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits that can cause vomiting. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable but still occur worldwide. Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, and isolation of cases. Vaccination programs have reduced rates of these diseases significantly in many countries.
Bacterial infections can cause a variety of diseases. Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and presents with a characteristic rash. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani and causes muscle spasms. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and commonly affects the lungs, causing cough and weight loss. It can be diagnosed by smear or culture and treated with antibiotics.
1) Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis/parapertussis, and Clostridium tetani respectively.
2) They present with respiratory symptoms like sore throat and cough and neurological symptoms like muscle spasms. Diagnosis involves identification of bacteria and supportive lab tests.
3) Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, wound care and supportive measures. Immunization provides effective prevention against these diseases.
Bacterial infections can cause diseases that manifest in the oral cavity. Some diseases like scarlet fever are caused by specific bacteria, while others can be caused by a broad group of microorganisms. Common bacterial infections discussed in the document include scarlet fever caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, diphtheria caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These bacteria can cause lesions, ulcers, and pseudomembranes in the oral cavity. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacteria through cultures or identifying their characteristics through microscopic examination after staining.
Common diseases and affections of laboratroy rabbits, quick review guidePavulraj Selvaraj
This document discusses several bacterial diseases that affect rabbits, including pasteurellosis, bordetellosis, colibacillosis, Tyzzer's disease, and Staphylococcus infections. Pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the most common diseases and can cause upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, ear infections, genital infections, abscesses, conjunctivitis, and sepsis. Bordetellosis, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, has similar upper respiratory clinical signs. Colibacillosis is caused by pathogenic E. coli and causes diarrhea, fever, and anorexia in rabbits. Tyz
This document provides an overview of common bacterial infections that can affect the eye. It begins by describing the different types of bacteria (gram-positive/negative, cocci/rods) and then discusses specific bacteria like Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, and others. The document then covers various bacterial infections including preseptal and orbital cellulitis, blepharitis, hordeolum, conjunctivitis, gonococcal conjunctivitis, chlamydial conjunctivitis including trachoma, and appropriate treatment approaches.
Diphtheria is an acute toxin-mediated disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which are gram-positive, catalase-positive rods. It is characterized by sore throat and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. The membrane firmly adheres to the mucosa and can spread down the bronchial tree, causing respiratory obstruction. Humans are the only reservoir, and it is transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics such as erythromycin. Childhood immunization is the main preventive measure.
This document discusses several communicable respiratory infections including chickenpox, measles, influenza, and diphtheria. It defines each disease, describes the causative agent and mode of transmission, outlines clinical features and stages of illness, discusses treatment and prevention methods. Key points covered include that chickenpox is caused by varicella virus transmitted via droplets or lesions, measles causes a characteristic rash and is transmitted via droplets, influenza occurs seasonally and is caused by influenza viruses A/B/C, and diphtheria involves a bacterial toxin and is primarily transmitted via droplets. Prevention strategies for each include vaccination programs and isolation of infected individuals.
Takreem Ilyas presented on diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces a toxin that can cause membrane formations in the throat and on the skin. The document discussed the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations including respiratory and cutaneous forms, complications, diagnosis through culture and PCR, treatment including diphtheria antitoxin and antimicrobial therapy, and prevention through vaccination.
Chickenpox Department of Physiotherapy, SHUATS, PrayagrajSurabhi Srivastava
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and causes a highly contagious disease characterized by a rash. It most commonly affects children under 10 years old and has an incubation period of 14-16 days. The rash begins as papules and vesicles that eventually crust over after 7-10 days. Complications can include dehydration, pneumonia, or secondary infections if not properly treated with antivirals, acetaminophen, baths, and lotions. Vaccination is the best form of prevention.
This document discusses various respiratory infections including the common cold, influenza, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. It provides information on the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention of each condition. The key points are that these are mainly infectious diseases affecting the respiratory tract, spread through droplets or direct contact, and can be prevented through vaccination, hygiene and treatment of active infections.
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
- It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and can affect the respiratory tract and skin.
- Rates have declined in many countries due to widespread childhood vaccination programs. However, outbreaks still occur where immunization coverage is low.
- Clinical features depend on site of infection but may include sore throat, fever, and formation of a pseudomembrane. Complications can include heart and nerve damage.
- Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Contacts are screened and given prophylactic treatment including toxoid vaccines.
