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A basic overview on the management of intra-operative bronchospasm: the risk factors, triggers, diagnosis, prevention and management. Includes a case scenario – discussion.
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE INTUBATION II Parts II Details II Clinical DiscussionSwatilekha Das
What is endotracheal intubation?
Endotracheal intubation is a procedure by which a tube is inserted through the mouth down into the trachea (the large airway from the mouth to the lungs). Before surgery, this is often done under deep sedation. In emergency situations, the patient is often unconscious at the time of this procedure.
For detailed information plz watch the slides till end.......
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A basic overview on the management of intra-operative bronchospasm: the risk factors, triggers, diagnosis, prevention and management. Includes a case scenario – discussion.
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE INTUBATION II Parts II Details II Clinical DiscussionSwatilekha Das
What is endotracheal intubation?
Endotracheal intubation is a procedure by which a tube is inserted through the mouth down into the trachea (the large airway from the mouth to the lungs). Before surgery, this is often done under deep sedation. In emergency situations, the patient is often unconscious at the time of this procedure.
For detailed information plz watch the slides till end.......
And plz like, share and comment and follow......
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
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According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
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2. INTRODUCTION
The difficult airway is a common problem in adult critical care
patients. However, the challenge is not just the establishment of a
safe airway, but also maintaining that safety over days, weeks, or
longer.
Definition: Aiway difficulty can be considered under 2 headings-
a) Difficult mask ventilation
b) Difficult tracheal intubation
3. These may be encountered together or in isolation.
DMV can be defined as the inability of an unassisted anesthesiologist
a) to maintain oxygen saturation, measured by pulse oximetry, >92%; or
b) to prevent or reverse signs of inadequate ventilation during positive-pressure mask
ventilation under general anesthesia.
Difficult tracheal intubation (DTI) is tracheal intubation requiring “multiple intubation
attempts in the presence or absence of tracheal pathology“. However, there is no
universal definition and because the expertise of the intubator, the equipment used, and
the number of attempts made may vary.
DTI may be the result of difficulty in visualization of the larynx—termed difficult direct
laryngoscopy or anatomic abnormality (distortion or narrowing of the larynx or trachea)
4. Factors leading to difficult intubation in ICU:
1) Remote location
2) Patient factors: hypoxic, obtunded, combative or all three.
3) Unstable physiology: pre-existing hypoxia, ventilation-perfusion
mismatch, lack of cardiorespiratory reserve.
RSI is considered adequate in these patients.
5. Managing the Difficult Airway
This has been considered under three headings:
a) the anticipated difficult airway;
b) the unanticipated difficult airway;
c) the difficult airway resulting in a “cannot
intubate and cannot ventilate”
6. List of mandatory & desirable equipments for the
difficult airway cart
Mandatory Desirable
Working laryngoscopes with Macintosh
blades
McCoy laryngoscope blades
Face masks, ETT Videolaryngoscope
Maggil forceps, Stylet, Bougie Flexible fibre-optic bronchoscope
Oropharyngeal & Nasopharyngeal airway Equipment for high flow nasal oxygenation
Ambu Bag
Canula or Catheter or any other device to
supplement high flownasal oxygen during
attempts at intubation
SAD
NG tube
Airway exchange catheter
Cricothyroidotomy device-wide bore canula
12-14 G/Scalpel
7. Intubation Under Anesthesia
Despite the safety advantage of awake intubation in these patients
, anesthesia before attempted orotracheal intubation may be viewed as more
appropriate.
Involves short acting agents or the slow administration of the iv agents like
Propofol.
8. Fiberoptic intubation
Awake fiberoptic intubation is the technique of choice with an informed,
prepared patient and a trained operator.
The technique ensures spontaneous respiration and maintainance of upper
airway tone.
Psychological preparation is essential.
Short acting agents include short acting BZP, opioids and iv agents.
Supplemental oxygen should be provided, through the contralateral nostril.
Topical anesthetic agents include lignocaine.
Anesthesia of the vocal cords and upper trachea is usually provided by a
“spray as you go” technique using 2% lignocaine.
Another technique is superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerve block.
