This document provides an overview of kyphoscoliosis, including:
1. It defines kyphoscoliosis as an abnormal curvature of the spine in both the coronal and sagittal planes, with kyphosis being a curvature of the spine and scoliosis being a lateral curvature greater than 10 degrees with vertebral rotation.
2. It discusses the various types of scoliosis, signs and symptoms, methods of assessing severity including Cobb's angle, effects on organ systems like respiratory and cardiovascular, and surgical and anesthetic considerations for treatment.
3. It emphasizes the importance of a thorough preoperative evaluation focusing on the nature of the spinal curve and cardiopulmonary status, as well as
This document discusses strategies for optimizing preoxygenation prior to endotracheal intubation. It notes that conventional preoxygenation techniques provide safe intubation for most ED patients but that a subset may still desaturate. To safely intubate this higher risk group, the document recommends optimizing preoxygenation through techniques like non-invasive ventilation, apneic oxygenation through nasal cannula, positioning patients in a head-up position, and breaking the sequence of rapid sequence intubation administration. The goal is to prevent deoxygenation and extend the safe apneic period for patients undergoing endotracheal intubation.
The document discusses monitored anesthesia care (MAC), which involves administering drugs to provide anxiolytic, hypnotic, amnestic, and analgesic effects without depressing consciousness below a certain level. It provides guidelines on drug selection and dosing for MAC, including opioids like fentanyl and remifentanil, benzodiazepines like midazolam, propofol, ketamine, and dexmedetomidine. It also discusses factors that can lead to patient agitation during MAC and principles of drug administration via continuous infusion or patient-controlled methods.
This document discusses different types of breathing circuits used in anesthesia. It begins by introducing open, semi-closed, and closed breathing circuits. Open circuits are now obsolete and involved pouring anesthetic agents over a mask. Semi-closed circuits include Mapelson circuits A-F, with Type D (Bain) most commonly used for controlled ventilation. Closed circuits involve rebreathing of exhaled gases after carbon dioxide absorption by soda lime, making them very economical. Key components and properties of soda lime and factors affecting its carbon dioxide absorption are described.
Rapid intubation, also known as rapid sequence intubation (RSI), is an emergency airway management technique used to quickly place an endotracheal tube. It involves preoxygenating the patient, administering induction medications to cause unconsciousness followed immediately by paralysis medications. This allows intubation to be performed without having to manually ventilate the patient first. Proper patient positioning, preparation of equipment, and verification of tube placement are important steps in the technique. Potential complications include esophageal intubation, hypotension, and dental trauma. RSI is the preferred method in emergency situations where immediate airway control is needed.
RSI is a method of intubating patients who have a gag reflex who would otherwise be difficult to intubate. Intubation is accomplished by sedating and paralyzing the patient, allowing for easier intubation.
Postoperative pulmonary complications are common, occurring in 1-23% of patients after major surgery. They increase mortality, length of stay, and healthcare costs. Risk can be stratified using scoring systems that consider patient factors like age, smoking status, and procedure factors like surgery type and duration. Intraoperative ventilation with low tidal volumes, application of PEEP, and recruitment maneuvers may help reduce risk. Postoperative physiotherapy and early mobilization also decrease complications.
Thiopentone (also known as thiopental sodium) is a short-acting barbiturate used for inducing anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, which increases chloride conductance and inhibits neuronal activity. Thiopentone is administered intravenously as a 2.5% solution for induction of anesthesia in adults and children. Common side effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, and pain or tissue damage if accidentally injected into an artery. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, weight, and medical history. Thiopentone is metabolized in the liver and redistributes rapidly from the brain after administration, which allows for quick awakening.
This document provides an overview of kyphoscoliosis, including:
1. It defines kyphoscoliosis as an abnormal curvature of the spine in both the coronal and sagittal planes, with kyphosis being a curvature of the spine and scoliosis being a lateral curvature greater than 10 degrees with vertebral rotation.
2. It discusses the various types of scoliosis, signs and symptoms, methods of assessing severity including Cobb's angle, effects on organ systems like respiratory and cardiovascular, and surgical and anesthetic considerations for treatment.
3. It emphasizes the importance of a thorough preoperative evaluation focusing on the nature of the spinal curve and cardiopulmonary status, as well as
This document discusses strategies for optimizing preoxygenation prior to endotracheal intubation. It notes that conventional preoxygenation techniques provide safe intubation for most ED patients but that a subset may still desaturate. To safely intubate this higher risk group, the document recommends optimizing preoxygenation through techniques like non-invasive ventilation, apneic oxygenation through nasal cannula, positioning patients in a head-up position, and breaking the sequence of rapid sequence intubation administration. The goal is to prevent deoxygenation and extend the safe apneic period for patients undergoing endotracheal intubation.
The document discusses monitored anesthesia care (MAC), which involves administering drugs to provide anxiolytic, hypnotic, amnestic, and analgesic effects without depressing consciousness below a certain level. It provides guidelines on drug selection and dosing for MAC, including opioids like fentanyl and remifentanil, benzodiazepines like midazolam, propofol, ketamine, and dexmedetomidine. It also discusses factors that can lead to patient agitation during MAC and principles of drug administration via continuous infusion or patient-controlled methods.
This document discusses different types of breathing circuits used in anesthesia. It begins by introducing open, semi-closed, and closed breathing circuits. Open circuits are now obsolete and involved pouring anesthetic agents over a mask. Semi-closed circuits include Mapelson circuits A-F, with Type D (Bain) most commonly used for controlled ventilation. Closed circuits involve rebreathing of exhaled gases after carbon dioxide absorption by soda lime, making them very economical. Key components and properties of soda lime and factors affecting its carbon dioxide absorption are described.