- Immunization programs recommend routine childhood vaccination with combined DPT or
Bacterial infection is caused by disease-causing bacteria invading body tissues. This leads to bacteria multiplying and the body reacting to the microorganisms and toxins they produce. The document discusses many specific types of bacterial infections caused by different bacteria that affect various parts of the body, including their symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
Strep throat is caused by Group A streptococcal bacteria. It is transmitted through contact with infected saliva or nasal discharge. Symptoms include a sore, red throat with white patches, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis is made via a throat swab test. Treatment is 10 days of antibiotics such as penicillin. Incomplete treatment can lead to complications like rheumatic fever. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes symptoms like cough, fever, difficulty breathing. Bacterial pneumonia is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Risk factors include smoking, weak immune system. Diagnosis is via culture. Treatment is antibiotics like penicillin. Pertussis or whooping
This document discusses various viral infections that can affect children, including properties of viruses, morphology, and specific viruses such as herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Epstein Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and pox viruses. It provides details on the presentation, transmission, oral manifestations, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of each viral infection. Common childhood viral infections covered include chickenpox, fifth disease, infectious mononucleosis, hand foot and mouth disease, and pharyngoconjunctival fever.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium species, mainly M. tuberculosis, which is transmitted via airborne droplets. It most commonly affects the lungs, causing symptoms like cough and sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum smear and culture. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-12 months to prevent resistance. Complications include pleural effusion, pneumonia or other organ involvement. Prevention focuses on treatment of active cases, BCG vaccination, and improving socioeconomic conditions.
This document provides an overview of diphtheria including its introduction, history, epidemiology in India and worldwide, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and control. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as respiratory or cutaneous infection. While immunization has reduced cases in developed countries, it remains endemic in India and other developing areas due to lack of widespread vaccination. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Control relies on maintaining high immunization coverage with DPT vaccine along with identifying and treating cases and carriers.
Diphtheria is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that is endemic in developing countries. It mainly affects children under 5 years of age and occurs more commonly in winter months. There are four main types - pharyngotonsillar, laryngotracheal, nasal and cutaneous. Diagnosis involves tests like the Schick test or culture. Prevention relies on early detection, treatment, immunization as per national schedules, and isolating cases and carriers. Complications can impact the respiratory, cardiac, neurological and renal systems if not treated promptly.
Diphtheria :- acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriaeAbhinav S
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, particularly the throat and nose, but can also affect the skin. The hallmark of respiratory diphtheria is the formation of a thick, gray pseudomembrane covering the throat and tonsils, which can cause breathing difficulties and swallowing problems. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and general malaise.
The bacteria produce a toxin that can lead to severe complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), neuropathy, and airway obstruction. Diphtheria is highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
Prevention is primarily through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid, which is part of the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine series given in childhood. Treatment includes administration of diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin, and antibiotics (such as penicillin or erythromycin) to eradicate the bacteria.
Prompt medical attention is crucial to manage diphtheria effectively and prevent severe complications or death.
This document summarizes acute laryngeal infections and congenital disorders of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It describes croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), its causes, symptoms, diagnosis including Westley Croup Score, and treatments including corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, heliox, and intubation if severe. Bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis and diphtheria are also discussed. Congenital conditions covered include laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, laryngocoeles, and saccular cysts.
This document provides information about nursing management of patients with diphtheria. It begins with definitions of diphtheria as an acute bacterial disease involving mucous membranes caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Key points discussed include the epidemiology, mode of transmission, incubation period, susceptibility and resistance, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria. Nursing care focuses on isolation, administration of antitoxin and antibiotics, supportive care, health education and vaccination.
This document provides information and guidelines for managing a Code Blue situation. It defines a Code Blue as indicating a patient requiring resuscitation or immediate medical attention due to respiratory or cardiac arrest. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of the Code Blue team, which includes medical staff from cardiology, anesthesia, nursing and respiratory therapy. It also describes the steps to take during a Code Blue, including activating the emergency, performing CPR, assessing the patient's condition, and treating any life-threatening arrhythmias according to ACLS protocols. Post-resuscitation care and documentation are also addressed.
1. POLICY ON GRIEVANCE & DICIPLINARY PROCEDURE.pptxMonishabasavaraj
This document discusses employee discipline and grievance procedures. It defines discipline as a process of training employees to develop self-control and become more efficient. Positive discipline focuses on self-discipline through rewards, while negative discipline enforces rules through penalties. Grievances are formal disputes between employees and management that must be addressed according to grievance procedures. These typically involve multiple steps moving up the management chain. The document also covers types of employee separation including voluntary resignations and retirements, as well as involuntary terminations like dismissal, layoffs, and retrenchment.
This document provides an overview of common bacterial infections that can affect the eye. It begins by describing the different types of bacteria (gram-positive/negative, cocci/rods) and then discusses specific bacteria like Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, and others. The document then covers various bacterial infections including preseptal and orbital cellulitis, blepharitis, hordeolum, conjunctivitis, gonococcal conjunctivitis, chlamydial conjunctivitis including trachoma, and appropriate treatment approaches.
Diphtheria is an acute toxin-mediated disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which are gram-positive, catalase-positive rods. It is characterized by sore throat and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. The membrane firmly adheres to the mucosa and can spread down the bronchial tree, causing respiratory obstruction. Humans are the only reservoir, and it is transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics such as erythromycin. Childhood immunization is the main preventive measure.
