Differential diagnosis of depressed mood HY
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Major depressive disorder involves at least two weeks of depressed mood along with other symptoms like changes in sleep, appetite, and concentration, and significantly impacts daily functioning. Persistent depressive disorder is a chronic depressed mood lasting at least two years along with other symptoms. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood develops within three months of a stressor and causes significant distress or impairment without meeting criteria for another disorder.
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Acute thiamine deficiency, also known as Wernicke's encephalopathy, is a neurological disorder most prevalent in males around age 50 with a history of alcoholism or malnutrition. It results from a lack of thiamine (Vitamin B1), which is important for brain cell function. Left untreated, it can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome characterized by amnesia and confusion. Treatment involves emergency high dose parenteral thiamine supplementation.
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- Common causes are cerebral edema, hematoma, stroke, tumor, and infections.
- There are several types of cerebral herniations including subfalcine, central, uncal, and tonsillar. Uncal herniation can cause pupillary dilation and decreased consciousness as it compresses the midbrain.
- Increased intracranial pressure can be managed medically with positioning, hyperventilation, hyperosmolar therapy, and induced hypertension or surgically with decompressive craniectomy.
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External markers of tuberculosis (TB) can present in several forms on the skin and eyes including reddish-brown jelly-like nodules known as lupus vulgaris, typically over the nose but also in other areas. Scrofuloderma appears as firm, painless skin nodules that ulcerate as a direct extension of TB infection from lymph nodes, bones or joints. Phlyctenular conjunctivitis causes small yellow nodules near the eye, which can develop into grey-white corneal ulcers. Tinea versicolor causes oval scaly patches concentrated on the chest and back due to the fungus Malassezia furfur. Erythema nodosum presents as tender
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This document provides information on primary headache disorders, with a focus on migraine. It discusses the structures in the head that are sensitive to pain, and classifies headaches as either primary (having no underlying cause) or secondary (having an identifiable structural or metabolic cause). The primary headaches are further classified, with detailed descriptions and diagnostic criteria provided for migraine without aura, migraine with aura, and tension-type headache. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, triggers, management approaches including acute and preventive therapies are summarized for migraine. Botulinum toxin, triptans, ergot alkaloids, and other medication options are outlined for migraine treatment.
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2. His symptoms began one month ago when he started socially withdrawing and expressing beliefs that his family was plotting to kill him. Over the past three days, he became aggressive, refused to eat or sleep, and believed his family would poison him.
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This document discusses various types of autoimmune encephalitis. It begins by providing clues that can suggest an autoimmune cause over infectious, including a subacute onset and fluctuating course. It then covers several specific autoimmune encephalitis subtypes defined by the neuronal surface antigens involved, such as anti-NMDA receptor and anti-LGI1 encephalitis. For each subtype, it discusses clinical features, investigations, and treatment approaches. The document aims to help clinicians differentiate between autoimmune and infectious causes of encephalitis.
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The document provides information on antidepressants. It begins by defining depression and describing its various types. It then discusses the different classes of antidepressants, including SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs. For each class, it provides details on examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. The document also discusses non-medication treatments for depression.
Meningitis , types and it's management both medical and nursing
Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, are characterized by depression, mania, or both. They are common and can have high morbidity and mortality. Major types include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder I and II, dysthymia, cyclothymia, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, meeting basic needs, promoting appropriate behaviors, managing medication, and providing education to clients and their families.
1588580960MOOD_DISORDERS_ppt (2).ppt
Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, are characterized by depression, mania, or both. They are common and can have high morbidity and mortality. Major types include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder I and II, dysthymia, cyclothymia, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, meeting basic needs, promoting appropriate behaviors, managing medication, and providing education to clients and families.
Similar to Differential diagnosis of depressed mood HY (20)
Differences between Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder
Differences between Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder
Meningitis , types and it's management both medical and nursing
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Vaccines during pregnancy HY
Vaccines during pregnancy are recommended for Tdap, inactive influenza, and Rho(D) immunoglobulin. Hepatitis B, hepatitis A, pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae, meningococcus, and varicella-zoster immunoglobulin are indicated for high-risk patients. HPV, MMR, live attenuated influenza, and varicella are contraindicated during pregnancy.