Rapid intubation, also known as rapid sequence intubation (RSI), is an emergency airway management technique used to quickly place an endotracheal tube. It involves preoxygenating the patient, administering induction medications to cause unconsciousness followed immediately by paralysis medications. This allows intubation to be performed without having to manually ventilate the patient first. Proper patient positioning, preparation of equipment, and verification of tube placement are important steps in the technique. Potential complications include esophageal intubation, hypotension, and dental trauma. RSI is the preferred method in emergency situations where immediate airway control is needed.
RSI is a method of intubating patients who have a gag reflex who would otherwise be difficult to intubate. Intubation is accomplished by sedating and paralyzing the patient, allowing for easier intubation.
Postoperative pulmonary complications are common, occurring in 1-23% of patients after major surgery. They increase mortality, length of stay, and healthcare costs. Risk can be stratified using scoring systems that consider patient factors like age, smoking status, and procedure factors like surgery type and duration. Intraoperative ventilation with low tidal volumes, application of PEEP, and recruitment maneuvers may help reduce risk. Postoperative physiotherapy and early mobilization also decrease complications.
Thiopentone (also known as thiopental sodium) is a short-acting barbiturate used for inducing anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, which increases chloride conductance and inhibits neuronal activity. Thiopentone is administered intravenously as a 2.5% solution for induction of anesthesia in adults and children. Common side effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, and pain or tissue damage if accidentally injected into an artery. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, weight, and medical history. Thiopentone is metabolized in the liver and redistributes rapidly from the brain after administration, which allows for quick awakening.
Double lumen tubes were developed in the 1950s-60s to enable lung isolation during thoracic surgery. The Carlens and Bryce-Smith tubes were some of the earliest designs, featuring curves and cuffs to isolate the left or right mainstem bronchus. Modern tubes like the Robertshaw are widely used and come in varying sizes from 26-41 French. Placement requires careful advancement and confirmation via auscultation, cuff inflation, and bronchoscopy to avoid malposition and injury. Double lumen tubes allow selective ventilation and treatment of each lung but require replacement with a single tube after surgery.
The document discusses various paediatric breathing circuits used in anaesthesia. It describes the key components and classifications of breathing circuits. The most commonly used circuits include the Mapleson A (Magill) system, which is best for spontaneous breathing but requires high fresh gas flows. The Mapleson D and Bain circuits are efferent reservoir systems that work efficiently for controlled ventilation. The Ayre's T-piece is a simple no-valve circuit designed for paediatric use. The document provides details on the construction, functioning and advantages of these different breathing circuit designs.
The document discusses carbon dioxide absorbers and soda lime, which are used to absorb carbon dioxide exhaled by patients during anesthesia. It provides details on:
- How soda lime chemically absorbs carbon dioxide through a neutralization reaction, forming carbonates, water, and heat.
- The components and function of the canister containing the soda lime granules.
- Factors that influence the efficiency of carbon dioxide absorption, such as granule size and minimizing channeling of gases.
- Signs that the soda lime is exhausted and needs to be replaced, including color change of indicator dyes and increased end-tidal carbon dioxide.
Desflurane was developed in the 1990s and has the lowest blood-gas solubility of all inhalational anesthetic agents, allowing for the fastest induction and recovery. It is prepared through a multistep chemical process and requires a specialized vaporizer due to its low boiling point. Desflurane causes dose-dependent cardiovascular and respiratory depression as well as muscle relaxation. While it has rapid onset and offset, it is also highly irritating to the airway and its use requires careful monitoring due to potential for sympathetic stimulation.
Anaesthesia management of patient posted for scoliosis correctionNaveen Kumar Ch
This document discusses the anesthetic considerations for scoliosis surgery. It begins with definitions and classifications of scoliosis. It then discusses epidemiology, measurement of severity, pre-anesthetic assessment, anesthesia techniques used, and conclusions. Key points include the need for careful preoperative pulmonary and cardiac evaluation given the risks of respiratory impairment. Intraoperatively, neuromuscular monitoring is important to detect any spinal cord issues, and total intravenous anesthesia is typically used. Postoperatively, close monitoring and respiratory care are essential to address issues like pain management and pulmonary complications.
Capt Shoaib Bin kashem shares his experience with paediatric anaesthesia at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, the largest children's hospital in Bangladesh. Key points:
- Children have different anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and psychology compared to adults which impacts anaesthesia. Their airways are smaller and more susceptible to obstruction.
- Monitoring and equipment must be appropriately sized for paediatric patients. Uncuffed endotracheal tubes are generally preferred for children under 8 years old.
- Drug dosing is weight-based and many medications are more potent in paediatric patients due to differences in metabolism and distribution. Regional anaesthesia is commonly used.
- Perioperative fluid management and
Physiological considerations and patient positioning during anesthesia for th...Abeer Nakera
This document discusses ventilation/perfusion relationships and the lateral decubitus position. It explains the advantages of the lateral position for surgical access but also the disadvantages like ventilation/perfusion mismatch and pressure injuries. Anesthesia, positive pressure ventilation, and open pneumothorax can also cause mismatches. Complications of the lateral position include peripheral nerve injuries, vascular issues, and retinal damage, but can be prevented with proper positioning support and padding.
The document discusses post-extubation stridor, which is upper airway obstruction that can occur after a patient is extubated from a ventilator. It defines post-extubation stridor and reviews risk factors such as duration of intubation and cuff pressures. The cuff leak test is presented as a way to identify patients at risk. Studies are reviewed showing steroids given before extubation can reduce the risk of stridor. Clinically, it recommends identifying at-risk patients, performing the cuff leak test, and considering steroid treatment for high-risk patients before extubation.
A powerpoint explaining in detail about all the intravenous induction agents and their clinical uses, pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and complications.