This document discusses several communicable respiratory infections including chickenpox, measles, influenza, and diphtheria. It defines each disease, describes the causative agent and mode of transmission, outlines clinical features and stages of illness, discusses treatment and prevention methods. Key points covered include that chickenpox is caused by varicella virus transmitted via droplets or lesions, measles causes a characteristic rash and is transmitted via droplets, influenza occurs seasonally and is caused by influenza viruses A/B/C, and diphtheria involves a bacterial toxin and is primarily transmitted via droplets. Prevention strategies for each include vaccination programs and isolation of infected individuals.
Takreem Ilyas presented on diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces a toxin that can cause membrane formations in the throat and on the skin. The document discussed the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations including respiratory and cutaneous forms, complications, diagnosis through culture and PCR, treatment including diphtheria antitoxin and antimicrobial therapy, and prevention through vaccination.
Chickenpox Department of Physiotherapy, SHUATS, PrayagrajSurabhi Srivastava
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and causes a highly contagious disease characterized by a rash. It most commonly affects children under 10 years old and has an incubation period of 14-16 days. The rash begins as papules and vesicles that eventually crust over after 7-10 days. Complications can include dehydration, pneumonia, or secondary infections if not properly treated with antivirals, acetaminophen, baths, and lotions. Vaccination is the best form of prevention.
This document discusses various respiratory infections including the common cold, influenza, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. It provides information on the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention of each condition. The key points are that these are mainly infectious diseases affecting the respiratory tract, spread through droplets or direct contact, and can be prevented through vaccination, hygiene and treatment of active infections.
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
- It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and can affect the respiratory tract and skin.
- Rates have declined in many countries due to widespread childhood vaccination programs. However, outbreaks still occur where immunization coverage is low.
- Clinical features depend on site of infection but may include sore throat, fever, and formation of a pseudomembrane. Complications can include heart and nerve damage.
- Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Contacts are screened and given prophylactic treatment including toxoid vaccines.
- Immunization programs recommend routine childhood vaccination with combined DPT or
Bacterial infection is caused by disease-causing bacteria invading body tissues. This leads to bacteria multiplying and the body reacting to the microorganisms and toxins they produce. The document discusses many specific types of bacterial infections caused by different bacteria that affect various parts of the body, including their symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
Strep throat is caused by Group A streptococcal bacteria. It is transmitted through contact with infected saliva or nasal discharge. Symptoms include a sore, red throat with white patches, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis is made via a throat swab test. Treatment is 10 days of antibiotics such as penicillin. Incomplete treatment can lead to complications like rheumatic fever. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes symptoms like cough, fever, difficulty breathing. Bacterial pneumonia is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Risk factors include smoking, weak immune system. Diagnosis is via culture. Treatment is antibiotics like penicillin. Pertussis or whooping
This document discusses various viral infections that can affect children, including properties of viruses, morphology, and specific viruses such as herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Epstein Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and pox viruses. It provides details on the presentation, transmission, oral manifestations, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of each viral infection. Common childhood viral infections covered include chickenpox, fifth disease, infectious mononucleosis, hand foot and mouth disease, and pharyngoconjunctival fever.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium species, mainly M. tuberculosis, which is transmitted via airborne droplets. It most commonly affects the lungs, causing symptoms like cough and sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum smear and culture. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-12 months to prevent resistance. Complications include pleural effusion, pneumonia or other organ involvement. Prevention focuses on treatment of active cases, BCG vaccination, and improving socioeconomic conditions.
This document provides an overview of diphtheria including its introduction, history, epidemiology in India and worldwide, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and control. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as respiratory or cutaneous infection. While immunization has reduced cases in developed countries, it remains endemic in India and other developing areas due to lack of widespread vaccination. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Control relies on maintaining high immunization coverage with DPT vaccine along with identifying and treating cases and carriers.
Diphtheria is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that is endemic in developing countries. It mainly affects children under 5 years of age and occurs more commonly in winter months. There are four main types - pharyngotonsillar, laryngotracheal, nasal and cutaneous. Diagnosis involves tests like the Schick test or culture. Prevention relies on early detection, treatment, immunization as per national schedules, and isolating cases and carriers. Complications can impact the respiratory, cardiac, neurological and renal systems if not treated promptly.
Diphtheria :- acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriaeAbhinav S
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, particularly the throat and nose, but can also affect the skin. The hallmark of respiratory diphtheria is the formation of a thick, gray pseudomembrane covering the throat and tonsils, which can cause breathing difficulties and swallowing problems. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and general malaise.
The bacteria produce a toxin that can lead to severe complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), neuropathy, and airway obstruction. Diphtheria is highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
Prevention is primarily through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid, which is part of the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine series given in childhood. Treatment includes administration of diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin, and antibiotics (such as penicillin or erythromycin) to eradicate the bacteria.
