Urinary tract infections in children can be caused by female sex, uncircumcised males, anatomical defects, dysfunctional voiding, or constipation. Symptoms include dysuria, fever, and pain in the bladder area or back/flank. Diagnosis involves finding white blood cells and bacteria in the urine. Treatment is with antibiotic therapy and sometimes additional imaging tests.

1. Urinary tract infection in children
Risk factors
• Female sex
• Uncircumcised male infants
• Vesicoureteral reflux, anatomic defects
• Dysfunctional voiding
• Constipation
Clinical
features
• Dysuria
• Fever
• Suprapubic pain (cystitis) &/or flank/back pain
(pyelonephritis)
Laboratory
findings
• Pyuria
• Bacteriuria on urine culture
Management
• Antibiotic therapy
• ± Renal ultrasound & voiding cystourethrogram