Thiopentone is an ultra short-acting barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, causing sedation, hypnosis and general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of 10-20 seconds when given intravenously and is redistributed and metabolized quickly, typically causing awakening within 5-15 minutes. Common uses include induction of anesthesia and treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Side effects are generally mild and related to its cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects.
This document provides an overview of capnography including:
1) The objectives of describing ventilation, perfusion, and their relationship as assessed by capnography.
2) A description of the normal capnogram waveform and factors that can cause abnormal waveforms related to airway, breathing, and circulation problems.
3) Clinical applications of capnography including confirming endotracheal tube placement, assessing ventilation status, and predicting outcomes of cardiac arrest resuscitation.
Paediatric anatomy and physiology for AnaesthesiaKundan Ghimire
The document summarizes key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients. Pediatric patients have higher heart rates and cardiac outputs, lower blood pressures, faster respiratory rates, and less lung and chest wall compliance compared to adults. They also have differences in airway anatomy like a larger tongue, narrower nasal passages, and more anterior larynx. Pharmacokinetic profiles are impacted by immature organ systems like the liver and kidneys in pediatric patients. These differences were presented to understand variations important for anesthetic implications.
Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic with the following properties:
- It acts by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors in the brain, causing sedation and hypnosis.
- It has a rapid onset and context-sensitive half-life, distributing quickly throughout the body before being metabolized in the liver.
- It can be used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, as well as for sedation in the ICU. Common side effects include hypotension, respiratory depression, and pain at the injection site. Rare but serious complications include propofol infusion syndrome.
Rapid sequence intubation involves several key steps:
1. Preoxygenation of the patient with 100% oxygen for 3 minutes to establish an oxygen reserve before intubation.
2. Administration of sedatives and neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) to gain control of the airway without risk of aspiration.
3. Placement of the endotracheal tube once paralysis is achieved, confirmed by lack of muscle tone and ability to ventilate if oxygen saturation drops below 90%.
4. Postintubation management including chest x-ray, use of long-acting NMBAs, and sedation to facilitate mechanical ventilation.
Dr. Kumar presented on extubation problems and their management. Some key points:
1. Tracheal extubation requires careful planning and preparation to prevent complications like laryngospasm, laryngeal edema, and pulmonary aspiration.
2. Patients should generally be extubated awake to allow for airway protection, but deep extubation may be considered to reduce cardiovascular stimulation.
3. Potential problems include mechanical issues removing the tube, cardiovascular changes, respiratory complications, and airway obstruction. Management depends on the specific issue but may include medications, positioning, or alternative extubation techniques.
4. Careful evaluation of each patient's risk factors and planning is necessary to safely perform extubation and prevent
Effects of anaesthetic agents on the cardiovascular systemaratimohan
The document discusses the cardiovascular effects of various anesthetic agents. It notes that volatile agents like halothane and enflurane cause decreases in blood pressure mainly through effects on myocardial contractility, while isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane lower blood pressure primarily by decreasing systemic vascular resistance. These agents also attenuate the baroreceptor reflex. Intravenous induction agents can cause an initial drop in blood pressure due to vasodilation, which is compensated for by an increase in heart rate, but may lead to hypotension in vulnerable patients. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other intravenous agents have varying effects depending on their class.
This document provides information on rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in adults. It defines RSI as the virtually simultaneous administration of a sedative and neuromuscular blocking agent to facilitate endotracheal intubation while minimizing aspiration risk. The principles of RSI are described, including preparation, preoxygenation, pretreatment, paralysis with induction, protection/positioning, tube placement confirmation, and post-intubation management. Contraindications and advantages of RSI are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the classification, pathophysiology, preoperative evaluation, and anesthetic management considerations for patients undergoing surgery with congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defects (ASD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD). It discusses the pathophysiology of left-to-right and right-to-left shunting, preoperative assessment including history, examination, investigations, and risk factors. It also outlines goals and techniques for anesthesia including bubble avoidance, optimizing oxygen delivery and ventilation, and avoiding hypovolemia and increases in left-to-right shunting. Specific considerations for inhalational and intravenous induction agents, central neuraxial blockade, pregnancy, and Eisenmenger
This document provides information about total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). It begins with a definition of TIVA as a technique of general anesthesia that uses intravenous agents exclusively without inhalational gases.
It then discusses the history of TIVA, types of TIVA, indications, advantages, disadvantages, common drugs used and their properties, drug combinations, and methods of administration including single syringe, manually controlled infusion, target controlled infusion, and closed loop systems. Specific TIVA protocols, dosages, and drug mixtures are also outlined. The document aims to provide an overview of TIVA for educational purposes.
Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is a technique that is used when rapid control of the airway is needed as a precaution for patients that may have a 'full stomach' or other risks of pulmonary aspiration. A short description about RSI procedure according to IQARUS guideline.
Dr. Ummay Sumaiya
ICU DOCTOR
| IQARUS | Medical Treatment Facility / IQARUS - Cox’s Bazar - Bangladesh |
Mail: Ummay.Sumaiya@iqarus.com
This document discusses rapid sequence intubation (RSI) for airway management in the pre-hospital setting. It outlines the philosophy of RSI, including that it should only be used if absolutely necessary due to risks. The document provides guidance on RSI techniques, medications, equipment, and verification of proper endotracheal tube placement. Several studies are referenced that show risks of RSI including increased mortality rates, hypoxia, and worse outcomes for head injured patients compared to bag-valve-mask ventilation alone. Proper training and only using RSI for prolonged transports are emphasized.
Double lumen tubes were developed in the 1950s-60s to enable lung isolation during thoracic surgery. The Carlens and Bryce-Smith tubes were some of the earliest designs, featuring curves and cuffs to isolate the left or right mainstem bronchus. Modern tubes like the Robertshaw are widely used and come in varying sizes from 26-41 French. Placement requires careful advancement and confirmation via auscultation, cuff inflation, and bronchoscopy to avoid malposition and injury. Double lumen tubes allow selective ventilation and treatment of each lung but require replacement with a single tube after surgery.