Prompt medical attention is crucial to manage diphtheria effectively and prevent severe complications or death.
This document summarizes acute laryngeal infections and congenital disorders of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It describes croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), its causes, symptoms, diagnosis including Westley Croup Score, and treatments including corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, heliox, and intubation if severe. Bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis and diphtheria are also discussed. Congenital conditions covered include laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, laryngocoeles, and saccular cysts.
This document provides information about nursing management of patients with diphtheria. It begins with definitions of diphtheria as an acute bacterial disease involving mucous membranes caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Key points discussed include the epidemiology, mode of transmission, incubation period, susceptibility and resistance, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria. Nursing care focuses on isolation, administration of antitoxin and antibiotics, supportive care, health education and vaccination.
This document provides information and guidelines for managing a Code Blue situation. It defines a Code Blue as indicating a patient requiring resuscitation or immediate medical attention due to respiratory or cardiac arrest. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of the Code Blue team, which includes medical staff from cardiology, anesthesia, nursing and respiratory therapy. It also describes the steps to take during a Code Blue, including activating the emergency, performing CPR, assessing the patient's condition, and treating any life-threatening arrhythmias according to ACLS protocols. Post-resuscitation care and documentation are also addressed.
1. POLICY ON GRIEVANCE & DICIPLINARY PROCEDURE.pptxMonishabasavaraj
This document discusses employee discipline and grievance procedures. It defines discipline as a process of training employees to develop self-control and become more efficient. Positive discipline focuses on self-discipline through rewards, while negative discipline enforces rules through penalties. Grievances are formal disputes between employees and management that must be addressed according to grievance procedures. These typically involve multiple steps moving up the management chain. The document also covers types of employee separation including voluntary resignations and retirements, as well as involuntary terminations like dismissal, layoffs, and retrenchment.
CPR involves chest compressions and rescue breathing to manually maintain heart function and oxygenated blood flow until medical treatment can restore normal heart rhythm. It is used when someone's heart stops beating or they stop breathing. The goals of CPR are to keep oxygen-rich blood circulating to the brain and other vital organs until definitive medical treatment can restore normal heart function or breathing. CPR procedures involve opening the airway, providing rescue breathing, performing chest compressions, and using an automated external defibrillator to deliver an electric shock if needed. Proper CPR technique and timing is crucial to maximize the chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
Records provide ready information and preserve evidence for future use. Personnel records are used for long-term purposes and include employment history, medical reports, attendance records, and more. The purpose of record keeping is to facilitate an orderly account of progress, enable comparisons, detect errors and frauds, meet legal requirements, and support personnel decisions. Personnel records play a significant role in performing functions like audits, research, and reviewing policies. They supply necessary information to management and unions.
This document discusses surgical safety and errors. It notes that 234 million operations are performed globally each year, with 1 million deaths and 7 million disabling complications, over 50% of which are preventable. Common errors include wrong site surgery, wrong patient surgery, and retained surgical instruments. Causes of errors include lack of protocols, training, supervision, communication breakdowns, and operating outside of one's expertise. Checklists modeled after aviation safety checklists have been shown to reduce complications and deaths when used in surgery. A WHO surgical safety checklist was tested in 8 hospitals globally and significantly reduced death rates and complication rates. Universal adoption of checklists and a culture of safety are seen as keys to reducing preventable surgical errors.
The document discusses the laws around prevention of sexual harassment in the Indian workplace. It defines sexual harassment, provides examples of unwelcome behavior, and outlines the complaint process and potential consequences. It notes that the objective of Indian laws is prevention, protection, and redressal of sexual harassment complaints. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act of 2013 provides the framework.
1. A drug recall is a process of withdrawing a pharmaceutical product from distribution due to defects, adverse reactions, or counterfeiting concerns. The recall can be initiated by the manufacturer or regulatory authorities.
2. The objectives of a drug recall are to stop distribution of the affected product, notify relevant parties, remove the product from the marketplace, analyze the root cause, and implement corrective actions to prevent future recalls.
3. Recalls are classified by the CDSCO as Class I, II, or III based on the health risk posed by the defective product, with Class I posing the greatest risk requiring the fastest response.
This document provides guidelines for caring for vulnerable patients in the hospital. It defines vulnerable patients as those unable to protect or care for themselves. It identifies several patient groups as vulnerable including the elderly, young, terminally ill, and those with medical or psychiatric conditions. The document outlines how to assess vulnerability, identify at-risk patients, conduct fall risk assessments, ensure patient safety, obtain informed consent, educate patients and families, and properly document any falls that occur. It provides specific interventions and policies for caring for vulnerable patients and preventing common risks like falls.