9. Advantages:
– This technique allows direct visualization of the airway
– Direct confirmation of ETT placement
– Can be done awake
Disadvantages:
– Expensive, requires care and skill
– View may be hampered by blood or secretions
11. Stylet
The stylet is a smooth, malleable metal or plastic rod
placed inside an ETT to adjust the curvature, typically into a J or “hockey
stick” shape to allow the tip of the ETT to be directed through a poorly
visualized or unseen glottis.
The stylet must not project beyond the end of the ETT to avoid potential
airway injury.
12. Bougie
The gum elastic bougie is a blunt-ended, malleable rod that may be passed
through the poorly or non-visualized larynx by putting a J-shaped bend at
the tip and passing it “blindly” in the midline upward beyond the base of the
epiglottis.
The ETT can then be “rail-roaded” over the bougie, which is then
withdrawn.
16. Light wand
The light wand is a malleable fiberoptic light source on which an ETT can be
mounted and subsequently railroaded into the trachea when the light source
has passed beyond the glottis.
Advantage: Facilitates blind tracheal intubation, used in conjunction with
LMA or as part of a combined technique with a fiberoptic scope.
Disadvantage: need for low ambient light, contraindicated in patients with
known abnormal upper airway anatomy and those in whom detectable
transillumination is unlikely to be adequately achieved.
17.
18. Supraglottic Devices
Supraglottic devices are the suitable alternative to endotracheal
intubation, Useful when endotracheal intubation has failed
Suitable for use by those with limited experience with endotracheal
intubation
Should be immediately available for every difficult airway situation
Various types available
19. I GEL
2nd generation Supraglottic airway device
Single use SAD
Made of Medical grade thermoplastic elastomer
SEBS (Styrlene ethylene Butadiene styrene)
ADVANTAGES
Allows ease of insertion and reduced trauma
Gastric channel to prevent aspiration
Integral bite block
Eliminates rotation
Reduces possibility of epiglottis downfolding and
obstructing airway
20. INTUBATING LMA
Rigid, anatomically curved, airway tube that
is wide enough to accept an 8.0 mm cuffed
ETT and is short enough to ensure passage
of the ETT cuff beyond the vocal cords.
Epiglottis elevating bar in the mask aperture
which elevates the epiglottis as the ETT is
passed through.
Available in three sizes, one size for children,
two sizes for adults
21. LMA Pro-Seal
Not necessarily a Difficult Airway Device,
but is useful in situation where patient
has not been fasting
May be useful in failed obstetric
intubation
This has an extra tube which provides
excess access to stomach contents
Protects against aspiration by providing
an escape for unexpected regurgitation
Drain tube prevents against gastric
insufflation
22.
23. LMA Supreme™
Quite new to the market, combines all the
best features of all previous LMA except
you can’t intubate through it
The SLMA is easily and rapidly inserted,
providing a reliable airway and a good
airway seal
Rates of failure, manipulations required
and complications are very low.
Can be used when tracheal intubation fails
in non-fasted patients
Useful in “failed intubation” and the “can’t
intubate-can’t ventilate” situation
24. COMBITUBE
The Combitube is a combined esophageal obturator and tracheal tube and is usually
inserted blindly.
Whether the “tracheal” lumen is placed in the trachea or esophagus,
the Combitube will allow ventilation of the lungs and give partial protection against
aspiration.
In many situations, the Combitube is a (less widely used) alternative to the LMA,
including the “cannot intubate- cannot ventilate” situation.
Disadvantages include the inability to suction the trachea when placed in the
esophagus (the most common position). Insertion may also cause trauma and is
contraindicated in patients with known esophageal pathology, intact laryngeal
reflexes, or in those who have ingested caustic substances
26. FAILURE TO INTUBATE & FAILURE TO VENTILATE
This is an absolute emergency and a grave threat to life. To ensure all involved
perform at their best, it is important to remain calm and follow an appropriate
algorithm. The options are to find a satisfactory method of ventilation without
intubation (“noninvasive”) or to perform a cricothyroidotomy or (potentially)
tracheostomy. Reduced to its simplest, the options are
a) check the basics to see if intubating conditions can be improved
b) use of a supraglottic airway
c) perform a cricothyroidotomy
27. SURGICAL AIRWAY
The indication for a surgical airway is inability to intubate the trachea in a patient who
requires it and the techniques available are cricothyroidotomy or tracheostomy.