Urinary tract infection in children HY
Urinary tract infections in children can be caused by female sex, uncircumcised males, anatomical defects, dysfunctional voiding, or constipation. Symptoms include dysuria, fever, and pain in the bladder area or back/flank. Diagnosis involves finding white blood cells and bacteria in the urine. Treatment is with antibiotic therapy and sometimes additional imaging tests.
Uric acid kidney stones HY
Uric acid kidney stones can form when urine is too acidic, causing uric acid to precipitate into crystals and stones. Risk factors include gout, dehydration, and conditions causing low urine pH like diarrhea or diabetes. Treatment involves raising urine pH through potassium citrate to keep uric acid dissolved in the urine and prevent stone formation.
Tourette syndrome HY
Tourette syndrome is a disorder characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic occurring for over one year. Common motor tics include facial grimacing and head jerking, while vocal tics include grunting and yelling. Treatment options include behavioral therapy, medications that impact dopamine such as antipsychotics and tetrabenazine, and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists.
Systemic lupus erythematosus HY
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by gradual onset of symptoms such as a malar or discoid rash, joint pain, kidney problems, serosal involvement, or neurological issues. Laboratory tests typically show anemia, low white and platelet blood cell counts, positive antinuclear antibody, anti-double stranded DNA and anti-Smith tests, as well as low complement levels and increased immune complexes.
Suspected gastrinoma HY
The patient presented with multiple stomach ulcers and thickened gastric folds. To check for a possible gastrinoma, doctors measured the patient's serum gastrin level after stopping proton pump inhibitor therapy for a week, and performed a secretin stimulation test. Based on the results, further testing was recommended to localize a gastrinoma.
Spikes protocol for delivering serious news HY
The SPIKES protocol outlines six steps for delivering serious medical news to patients and their families: set the stage by arranging a private setting and introducing everyone; assess their perception of the situation; invite them to share how much information they want; provide knowledge of the situation in a clear and empathetic manner while checking for understanding; express empathy in response to emotions; and summarize by creating a follow-up plan.
Side effects & risks of combination oral contraceptives HY
Combination oral contraceptives can cause side effects like breakthrough bleeding, breast tenderness, nausea, bloating, and amenorrhea. They also carry risks such as hypertension, blood clots, and increased triglycerides. However, combination oral contraceptives decrease the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers while increasing the risk of cervical cancer.
Scurvy (vitamin c deficiency) HY
Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency due to insufficient dietary intake of citrus fruits and vegetables. It commonly affects those with alcohol or substance use disorders and severe malnutrition. Symptoms include skin hemorrhages, bleeding gums, joint pain, fatigue, and impaired wound healing. Treatment involves oral or injected vitamin C supplementation, which resolves most symptoms within days, though excessive doses can cause side effects like abdominal pain.
Retroperitoneal abdominal organs HY
This document lists retroperitoneal abdominal organs such as the adrenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava, parts of the duodenum, pancreas, ureters, parts of the colon, kidneys, esophagus, and parts of the rectum. It provides a mnemonic - SAD PUCKER - to help remember these retroperitoneal organs and notes that some organs like the duodenum, pancreas and colon are secondarily retroperitoneal having developed intraperitoneally and migrated retroperitoneally.
Red blood cell transfusion thresholds HY
This document provides recommendations for red blood cell transfusion thresholds based on hemoglobin levels. Transfusions are generally indicated for hemoglobin levels below 7 g/dL, may be considered for levels between 7-8 g/dL depending on factors like cardiac surgery or cancer treatment, and are not generally recommended above 10 g/dL.
Panic disorder HY
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks involving physical symptoms like chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, trembling, and feelings of choking, as well as cognitive symptoms such as fear of losing control or dying. Treatment involves first-line therapies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and/or cognitive-behavioral therapy for maintenance, and benzodiazepines can be used for acute distress from panic attacks.