The document discusses look alike and sound alike (LASA) medications, which can cause errors due to visual or phonetic similarities. It defines LASA medications and describes individual, environmental, and unique factors that can contribute to errors. The document lists examples of LASA drug categories from the FDA and ISMP. It then outlines strategies to prevent LASA errors in procurement, storage, dispensing, prescribing, administration, monitoring, and patient education. Finally, it provides an example of how one hospital implements various strategies like using tall man lettering, warnings, double checks, and education to address LASA medication safety issues.
Patient satisfaction is important for public accountability and quality improvement. It measures how useful, effective, or beneficial patients find healthcare services. Factors influencing satisfaction include quality/competency of providers, information/explanations, wait times, cost, effectiveness/appropriateness of care, amenities, and continuity of care. Surveys are conducted to evaluate satisfaction through structured questionnaires, discharge interviews, and suggestion/complaint boxes. Feedback is processed, actions are implemented, and satisfaction levels are periodically reviewed.
This document discusses various topics related to end of life care, including palliative care, hospice care, pain management, common symptoms, and more. It provides information on:
1) Palliative care aims to make patients as comfortable as possible, while hospice care focuses on those with a life expectancy of 6 months or less.
2) Common symptoms at end of life include pain, nausea, breathlessness, weight loss, and fatigue. Opioids, antiemetics, oxygen, corticosteroids, and other drugs can help manage these symptoms.
3) Additional issues covered include depression, delirium, anorexia, dyspnea, neuropathics pain, bone
This document provides guidance on spill management in a hospital setting. It outlines objectives to familiarize staff with regulatory standards, hazards, and appropriate spill responses. It also emphasizes having spill kits ready. The document discusses how spills can occur from faulty equipment or human error, posing infection risks. It differentiates between biological, chemical, and mercury spills, and small and large spills. Steps are provided for managing biological spills, including using protective equipment and a 10% hypochlorite solution.
This document provides information on housekeeping techniques for hospital housekeepers. It discusses the order of cleaning tasks, defines housekeeping, and explains the importance of housekeeping for aesthetic appeal, hygiene, maintenance, and safety. It also outlines specific cleaning techniques for hospitals, including areas to clean, cleaning agents, equipment, and principles of cleaning like cleaning from top to bottom. Hospital housekeeping aims to maintain a clean, safe, and hygienic environment to reduce infection risks.
This document discusses medicolegal issues that doctors may encounter. It defines a medicolegal case as one involving legal implications for the attending doctor where further investigation by law enforcement is required. The document outlines doctors' legal responsibilities in managing medicolegal cases, including informing law enforcement of certain injuries or deaths. It provides guidance on properly receiving, documenting, and managing different types of medicolegal cases.
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Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
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Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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3. INTRODUCTION
An acute toxic infection caused by Corynebacterium
diphtheriae and rarely toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium
ulcerans
aerobic, nonencapsulated, non–spore-forming, mostly
nonmotile, pleomorphic, gram-positive bacilli
Differentiation of C. diphtheriae from C. ulcerans is based on
urease activity, C. ulcerans is urease-positive
Four C. diphtheriae biotypes - mitis, intermedius, belfanti,
gravis; differentiated by colonial morphology, hemolysis, and
fermentation reactions
4. INTRODUCTION
Diphtheritic toxin production occurs only after acquisition of a
lysogenic Corynebacteriophage by either C. diphtheriae or C.
ulcerans, which encodes the diphtheritic toxin gene and
confers diphtheria-producing potential on these strains
Demonstration of diphtheritic toxin production or potential
for toxin production by an isolate is necessary to confirm
disease
The former is done in vitro using the agar immunoprecipitin
technique (Elek test) or in vivo with the toxin neutralization
test in guinea pigs, the latter by polymerase chain reaction
testing for carriage of the toxin gene
Toxin is lethal in human beings in an amount 130μg/kg BW
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Transmission: airborne respiratory droplets, direct contact
with respiratory secretions of symptomatic individuals, or
exudates from infected skin lesions
Asymptomatic respiratory tract carriage is important in
transmission. Where diphtheria is endemic, 3-5% of healthy
individuals can carry toxigenic organisms
Diphtheria is endemic in INDIA.