The document discusses various paediatric breathing circuits used in anaesthesia. It describes the key components and classifications of breathing circuits. The most commonly used circuits include the Mapleson A (Magill) system, which is best for spontaneous breathing but requires high fresh gas flows. The Mapleson D and Bain circuits are efferent reservoir systems that work efficiently for controlled ventilation. The Ayre's T-piece is a simple no-valve circuit designed for paediatric use. The document provides details on the construction, functioning and advantages of these different breathing circuit designs.
The document discusses carbon dioxide absorbers and soda lime, which are used to absorb carbon dioxide exhaled by patients during anesthesia. It provides details on:
- How soda lime chemically absorbs carbon dioxide through a neutralization reaction, forming carbonates, water, and heat.
- The components and function of the canister containing the soda lime granules.
- Factors that influence the efficiency of carbon dioxide absorption, such as granule size and minimizing channeling of gases.
- Signs that the soda lime is exhausted and needs to be replaced, including color change of indicator dyes and increased end-tidal carbon dioxide.
Desflurane was developed in the 1990s and has the lowest blood-gas solubility of all inhalational anesthetic agents, allowing for the fastest induction and recovery. It is prepared through a multistep chemical process and requires a specialized vaporizer due to its low boiling point. Desflurane causes dose-dependent cardiovascular and respiratory depression as well as muscle relaxation. While it has rapid onset and offset, it is also highly irritating to the airway and its use requires careful monitoring due to potential for sympathetic stimulation.
Anaesthesia management of patient posted for scoliosis correctionNaveen Kumar Ch
This document discusses the anesthetic considerations for scoliosis surgery. It begins with definitions and classifications of scoliosis. It then discusses epidemiology, measurement of severity, pre-anesthetic assessment, anesthesia techniques used, and conclusions. Key points include the need for careful preoperative pulmonary and cardiac evaluation given the risks of respiratory impairment. Intraoperatively, neuromuscular monitoring is important to detect any spinal cord issues, and total intravenous anesthesia is typically used. Postoperatively, close monitoring and respiratory care are essential to address issues like pain management and pulmonary complications.
Capt Shoaib Bin kashem shares his experience with paediatric anaesthesia at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, the largest children's hospital in Bangladesh. Key points:
- Children have different anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and psychology compared to adults which impacts anaesthesia. Their airways are smaller and more susceptible to obstruction.
- Monitoring and equipment must be appropriately sized for paediatric patients. Uncuffed endotracheal tubes are generally preferred for children under 8 years old.
- Drug dosing is weight-based and many medications are more potent in paediatric patients due to differences in metabolism and distribution. Regional anaesthesia is commonly used.
- Perioperative fluid management and
Physiological considerations and patient positioning during anesthesia for th...Abeer Nakera
This document discusses ventilation/perfusion relationships and the lateral decubitus position. It explains the advantages of the lateral position for surgical access but also the disadvantages like ventilation/perfusion mismatch and pressure injuries. Anesthesia, positive pressure ventilation, and open pneumothorax can also cause mismatches. Complications of the lateral position include peripheral nerve injuries, vascular issues, and retinal damage, but can be prevented with proper positioning support and padding.
The document discusses post-extubation stridor, which is upper airway obstruction that can occur after a patient is extubated from a ventilator. It defines post-extubation stridor and reviews risk factors such as duration of intubation and cuff pressures. The cuff leak test is presented as a way to identify patients at risk. Studies are reviewed showing steroids given before extubation can reduce the risk of stridor. Clinically, it recommends identifying at-risk patients, performing the cuff leak test, and considering steroid treatment for high-risk patients before extubation.
A powerpoint explaining in detail about all the intravenous induction agents and their clinical uses, pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and complications.
Thiopentone is an ultra short-acting barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, causing sedation, hypnosis and general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of 10-20 seconds when given intravenously and is redistributed and metabolized quickly, typically causing awakening within 5-15 minutes. Common uses include induction of anesthesia and treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Side effects are generally mild and related to its cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects.
This document provides an overview of capnography including:
1) The objectives of describing ventilation, perfusion, and their relationship as assessed by capnography.
2) A description of the normal capnogram waveform and factors that can cause abnormal waveforms related to airway, breathing, and circulation problems.
3) Clinical applications of capnography including confirming endotracheal tube placement, assessing ventilation status, and predicting outcomes of cardiac arrest resuscitation.
Paediatric anatomy and physiology for AnaesthesiaKundan Ghimire
The document summarizes key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients. Pediatric patients have higher heart rates and cardiac outputs, lower blood pressures, faster respiratory rates, and less lung and chest wall compliance compared to adults. They also have differences in airway anatomy like a larger tongue, narrower nasal passages, and more anterior larynx. Pharmacokinetic profiles are impacted by immature organ systems like the liver and kidneys in pediatric patients. These differences were presented to understand variations important for anesthetic implications.
Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic with the following properties:
- It acts by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors in the brain, causing sedation and hypnosis.
- It has a rapid onset and context-sensitive half-life, distributing quickly throughout the body before being metabolized in the liver.
- It can be used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, as well as for sedation in the ICU. Common side effects include hypotension, respiratory depression, and pain at the injection site. Rare but serious complications include propofol infusion syndrome.
Rapid sequence intubation involves several key steps:
1. Preoxygenation of the patient with 100% oxygen for 3 minutes to establish an oxygen reserve before intubation.
2. Administration of sedatives and neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) to gain control of the airway without risk of aspiration.
3. Placement of the endotracheal tube once paralysis is achieved, confirmed by lack of muscle tone and ability to ventilate if oxygen saturation drops below 90%.