Normal postpartum lochia HY
Lochia rubra lasts from birth to 3-4 days postpartum and consists of dark or bright red blood and clots. Lochia serosa lasts from days 4-10 or 14 and is pink or brown blood that gradually decreases. Lochia alba lasts from days 11-6 weeks and is white or yellow and light in quantity. Lochia may increase with breastfeeding or sloughing of the placental site scab around days 7-14.
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation HY
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is recommended for patients with severe COPD exacerbation, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, acute respiratory failure, postoperative hypoxemic respiratory failure, and immunosuppressed patients to facilitate early extubation. Contraindications for NPPV include medical instability such as cardiac or respiratory arrest, severe acidosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, nonrespiratory organ failure, unstable cardiac arrhythmias or hemodynamic instability, encephalopathy, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Inability to protect the airway due to being uncooperative, agitated, or unable to clear secretions with a high aspiration risk are also contraindications. Mechanical issues like a recent esophageal anastomosis or
Management of endometriosis HY
This document provides guidance on managing endometriosis. It lists symptoms that could indicate suspected endometriosis such as chronic pelvic pain, painful periods, painful sex, and painful bowel movements. For patients with suspected endometriosis, the document recommends considering over-the-counter pain relievers and birth control pills initially, and performing a laparoscopy if symptoms do not improve or if there are concerns about infertility, medical contraindications, need for diagnosis, or potential malignancy.
Lung cancer HY
This document discusses the four main types of lung cancer: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. It provides information on the incidence, typical location in the lungs, and common clinical associations for each type of lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma makes up 40-50% of lung cancers and is usually located in the periphery of the lungs. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 20-25% of cases and is typically central. Small cell carcinoma comprises 10-15% of lung cancers and is also usually central. Large cell carcinoma represents 5-10% of lung cancers and tends to be peripheral.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency HY
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is caused by a defect in CD18-containing integrins, which impairs leukocyte adhesion and endothelial transmigration. This results in recurrent skin and mucosal infections without pus formation, impaired wound healing, and delayed umbilical cord separation beyond 3 weeks of age. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis and neutrophilia.
Intrauterine fetal demise HY
Intrauterine fetal demise is defined as fetal death at 20 weeks or later. It is diagnosed by the absence of fetal cardiac activity on ultrasound. Management depends on gestational age - between 20-23 weeks dilation and evacuation or vaginal delivery is recommended, while at 24 weeks or later vaginal delivery is recommended, though cesarean delivery is an option based on maternal history. A complication can be coagulopathy if the fetus is retained for several weeks.
Infectious mononucleosis HY
Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by fever, tonsillitis or pharyngitis that may have exudates, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, fatigue, and possibly enlargement of the liver and spleen. Complications can include airway obstruction, autoimmune conditions affecting red blood cells or platelets, and rupture of the spleen.
Indications for urgent dialysis (aeiou) HY
Acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, ingestion of toxic substances, overload states, and uremia are indications for urgent dialysis according to the AEIOU mnemonic. Specifically, metabolic acidosis with a pH below 7.1, hyperkalemia causing ECG changes or arrhythmias, ingestion of toxic alcohols, volume overload refractory to diuretics, and uremia causing encephalopathy, pericarditis or bleeding require immediate dialysis treatment.
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Differential diagnosis of depressed mood HY
- 1. Differential diagnosis of depressed mood Major depressive disorder •≥2 weeks •≥5 of 9 symptoms: depressed mood & SIGECAPS •Significant functional impairment •No lifetime history of mania Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) •Chronic depressed mood ≥2 years •≥2 of the following: appetite disturbance, sleep disturbance, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, hopelessness Adjustment disorder with depressed mood •Onset within 3 months of identifiable stressor •Marked distress &/or functional impairment •Does not meet criteria for another DSM-5 disorder Normal stress response •Not excessive or out of proportion to severity of stressor •No significant functional impairment SIGECAPS = Sleep disturbance, loss of Interest, excessive Guilt, low Energy, impaired Concentration, Appetite disturbance, Psychomotor agitation/retardation, and Suicidal ideation.