Skin infection and skin carriage are silent reservoirs and
organisms can remain viable in dust or on fomites for up to
6 months
Transmission through contaminated milk and an infected food
handler has been documented
6. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Children aged 1-5yrs are commonly infected
A herd immunity of 70% is required to prevent epidemics
Contaminated objects like thermometers, cups, spoons, toys
and pencils can spread the disease
Overcrowding, poor sanitation and hygiene, illiteracy, urban
migration and close contacts can lead to outbreak
7. PATHOGENESIS
Within the first few days of respiratory tract infection , a dense necrotic
coagulum of organisms, epithelial cells, fibrin, leukocytes and erythrocytes
forms, advances, and becomes a gray-brown, leather-like
adherent pseudomembrane . Removal is difficult and reveals a bleeding
edematous submucosa
The major virulence of the organism lies in its ability to produce the
potent 62-kd polypeptide exotoxin, which inhibits protein synthesis and
causes local tissue necrosis
Entry into nose or mouth
The organism remains in the superficial layers of skin lesions or respiratory tract
mucosa, inducing local inflammatory reaction
8. Local effect of diphtheritic toxin:
Paralysis of the palate and hypopharynx
Pneumonia
Systemic effects (Toxin absorption ):
kidney tubule necrosis
hypoglycemia
myocarditis and/or demyelination of nerves
Myocarditis:10-14 days
Demyelination of nerves: 3-7 weeks
9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Influenced by the anatomic site of infection, the immune
status of the host and the production and systemic distribution
of toxin
Incubation period: 1-6 days
Classification (location):
nasal
pharyngeal
tonsillar
laryngeal or laryngotracheal
skin, eye or genitalia
10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Nasal diphtheria: Infection of the anterior nares- more
common among infants, causes serosanguineous, purulent,
erosive rhinitis with membrane formation
Shallow ulceration of the external nares and upper lip is
characteristic
Unilateral nasal discharge is quite pathognomic of nasal
diphtheria
Accurate diagnosis of nasal diphtheria delayed-paucity of
systemic signs and symptoms
11. Tonsillar and pharyngeal diphtheria:
sore throat is the universal early symptom
Only half of patients have fever and fewer have dysphagia,
hoarseness, malaise, or headache
Mild pharyngeal injection unilateral or bilateral tonsillar
membrane formation extend to involve the uvula, soft
palate, posterior oropharynx, hypopharynx, or glottic areas
Underlying soft tissue edema and enlarged lymph nodes: bull-
neck appearance
12.
13. Laryngeal diphtheria: At significant risk for suffocation
because of local soft tissue edema and airway obstruction by
the diphtheritic membrane
Classic cutaneous diphtheria is an indolent, nonprogressive
infection characterized by a superficial, ecthymic, nonhealing
ulcer with a gray-brown membrane
14. Infection at Other Sites:
ear (otitis externa), the eye (purulent and ulcerative
conjunctivitis), the genital tract (purulent and ulcerative
vulvovaginitis) and sporadic cases of pyogenic arthritis
Diagnosis
Clinical features
Culture: from the nose and throat and any other
mucocutaneous lesion. A portion of membrane should be
removed and submitted for culture along with underlying
exudate
Elek test: rapid diagnosis (16-24 hrs)
15. Enzyme immunossay
PCR for A or B portion of the toxic gene “tox”
Hypoglycemia, glycosuria, BUN, or abnormal ECG for liver,
kidney and heart involvement
Differential diagnosis:
1. Common cold
2. Congenital syphilis snuffle
3. Sinusitis
4. Adenoiditis and foreign body in nose
5. Streptococcal pharyngitis
6. Infectious mononucleosis
16. COMPLICATIONS
1. Respiratory tract obstruction by pseudomembranes:
bronchoscopy or intubation and mechanical ventilation
2. Toxic Cardiomyopathy:
-in 10-25% of patients
-responsible for 50-60% of deaths
-the risk for significant complications correlates directly with the extent
and severity of exudative local oropharyngeal disease as well as delay in
administration of antitoxin
-Tachycardia out of proportion to fever
-prolonged PR interval and changes in the ST-T wave
-Elevation of the serum aspartate aminotransferase concentration closely
parallels the severity of myonecrosis
17. 3. Toxic Neuropathy:
Acutely or 2-3 wk after: hypoesthesia and soft palate paralysis
Afterwards weakness of the posterior pharyngeal, laryngeal, and facial
nerves : a nasal quality in the voice, difficulty in swallowing and risk for
aspiration
Cranial neuropathies (5th wk): oculomotor and ciliary paralysis-
strabismus, blurred vision, or difficulty with accommodation
Symmetric polyneuropathy (10 days to 3 mo): motor deficits with
diminished deep tendon reflexes
Monitoring for paralysis of the diaphragm muscle
Recovery from the neuritis is often slow but usually
complete. Corticosteroids are not recommended.