4. Postintubation management including chest x-ray, use of long-acting NMBAs, and sedation to facilitate mechanical ventilation.
Dr. Kumar presented on extubation problems and their management. Some key points:
1. Tracheal extubation requires careful planning and preparation to prevent complications like laryngospasm, laryngeal edema, and pulmonary aspiration.
2. Patients should generally be extubated awake to allow for airway protection, but deep extubation may be considered to reduce cardiovascular stimulation.
3. Potential problems include mechanical issues removing the tube, cardiovascular changes, respiratory complications, and airway obstruction. Management depends on the specific issue but may include medications, positioning, or alternative extubation techniques.
4. Careful evaluation of each patient's risk factors and planning is necessary to safely perform extubation and prevent
Effects of anaesthetic agents on the cardiovascular systemaratimohan
The document discusses the cardiovascular effects of various anesthetic agents. It notes that volatile agents like halothane and enflurane cause decreases in blood pressure mainly through effects on myocardial contractility, while isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane lower blood pressure primarily by decreasing systemic vascular resistance. These agents also attenuate the baroreceptor reflex. Intravenous induction agents can cause an initial drop in blood pressure due to vasodilation, which is compensated for by an increase in heart rate, but may lead to hypotension in vulnerable patients. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other intravenous agents have varying effects depending on their class.
This document provides information on rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in adults. It defines RSI as the virtually simultaneous administration of a sedative and neuromuscular blocking agent to facilitate endotracheal intubation while minimizing aspiration risk. The principles of RSI are described, including preparation, preoxygenation, pretreatment, paralysis with induction, protection/positioning, tube placement confirmation, and post-intubation management. Contraindications and advantages of RSI are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the classification, pathophysiology, preoperative evaluation, and anesthetic management considerations for patients undergoing surgery with congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defects (ASD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD). It discusses the pathophysiology of left-to-right and right-to-left shunting, preoperative assessment including history, examination, investigations, and risk factors. It also outlines goals and techniques for anesthesia including bubble avoidance, optimizing oxygen delivery and ventilation, and avoiding hypovolemia and increases in left-to-right shunting. Specific considerations for inhalational and intravenous induction agents, central neuraxial blockade, pregnancy, and Eisenmenger
This document provides information about total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). It begins with a definition of TIVA as a technique of general anesthesia that uses intravenous agents exclusively without inhalational gases.
It then discusses the history of TIVA, types of TIVA, indications, advantages, disadvantages, common drugs used and their properties, drug combinations, and methods of administration including single syringe, manually controlled infusion, target controlled infusion, and closed loop systems. Specific TIVA protocols, dosages, and drug mixtures are also outlined. The document aims to provide an overview of TIVA for educational purposes.
Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is a technique that is used when rapid control of the airway is needed as a precaution for patients that may have a 'full stomach' or other risks of pulmonary aspiration. A short description about RSI procedure according to IQARUS guideline.
Dr. Ummay Sumaiya
ICU DOCTOR
| IQARUS | Medical Treatment Facility / IQARUS - Cox’s Bazar - Bangladesh |
Mail: Ummay.Sumaiya@iqarus.com
This document discusses rapid sequence intubation (RSI) for airway management in the pre-hospital setting. It outlines the philosophy of RSI, including that it should only be used if absolutely necessary due to risks. The document provides guidance on RSI techniques, medications, equipment, and verification of proper endotracheal tube placement. Several studies are referenced that show risks of RSI including increased mortality rates, hypoxia, and worse outcomes for head injured patients compared to bag-valve-mask ventilation alone. Proper training and only using RSI for prolonged transports are emphasized.
This document provides an overview of airway management. It begins by defining airway management and listing its key objectives. It then discusses clinical features of airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and basic airway maneuvers like head-tilt/chin-lift. It also covers basic airway adjuncts like oropharyngeal airways and nasopharyngeal airways. Finally, it introduces advanced airway devices like laryngeal mask airways and describes how to size them appropriately.
The document discusses airway management in trauma patients, noting that trauma poses risks for cervical spine injury which complicates airway management, and outlines strategies for assessing and securing the airway through simple, definitive, or semi-definitive means depending on the situation, with endotracheal intubation, surgical airway, or supraglottic devices as options. Rapid sequence intubation may be conducted but requires strict protocols and backup plans to address potential complications or failed intubation. The document emphasizes the importance of cervical spine immobilization in trauma patients until injury can be ruled out to avoid further spinal cord damage.
This document discusses the management of critically ill patients. It defines critical illness as an unstable patient with an actual or potential threat to life. It emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach using standardized protocols for ICU management. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent complications, as is effective communication among staff. The document outlines assessments and actions for the ABCDE approach - Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure/Examination. It also discusses additional considerations like respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and infection control management of critically ill patients.
The document discusses procedural sedation, including definitions of different levels of sedation, monitoring requirements, safety considerations, common sedating agents like nitrous oxide, midazolam, fentanyl and their properties, and discharge criteria after a procedure. Procedural sedation involves administering sedatives to induce a depressed level of consciousness while maintaining cardiorespiratory function to allow medical procedures with little patient reaction or memory.
Manual chest techniques are traditional airway clearance methods that apply external forces against the chest wall to help break up and clear thick mucus. Techniques include chest percussion, vibration, shaking, and compression, which work by altering intrapleural pressure to dislodge secretions from the airway walls. They are used to treat conditions like COPD, cystic fibrosis, and atelectasis. Contraindications include recent surgery, fractures, or other medical emergencies involving the chest. Proper technique and positioning of the patient are important to safely perform manual chest techniques.