Cricothyroidotomy may be performed using three techniques: needle, wire-guided
percutaneous, or surgical.
28. Pre-oxygenation and apnoeic techniques to
maintain oxygenation
Preoxygenation with 20-25 degree head up position and continuous
positive airway pressure – delays onset of hypoxia
Nasal oxygenation during efforts of securing endotracheal tube –
increases the apnoeic time
29. Choice of laryngoscope blades
There are over 50 types of curved and straight laryngoscope blades of
varying sizes. In patients with a large lower jaw or “deep
pharynx,” the view at laryngoscopy may be improved significantly by using a
size 4 Mackintosh blade (rather than the more common size 3) to ensure the
tip of the blade reaches the base of the vallecula to facilitate optimal elevation
of the epiglottis. Other blades, for example, McCoy (a curved Mackin-tosh-type
blade with a laryngoscopist controlled hinged portion just proximal to the tip),
may be advantageous in specific situations.
33. A difficult laryngoscopic view is found (i.e. Cormack and Lehane Grade III or IV),
then it is reasonable to have one further “best” attempt at Laryngoscopy which
should consist of the following components:
• an attempt by an experienced laryngoscopist,
• an optimal patient head and neck position
• external laryngeal manipulation,
• consider adjuncts to Laryngoscopy,
• consider a single change of laryngoscope blade size and type,
• consider using a smaller sized endotracheal tube.
Difficult direct laryngoscopy
34. EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL MANIPULATION (BURP MANEUVER):
--
-Backward
-upward
-rightward pressure
Helps to increase laryngoscopic view.
Different from Sellick’s manuever
35.
36. MILLER BLADES (STRAIGHT)
The Miller blades are
commonly used for infants.
It is easier to visualize the
glottis using these blades
than the Macintosh blade in
infants, due to the larger
size of the epiglottis relative
to that of the glottis.
37. LEVERING LARYNGOSCOPE (MCCOY)
Hinged tip which facilitates
elevation of the epiglottis
Less force required to intubate
Improves view at laryngoscopy
Useful in patients wearing cervical
hard collars
Inexpensive
Steep learning curve
38. VIDEOLARYNGOSCOPES
Un-channelled videolaryngoscopes
These devices can facilitate
visualization of the larynx when it
is not possible to do so with a
conventional blade.
To achieve actual intubation the
ET tube has to be loaded onto a
stylet, then navigated into the field
of view of the videolaryngoscope,
and finally advanced into the
laryngeal inlet.
Eg: Glidescope and C-Mac®
Types of videolaryngoscopes
Videolaryngoscopes are either of the un-channelled or channelled type:
39. Channelled videolaryngoscopes
These devices include a
channel for the ET tube which
is integrated into the blade of
the laryngoscope.
The Airtraq® is an example of
a channelled videolaryngosco
Air trach
42. NEEDLE CRICOTHYROTOMY
(MANUJET III WITH JET VENTILATION CATHETER)
Useful for elective or emergency TTJV
Perc puncture of cricothyroid ligament
It consists of an injector with pressure gauge and adjustable driving pressure (0-4 BAR)
Catheters available in 3 sizes Adult 13g, Child 14g and Baby 16g
43. TRANSTRACHEAL JET VENTILATION (TTJV)
Jet ventilation using either specialized ventilator or high pressure driven valve
circuit via a catheter passed through the cricothyroid membrane
Similar technique to previous
Disadvantages
Requires high pressure gas source
May cause subcutaneous emphysema, pneumo-mediastinum, pneumothorax or
other types of barotrauma
Uses:
Emergency ventilation in the can’t intubate can’t ventilate scenario
45. LARGE CANNULAE CRICOTHYROTOMY
Used for emergency airway access when conventional ett intubation cannot be
performed
Percutaneous entry ( seldinger ) technique via cricothyroid membrane
Dilate the tract and tracheal entrance site to permit passage of the emergency
airway
Cuffed catheter to protect and control airway