18. TREATMENT
1. Antitoxin:
Mainstay of therapy
Neutralizes only free toxin, efficacy diminishes with elapsed time
Antitoxin is administered as a single empirical dose of 20,000-120,000 U
based on the degree of toxicity, site and size of the membrane, and
duration of illness
2. Antimicrobial therapy
Halt toxin production, treat localized infection and prevent transmission
of the organism to contacts
erythromycin (40-50 mg/kg/day 6 hrly [PO] or [IV]), aqueous
crystalline penicillin G (100,000-150,000 U/kg/day 6 hrly IV or [IM]),
or procaine penicillin (25,000-50,000 U/kg/day 12 hrly IM) for 14 days
19. Elimination of the organism should be documented by
negative results of at least 2 successive cultures of specimens
from the nose and throat (or skin) obtained 24 hr apart after
completion of therapy
Prognosis: depends on the virulence of the organism
(subspecies gravis), patient age, immunization status, site of
infection and speed of administration of the antitoxin
The case fatality rate of almost 10% for respiratory tract
diphtheria
At recovery, administration of diphtheria toxoid is indicated to
complete the primary series or booster doses of immunization,
because not all patients develop antibodies to diphtheritic
toxin after infection
20. PREVENTION
Asymptomatic Case Contacts:
Antimicrobial prophylaxis -erythromycin (40-50 mg/kg/day divided qid
PO for 10 days) or a single injection of benzathine penicillin G
(600,000U IM for patients <30 kg, 1,200,000U IM for patients ≥30 kg)
Diphtheria toxoid vaccine-to immunized individuals who have not
received a booster dose within 5 yr. Children who have not received their
4th dose should be vaccinated. Those who have received fewer than 3
doses of diphtheria toxoid or who have uncertain immunization status are
immunized with an age-appropriate preparation on a primary schedule
Asymptomatic Carriers:
Same+Repeat cultures are performed about 2 wk after completion of
therapy. if results are positive, an additional 10-day course of oral
erythromycin should be given and follow-up cultures performed
VACCINE
21. Whooping cough: whooping sound made when
gasping for air after a fit of coughing
Cough of 100 days
PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING COUGH)
22. INTRODUCTION
A highly contagious acute bacterial infection caused by the
bacilli Bordetella pertussis
Currently worldwide prevalence is diminished due to active
immunization
However it remains a public health problem among older
children and adults
It continues to be an important respiratory disease afflicting
unvaccinated infants and previously vaccinated children and
adults (waning immunity)
23. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Transmission: through the respiratory route in the form of
droplet infection
Adolescents and adults are the reservoir. No animal or insect
reservoir
A highly communicable disease. SAR 80% among
households contacts
In the catarrhal stage and 2 weeks after the onset of cough
24. ETIOLOGY
Bordetella pertussis – aerobic gram-negative coccobacilli
Produces toxins namely pertussis toxin, filamentous
hemagglutinin, hemolysin, adenylate cyclase toxin,
dermonecrotic toxin and tracheal cytotoxin- responsible for
clinical features (toxin mediated disease) and the immunity
25. PATHOGENESIS
-This exudate predisposes to atelectasis, cough, cyanosis and pneumonia
-Organism causes local tissue damage and systemic effects mediated
through its toxin
The organism get attached to the respiratory cilia and toxin causes
paralysis of cilia
muocopurulent-sanguineous exudate forms in the respiratory tract
26. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Incubation period: 7-10 days
Infection lasts for 6 weeks – 10 weeks
Stage I (catarrhal stage; 1-2 weeks): insidious onset of
coryza, sneezing, low grade fever and occasional cough
Stage II (paroxysmal cough stage; 1-6 weeks): due to
difficulty in expelling the thick mucous form the
tracheobronchial tree
At the end of paroxysm long inspiratory effort is followed by
a whoop
In between episodes child look well. During episode of cough
the child may become cyanosed, followed by vomiting,
exhaustion and seizures
27. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Cough increase for next 2-3 weeks and decreases over next 10
weeks
Absence of whoop and/or post-tussive vomiting does not rule
out clinical diagnosis of pertussis
paroxysmal cough>2 weeks with or without whoop and/or
post-tussive vomiting is the hallmark feature of pertussis
Stage III (convalecence stage): period of gradual recovery
even up to 6 months
28. COMPLICATIONS
1. Secondary pneumonia (1 in 5) and apneic spells (50%;
neonates and infant<6 months of age)
2. Neurological complications: seizures (1 in 100) and
encephalopathy (1 in 300) due to the toxin or hypoxia or
cerebral hemorrhage
3. Otitis media, anorexia and dehydration, rib frcture,
pneumothorax, subdural hematoma, hernia and rectal
prolapse
Differential diagnosis:
1. B. parapertussis, adenovirus, mycoplasma pneumonia, and
chlamydia trachomatis
2. Foreign body aspiration, endobronchial tuberculosis and
a mass pressing on the airway
29. DIAGNOSIS
1. Suspected on the basis of history and clinical examination
and is confirmed by culture, genomics or serology
2. Elevated WBC count with lymphocytosis. The absolute
lymphocyte count of ≥20,000 is highly suggestive
3. Culture: gold standard specially in the catarrhal stage. A
saline nasal swab or swab from the posterior pharynx is
preferred and the swab should be taken using dacron or
calcium alginate and has to be plated on to the selective
medium
30. DIAGNOSIS
However culture are not recommended in clinical practice as
the yield is poor because of previous vaccination, antibiotic
use, diluted specimen and faulty collection and
transportation of specimen.