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) provides ventilation without an artificial airway. It can be negative pressure or positive pressure. Positive pressure NIV uses an interface like a mask to deliver ventilation. NIV is used for conditions like asthma, pneumonia, heart failure, and weaning from ventilation. It reduces the need for intubation and has benefits like lower mortality, shorter hospital stays, and reduced complications compared to invasive ventilation. Proper patient selection, interfaces, settings, and monitoring are needed to effectively use NIV.
Airway mx of critically ill pt updated 2016drwaque
This document outlines considerations for airway management and rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in critically ill patients. While RSI is commonly considered the standard approach, the actual components of RSI can vary significantly between practitioners and settings. Key elements such as pre-oxygenation, prevention of hypoxia/hypotension, and endotracheal tube placement remain important. However, factors like patient positioning, choice of induction/paralytic agents, use of apneic oxygenation, and manual ventilation between induction and intubation may differ from standard RSI protocols based on the individual patient's critical illness and condition. Delayed sequence intubation is also proposed as an alternative approach for some unstable patients. Post-intubation vent
Introduction:
Patients in any healthcare setting can quickly become acutely unwell, and assessment and management of the airway is always the priority in any clinical situation (Resuscitation Council UK, 2021). When patients are critically unwell, there is a high risk of respiratory deterioration, and many patients require an artificial airway to facilitate their treatment. Knowing how to assess and manage the airway is a key skill for the nurse working in critical care.
This document discusses breathing strategies and physical therapy recommendations for COVID-19 patients. It recommends minimizing direct contact between physical therapists and COVID-19 patients to reduce virus transmission. If contact is needed, proper PPE should be used. For critically ill patients in the ICU, the focus is on respiratory support like breathing exercises. For severely ill patients, the goals are respiratory support to clear secretions and improve breathing, as well as active mobilization exercises to maintain functioning. All interventions should be aimed at improving symptoms and reducing complications while minimizing virus spread.
This document outlines procedures for intubation in patients with compromised airways. It indicates that intubation is appropriate for patients in respiratory arrest, with head injuries, who are combative, have altered mental status, hypoxia, seizures, or status asthmaticus. Contraindications include conditions making intubation difficult. Preparation includes assessing the airway, positioning the patient, pre-oxygenating, and administering medications before inducing paralysis and intubating. Placement must be confirmed and the airway secured before providing ongoing care and transport.
Breathing exercises, also called ventilatory training, are fundamental interventions for patients with pulmonary diseases. They can improve ventilation, increase cough effectiveness, prevent postoperative complications, and more. There are various types of breathing exercises, including diaphragmatic breathing, pursed lip breathing, and segmental breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing focuses on belly breathing to improve strength. Pursed lip breathing prolongs exhalation to slow breathing rate. Segmental breathing targets specific areas of the lungs that need more ventilation. Proper technique and positioning are important to teach patients how to correctly perform different breathing exercises.
Dr. Awadhesh Sharma is an interventional cardiologist who has extensive training and experience. He has performed over 10,000 cardiac procedures and published numerous research papers. Currently, he works as an assistant professor of cardiology and is actively involved in community outreach about heart health. The document then discusses recommendations for performing CPR on COVID-19 patients to minimize risk to providers, including using full PPE for chest compressions and prioritizing ventilation strategies with lower aerosolization. It also notes the need to consider appropriateness of resuscitation based on factors like age and comorbidities.
The document discusses the process of weaning patients off ventilators. It involves three stages: withdrawing the patient from dependence on the ventilator, removing the tube, and finally removing oxygen support. Several criteria are used to assess patient readiness for weaning, including vital capacity, tidal volume, and rapid shallow breathing index. Different methods of weaning are outlined, including modes like assist-control, IMV, SIMV and modes involving pressure support. Nursing roles involve close monitoring, adjusting support levels, and watching for signs of fatigue or deterioration. Nutrition, pulmonary care and assessing readiness to remove the tube and oxygen are also discussed.
This document provides information on lung transplantation and the role of physiotherapy. It discusses the types of lung transplants including single lung, double lung, lobar, and heart-lung transplants. The causes for transplantation and post-operative care are described. Pre-operative physiotherapy aims to prepare the patient while post-operative physiotherapy focuses on clearing secretions, expanding the lungs, and regaining mobility and fitness over several weeks of treatment and rehabilitation. Modalities like incentive spirometry, postural drainage, and positive pressure breathing may be used as needed.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) involves chest compressions and artificial ventilation to maintain blood flow and oxygenation during cardiac arrest. Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest. CPR should be performed immediately on anyone who is unconscious and pulseless. It consists of basic life support (BLS) without equipment and advanced life support (ALS) using equipment like drugs, defibrillators, and airway devices. BLS involves opening the airway, giving 30 chest compressions, and 2 breaths in a continuous cycle until an ALS team arrives or the victim's condition improves.
This document provides guidelines for endotracheal intubation using rapid sequence intubation (RSI). It outlines indications for RSI including respiratory arrest and compromised airways. It also lists contraindications and complications. The guidelines describe assessing for a difficult airway, preparing equipment and the patient, pre-oxygenating, pre-treating with medications, inducing paralysis, intubating, confirming tube placement, and post-intubation management. The goal is to control the airway while minimizing risks like aspiration, using the appropriate medications, techniques, equipment, and monitoring to intubate safely and effectively.
This document provides guidance on rapid sequence intubation (RSI) for airway management. It outlines indications for RSI including failure to protect or compromise of the airway. Relative contraindications include predictors of a difficult airway and patient conditions like unstable fractures or hypersensitivity. The document describes the preparation, pre-treatment, and technique for RSI, including assessing the airway, pre-oxygenation, induction agents, paralytic agents, intubation procedure, and confirmation of proper tube placement. Complications of intubation are also reviewed.
Rapid Sequence Intubation
RSI describes a coordinated, sequential process of preparation, sedation, and paralysis to facilitate safe, emergency tracheal intubation.
Pharmacologic sedation and paralysis are induced in rapid succession to quickly and effectively perform laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.
