A presentation on basics of research by Dr. Keshava, Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Library and Information Science, Tumkur University, Karnataka, India.

1. R E S E A R C HR E S E A R C H
R= Rational Way of Thinking
E= Expert and Exhaustive Search
S= Search for Solution
E= Exactness
A= Accuracy
R= Relation of Facts
C= Critical Observation and Reporting
H= Honest and Hardwork.

2. What is Research?What is Research?
Research is the systematic process of
collecting and analysing information (data)
in order to increase our understanding of
the phenomenon with which we are
concerned or interested.

3. MeaningMeaning
Research - refers to a search for
knowledge.
Research. –Scientific and systematic
search for pertinent information on a
specific topic.
Research = an art of scientific
investigation. A voyage of discovery. a→
movement, a movement from the known
to the unknown.

4. Contd…Contd…
The inquisitiveness makes us probe and attain full
and fuller understanding of the unknown.
This inquisitiveness is the mother of all
knowledge and the method, which man employs
for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the
unknown, can be termed as research.

5. Contd…Contd…
Redman and Mory a→ "systematized
effort to gain new knowledge."
 Research academic activity and as►
such the term should be used in a
technical sense.

6. Contd…Contd…
Clifford Woody research = defining and↔
redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions;
collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
making deductions and reaching conclusions;
carefully testing the conclusions to determine
whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

7. Contd…Contd…
Research ÷ an original contribution to the existing
stock of knowledge making for its advancement. It
is the pursuit of truth with the help of study,
observation, comparison and experiment.
Research = search for knowledge through
objective and systematic method of finding solution
to a problem.

8. Contd…Contd…
The systematic approach concerning
generalisation and the formulation of a
theory is also research.

9. Need for Research:Need for Research:
→In the contemporary context research
has occupied a prominent place in all
sectors.
Govt Depts, industrial establishments
business organizations have started giving
top priority to the research

10. Contd…Contd…
Lot of keen interest are shown to
establish the Research and Development
(R&D) wings.
Research is considered as an essential
tool to solve the day-today problems.

11. Contd…Contd…
 It is known that the social pressure in the form of
population pressure emphasizes the need to increase
the production of all commodities and services in order
to keep alive and active the teaming millions.
 Further demands the intensification of agriculture,
promoting artificial forming and converting the
abundantly available raw materials into consumable
form by using the technology of complex nature.

12. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCHOBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to
achieve new insights into it
 To determine the frequency with which
something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else
 To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship
between variables (such studies are known as
hypothesis-testing research studies).

13. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCHMOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
 Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits;
 Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems.
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work;
 Desire to be of service to society;
 Desire to get respectability.

14. Contd…Contd…
Many more factors such as directives of
government, employment conditions,
curiosity about new things, desire to
understand causal relationships, social
thinking and awakening, and the like may as
well motivate (or at times compel) people
to perform research operations.

15. TYPES OF RESEARCHTYPES OF RESEARCH
 Descriptive research surveys and fact-finding↔
enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose
of DR is description of the state of affairs as it
exists at present. The main characteristic the↔
researcher has no control over the variables; he
can only report what has happened or what is
happening for example, frequency of shopping,
preferences of people, or similar data

16. Contd…Contd…
 Analytical: In analytical research, on the other
hand, the researcher has to use facts or
information already available, and analyze these
to make a critical evaluation of the material.
 Applied vs, Fundamental: Research can either
be applied (or action) research or fundamental
(to basic or pure) research.

17. Contd…Contd…
 AR = aims at finding a solution for an immediate
problem facing a society or an industrial/business
organization, where as fundamental research is
mainly concerned with generalizations and with the
formulation of a theory.
 "Gathering knowledge for knowledge's sake is
termed 'pure' or 'basic' research." Research
concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to
pure mathematics are examples of fundamental
research.

18. Contd…Contd…
The central aim of applied research is to discover
a solution for some pressing practical problem,
[ fee structure] whereas basic research is
directed towards finding information that has a
broad base of applications and thus, adds to the
already existing organized body of scientific
knowledge.

19. Contd…Contd…
 Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on
the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to
phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving
quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested in
investigating the reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why people
think or do certain things). This type of research aims at
discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in depth
interviews for the purpose.

20. Contd…Contd…
Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is
that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It
is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to
develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing
ones. On the other hand, empirical research
relies on experience or observation alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.

21. Contd…Contd…
It is data-based research, coming up with
conclusions which are capable of being verified by
observation or experiment.
It is also call experimental type of research.
In such a research it is necessary to get at facts
firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about
doing certain things to stimulate the production
of desired information.

22. Contd…Contd…
The significance of research can also be understood
keeping in view the following points:
 To those students who are to write a master's or Ph.D. thesis, research
may mean a careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social
structure;
 To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of
livelihood;
 To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas
and insights;
 To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new
styles and creative work;
 To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalizations of new

23. Research ProcessResearch Process
Before embarking on the details of research
methodology and techniques, it seems
appropriate to present a brief overview of the
research process.
Research process consists of series of actions or
steps necessary to effectively carry out research
and the desired sequencing of steps.

24. Contd…Contd…
(1) formulating the research problem; (2) extensive
literature survey; (3) developing the hypothesis; (4)
preparing the research design; (5) determining
sample design; (6) collecting the data; (7) execution
of the project; (8) analysis of data; (9) hypothesis
testing; (10) generalizations and interpretation, and
(11) preparation of the report or presentation of
the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions
reached.

25. Criteria of Good ResearchCriteria of Good Research
 The purpose of the research should be clearly
defined and common concepts be used.
 The research procedure used should be described in
sufficient detail to permit another researcher to
repeat the research for further advancement, keeping
the continuity of what has already been attained.
 The procedural design of the research should be
carefully planned to yield results that are as objective
as possible.

26. Contd…Contd…
 The researcher should report with complete
frankness, flaws in procedural design and
estimate their effects upon the findings.
 The analysis of data should be sufficiently
adequate to reveal its significance and the
methods of analysis used should be appropriate.
The validity and reliability of the data should be
checked carefully.