There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA is short and unstable, carrying DNA's genetic message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis. rRNA makes up 80% of total RNA and, along with tRNA, comprises the ribosome where mRNA is translated into proteins. tRNA has a cloverleaf structure and matches codons on mRNA to the correct amino acids during translation.

1. DIFFERENT TYPES
OF RNA, THEIR
SYNTHESIS AND
STRUCTURE

2. INTRODUCTION
 Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid found
in all living organisms that is composed of nucleotides which is
made up of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group and nitrogenous
bases such as adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. The strand
has a 5`end with a phosphate group and a 3`end with a hydroxyl
group. It is composed of ribonucleotides and these ribonucleotides
are linked together by 3`-5` phosphodiester bonds.
 It plays a crucial role in gene expression by acting as the
intermediate between the genetic information encoded by DNA
and proteins. RNA synthesis is usually catalysed by an enzyme
known as RNA polymerase by using DNA as a template and the
process is called transcription. There are mainly three types of
RNA. They are mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

3. MESSENGER RNA(mRNA)
STRUCTURE
 mRNA is a short, unstable, single-stranded RNA
corresponding to a gene encoded within DNA. It
accounts for about 5% of the total RNA in the cells.
SYNTHESIS
 The mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and moves to the
cytoplasm where proteins are made. During protein
synthesis, an organelle called a ribosome moves
along the mRNA, reads its base sequence and uses
the genetic code to translate each three-base triplet
or codon into its corresponding amino acid. So one
gene can be transcribed into an mRNA molecule
that will end up making one specific protein.

4. RIBOSOMAL RNA(rRNA)
STRUCTURE
 Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) is a long , stable RNA
molecules composing 80% of total RNA present in
the cells. rRNA directs the translation of mRNA into
proteins. Different rRNAs present in the ribosomes
include small rRNAs and large rRNAs which denote
their presence in the small and large subunits of the
ribosome.
SYNTHESIS
• The rRNA ensures the proper alignment of the
mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes. The rRNA of the
ribosome also has an enzymatic activity (peptidyl
transferase) and catalyses the formation of the
peptide bonds between two aligned amino acids
during protein synthesis.

5. TRANSFER RNA(tRNA)
STRUCTURE
 Transfer RNA(tRNA) is a small molecule with about
79-95 nucleotides that have a clover leaf structure.
tRNAs have three structural loops which are formed
via hydrogen bonding, the 3`end serves as the
amino acid attachment site and the centre loop
encompasses the anticodon that binds to the
mRNA codon.
SYNTHESIS
 A tRNA molecule forms base pairs with its
complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule
each time an amino acid is added to the growing
chain ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is
inserted into the protein during translation. The
tRNA matches up via the anticodon to the specific
codons in the mRNA and the tRNA carries the
amino acid that the codon encodes for.

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