The goal of RSI is to intubate patients quickly and safely using sedation and paralysis.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Rapid Sequence Intubation
Presented By
Dr. Md Imtiaz Hossain Bhuiyan
HDU DOCTOR| IQARUS | MedicalTreatment Facility / IQARUS
- Cox’s Bazar – Bangladesh
Mobile +8801324-404020| Mail: Imtiaz.Bhuiyan@iqarus.com
2. Introduction
Rapid sequence induction is intended to achieve a definitive
airway rapidly so as to minimize risk of airway soiling and
achieve rapid control of ventilation. The intent is to create
the best intubating conditions possible. Conduct of RSI
requires a disciplined team approach with careful planning,
role delineation and consideration of patient factors such as
anatomy and pathology. Planning should factor into
consideration difficult or failed intubation with a clearly
articulated plan.
3. Patient Assessment
The patient must be assessed as best possible for predictors
of difficult intubation whilst remaining cognisant of the fact
that many difficult intubations have no obvious predictors.
All emergency intubations should be considered potentially
difficult.
Several anatomical measures have been helpful in predicting
difficulty, these may be summarised in the mnemonic
LEMON
4. Patient Assessment : LEMON
L - Look for anatomical indicators of difficult intubation; large tongue,
protruding teeth, beard / moustache, large breasts.
E - Evaluate 3-3-2; measure mouth opening 3 fingers width, hyoid-
mental distance 3 fingers width, thyro-hyoid distance 2 fingers width.
Variations on these distances may predict difficulty.
M - Mallampatti, in practice this may not be possible in the emergency
setting as evaluation involves a cooperative seated upright patient.
O - Obstruction look for evidence of airway obstruction, injury (facial or
soft tissue neck), masses, swelling, foreign bodies, scarring, stridor,
dysphonia
N - Neck mobility, c-spine precautions, rheumatological conditions (RA,
Ankylosing spondylitis, surgical fusion), previous radiotherapy.
6. Mallampatti Score
According to the Mallampati scale, class I is present when the soft
palate, uvula, and pillars are visible; class II when the soft palate
and the uvula are visible; class III when only the soft palate and base
of the uvula are visible; and class IV when only the hard palate is
visible.
A Mallampati score of III or IV is typically indicative of a higher rate
of obstruction in airway as a result of enlarged tonsils or adenoids
and poor Myofunctional activity (swallowing pattern and
tongue position at rest) and tongue-tie.
7. Preparation & Equipment
Patient preparation includes positioning, pre-oxygenation,
ensuring adequate monitoring and lines in place.
Consideration should also be given to access to the patient,
ideally 360° access.
The optimal position for intubation is one in which the
patient’s external auditory meatus is aligned with the sternal
notch in the vertical plane. This is also known as the ramped
position; in obese patients this may require a number of
pillows and towels positioned under shoulders and neck.
8. Preparation & Equipment
If cervical spine injury is suspected the ramped position is
not possible, a person must be allocated the role of manual
in-line stabilization of the neck. This will allow the collar to be
removed for intubation but still makes for a more difficult
intubation than would otherwise be the case. The goal of
pre-oxygenation is to maximize oxygenation and flush out
nitrogen from the lungs and ensure a greater reservoir of
oxygen available for gas exchange whilst apnoeic. Pre-
oxygenation is generally achieved by spontaneous breathing
high flow oxygen via a face mask, usually for a minimum of
three minutes.
9. Preparation & Equipment
Be aware that for effective pre-oxygenation with a bag-
valve-mask apparatus a patient must be able to generate
sufficient negative pressure to open the valve, for many
patients this may be difficult, and a non-rebreather mask will
be better.
A patient with ineffective breathing may need to be assisted
to achieve adequate pre-oxygenation with assisted breaths
applied via B-V-M with PEEP valve (with cricoid pressure in
place) or via Noninvasive Ventilation.
In addition to pre-oxygenation the practice of applying high
flow oxygen via nasal prongs to the apnoeic patient may buy
further time for intubation prior to desaturation.
10. Preparation & Patient
All personnel should be assigned specific roles and confirmation
that they understand these roles be sought. Roles may include,
depending on numbers available:
Intubator : Makes plan, executes intubation / airway procedures,
maintains situational awareness.
Airway assistant: Runs check list with intubator , passes equipment
and anticipates next step according to plan, monitors time and
patient.
Drug administration: Very explicit instructions must be given
explaining what is in syringe, what volume is to be given (mark the
syringe if necessary), ensure line free flowing and drugs do not
flow back up into bag. Instruct regarding order of administration,
speed and flushing.
11. Preparation & Patient
Cricoid pressure: May not be used, often obscures airway, of
doubtful benefit, if used have low threshold for removal
when difficulties occur. Ensure operator knows how to
perform, when to apply and when to release.
14. Continue:
MILS (Manual In-Line Stabilization ): Ensure operator knows how to perform and is
positioned such that will not interfere with access to airway, may be preferable with
a caudal position.
Scribe
Runner
15. Induction & Paralyzing
Induction agent and paralysis are given in pre-determined
doses rapidly with generous flushes in between:
If cricoid pressure is to be used it should commence as soon
as there is loss of consciousness.
If suxamethonium is used onset of paralysis will be indicated
by fasciculation (this may be subtle)
Do not ventilate the patient at this point.
16. Intubation and Confirmation of Placement
Intubation should proceed promptly with a focus on
maintaining oxygenation and prompt progression to failed
or difficult intubation drill if failing.
Tube placement is confirmed by a continuous ETCO2
waveform and seeing the tube pass through the cords.
Both axillae and stomach should be auscultated in addition
to checking ETCO2 waveform.