4. PCR: most sensitive to diagnose; can be done even after
antibiotic exposure. It should always be used in addition with
cultures
5. Direct fluorescent antibody testing: low sensitivity and
variable specifity
31. TREATMENT
1. Avoidance of irritants, smoke, noise and other cough
promoting factors
2. Antibiotics: effective only if started early in the course of
illness. Erythromycin (40-50 mg/kg/day 6 hrly orally for 2
weeks or Azithromycin 10 mg/kg for 5 days in children<6
months and for children>6 months 10 mg/kg on day 1,
followed by 5mg/kg from day2-5 or Clarithromycin 15
mg/kg 12 hrly for 7 days
3. Supplemental oxygen, hydration, cough mixtures and
bronchodilators (in individual cases)
32. PREVENTION
All household contacts should be given erythromycin for 2
weeks
Children <7 years of age not completed the four primary dose
should complete the same at the earliest
Children <7 years of age completed primary vaccination but
not received the booster in the last 3 years have to be given a
single booster dose
VACCINE
34. INTRODUCTION
Tetanus is an acute, fatal, severe exotoxin mediated nervous
system disorder characterized by muscle spasm
Caused by the toxin producing anaerobe, Clostridium tetani
Tetanus is the only vaccine preventable disease that is
infectious but not contagious from person to person
35. EPIDEMIOLOGY
C. tetani is a part of the normal flora in human and animal
intestines and is disseminated through excreta
In spore form they are hard and long lasting in soil and dust
The contamination of wound, unhygienic and improper
handling of the umbilical cord in newborns, lack of hygienic
habits and aseptic care during and after delivery are the main
risk factors for infection
36. PATHOGENESIS
Net effect is disinhibition of anterior horn cells and autonomic nervous
system resulting in increased muscle tone, painful spasms and
widespread autonomic instability
After reaching the spinal cord and brainstem via retrograde axonal
transport and binding tightly and irreversibly to receptor , tetanus toxin
blocks neurotransmission
Tetanus occurs when spores of C.tetani found in soil gain access to
damaged human tissue
After inoculation, C. tetani transforms into a vegetative rod shaped
bacterium and produces the metalloprotease, tetanospasmin
37. PREDISPOSING FACTORS
A penetrating injury – inoculation of C. tetani spores
Coinfection with other bacteria
Devitalized tissue
A foreign body
Localized ischemia
Therefore tetanus develop in these clinical settings: neonates,
obstetric patients, postsurgical patients, patients with dental
infection, diabetic patients with infected extremity ulcers,
patients who inject illicit and/or contaminated drugs
38. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Incubation period: 1-8 days
Generalized tetanus:
Presenting feature is trismus
Symptoms of autonomic overactivity such as irritability,
restlessness, sweating, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, labile
hypotension or hypertension and fever
Tonic contractions of skeletal muscles (stiff neck,
opisthotonus, risus sardonicus, board like rigid abdomen) and
intermittent intense muscular spasms with no impairment of
consciousness
Painful spasms, triggered by loud noises or other sensory
stimuli such as physical contact or light
39. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Period of apnea and/or upper airway obstruction due to
contraction of thoracic muscles and/or glottal or pharyngeal
muscle
Neonatal tetanus:
Manifested by rigidity, spasms, trismus, inability to suck and
seizures
Diagnosis: mainly clinical
40. TREATMENT
Best in the ICU as child may need early and aggressive
airway management
The goals of treatment include
1. Halting toxin production
Wound debridement
Antimicrobial therapy: metronidazole or penicillin G for 7-
10 days
2. Neutralization of unbound toxin:
HTIG-3,000-6,000 units i.m.
Equine antitoxin 1,500-3,000 units i.m. or i.v.
41. TREATMENT
3. Control of muscle spasms
Avoidance of sensory stimuli
Sedatives: diazepam
4. Management of autonomic dysfunction:
Magnesium sulfate, beta blockers, morphine sulfate
5. Airway management and other supportive measures
Main treatment as bound tetanus toxin can not be displaced
from the nervous system
Endotracheal intubation/tracheostomy, nutritional support,
physical therapy as soon as spasms have ceased
42. PREVENTION
Immunization and proper treatment of wounds and traumatic
injuries
PROGNOSIS:
The average mortality of tetanus is 45-55%
Neonatal tetanus: 60-70%
Most important factor influencing outcome is supportive care
43. PREVENTION
VACCINE:
DPT vaccine: 3 primary doses starting at 6 weeks of age
1st booster at 16-18 months of age, 2nd booster at 5 years of
age
At 10 years of age Tdap/Td followed by Td every 10 years
Catch-up vaccination:
Below 7 years: DPT at 0,1 and 6 months