17. Anaesthetic Drugs - Induction agents
Anaesthetic Drugs
Induction agents
Thiopentone – dose 1–3mg/kg
Traditional gold standard for RSI due to rapid onset and
predictable degree of anaesthesia.
Side Effects hypotension
Benefits head injuries (lowers ICP; anticonvulsant)
18. Anaesthetic Drugs - Induction agents
Anaesthetic Drugs
Induction agents
Propofol – dose 0.5–2mg/kg
Profound respiratory depressant.
Side Effects More hypotensive compared with thiopentone (therefore not
suitable for most emergency inductions).
Benefits Useful as ongoing sedation for ventilated patient if plan is to
awaken soon after admission.
20. Anaesthetic Drugs - Induction agents
Anaesthetic Drugs
Induction agents
Ketamine – dose 1-2mg/kg
Dissociative anaesthetic (causes state of profound analgesia and
anaesthesia where patient may appear awake).
Airway reflexes are NOT preserved at induction doses.
Mode of Action Causes increase in sympathetic activity resulting in increased BP
,
increased ICP and bronchodilation
Indications Acute asthma, Profound hypovolaemic shock (eg. AAA).
Contraindications Head injuries (relative) IHD.
22. Anaesthetic Drugs - Induction agents
Fentanyl - dose 3μg/kg
Short-acting opiate; profound respiratory depressant.
Useful in combination with other induction agents (allows smaller
doses to be used, causing less hypotension)
Contraindications Avoid in shocked patients who are relying on their sympathetic
to maintain their BP as fentanyl Abolishes this and can result in
severe hypotension
Advantage Prevents the rise in ICP from laryngoscopy in head injured patients
Side Effects High doses can cause chest wall muscle rigidity and difficulty in
ventilation (treat with suxamethonium).
23. Anaesthetic Drugs - Sedation agents
Anaesthetic Drugs -
Sedation agents
Midazolam – dose 0.15mg/kg
Slow onset of action and hypotension has resulted in it no
longer being considered suitable for RSI.
Side Effects Has amnestic and anticonvulsant properties.
Advantage Useful in ongoing sedation of ventilated patient.
24. Anaesthetic Drugs - Sedation agents
Anaesthetic
Drugs - Sedation
agents
Morphine – dose 0.1–0.2mg/kg
Sometimes used as an adjunct to other induction agents.
Side Effects Less reliable respiratory depression and suppression of airway
slow onset and hypotension Has meant it is no longer recommended
for RSI.
Useful with midazolam as ongoing sedation of ventilated patient.
25. Anaesthetic Drugs - Neuromuscular blockers
Suxamethonium – dose 1-2mg/kg
Non-competitive depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.
IV administration leads to fasciculations 10–15 sec.
Maximum paralysis 30–60 sec
Return of spontaneous respirations 3–5 mins
Full ventilatory capacity 8-10 mins.
26. Anaesthetic Drugs - Neuromuscular
blockers – side effects
Side effects of
Suxamethonium
Fasciculations leading to increased intragastric, intraocular &
intracranial pressures (possible clinical significance).
Increased serum K+ (up to 0.5mmol/L in average patient; up to
5-10mmol/L in patients with burns or crush injuries >48 hrs, or
those with NM disorders.
Patients with renal failure who are not hyperkaliaemic can be
given suxamethonium)
Bradycardia (especially children or repeated doses in adults)
27. Side effects of
Suxamethonium
Scoline apnoea (congenital absence of pseudocholinesterase
results in prolongation of paralysis (hrs) – not a
in most patients ventilated for transport as usually ventilated
longer than this).
Malignant hyperthermia (genetic skeletal muscle abnormality
triggered by inhalational anaesthetics and suxamethonium
to muscle rigidity and breakdown, autonomic instability,
hyperkalemia and acute renal failure. Often fatal.) Treated with
dantrolene.
29. Anaesthetic Drugs - Neuromuscular blockers
Rocuronium – dose 1-1.5mg/kg (in RSI); 0.15mg/kg (Ongoing
Relaxation)
Competitive, non-depolarizing blocker.
Indications as above but more rapid onset makes it an attractive
option where suxamethonium contraindicated and rapid
intubation conditions desirable.
Intubating conditions in 60 sec.
30. Anesthetic Drugs - Neuromuscular
blockers
Rocuronium
Duration 10-40 minutes. Sugammadex, used for rapid reversal.
Preference for rocuronium over suxamethonium is a clinical
based on a number of factors including patient issues, clinician
experience and need to secure an airway by either oral or surgical
means regardless.
Minimal side effects.
32. Anaesthetic Drugs - Neuromuscular
blockers
Vecuronium – 0.1mg/kg (Ongoing Relaxation)
Competitive, non-depolarizing blocker
Indications: intubation in patients where suxamethonium
contraindicated, ongoing relaxation in ventilated patient
IV administration→ onset of paralysis 90 sec
33. Frequently Asked Question?
Scenario 1:
A 17 years old boy came to ER department with A severe RTA
with massive loss of blood. His BP is 80/60 mm of Hg. He also
diagnosed Asthma 3 years ago. In this patient, Which induction
agent is more preparable?
Ans: Ketamine
34. Scenario 2 :
A 33years old female lady came to our Iqarus MTF diagnosed as
a case of Confirmed COVID-19, Temp 96.7 degree F, Pulse
60bpm, Spo2 81% in room air with breathing difficulties , RR
18bpmBp 126/65mmHg. Her body weight is 120kg. If there is
need to do intubation of this patient what will be the drug of
choice?
Ans : Thiopentone / Thiopental Sodium
35. References
1. IQARUS guideline from QMS
2. WHO guideline of critical care management ( COVID-19 )
3. USA guideline:
https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/
critical-care/
4. National guideline on case management of COVID-19:
http://www.mohfw.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_docman&tas
k=doc_download&gid=22424&lang=en