In literature, there are two categories for the analysis of Water Distribution Networks (WDN). The first is Demand Driven Analysis (DDA) at which engineers satisfies the demand at each node and then calculate the pressure in the design of new networks. Softwares like EPANET and other commercial ones comprises the DDA methodologies. Normally, engineers do not take into consideration the sudden events (i.e excessive firefighting demand, excessive demand in some junctions, pipe failure, or pump failure). These events may produce negative pressure problems to the network leading to deficient nodes. In the second category named Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA), researchers attempted to solve the negative pressure problem. Indeed, the PDA methods are treated into three different ways. (i) Modifying the hydraulic solver source code by introducing a new PDA method, or (ii) adding artificial elements like check valve, internal dummy node, flow control valve, reservoir or emitter to network demand nodes, or (iii) adding some of the previous explained artificial elements to demand nodes which are suffering from pressure deficiency. Many researchers try to take into consideration the extended period simulation (EPS) in the water network. Until now, there are many challenges facing researchers to come over the problem of deficient nodes. In this paper, a comparison between results (Demand & Pressure) of a case study when using different PDA methods.

1. Intelligent Different Methods of Water Distribution Network
Analysis
Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime
Transport
College of Engineering and Technology
Construction and Building Engineering Department
Smart Village Branch
Eng. Mohammed Magdy Hamed
Prof. Wael M. Hamdy Khader
Assoc. Prof. Sameh Y. Mahfouz
Dr. Mohammed Ashraf Elsayad
Prepared by
Supervised by

2. Introduction
2
Literature Review

3. Serial Network
3

4. Branched Network
4
Demand
Node
Source
Node

5. Looped Network
5

6. Demand Driven Analysis
Each demand node (DN) takes the
required demand (Qreq)
Then the available pressure (Havl)
will be calculated
6

7. Demand Driven Analysis
- Hardy Cross Methods
- Modified Hardy Cross Method
- Newton-Raphson Method
- Linear Theory Method
- Analysis Using Electrical
Analyzers
- Analysis through Unsteady
Behavior during Start-Up
- Analysis through Optimization
7

8. Problem of Demand Driven Analysis
8
In Some cases required flow (demand) couldn’t be delivered in each DN
These cases are:
1- Fire Fighting demand
2- Excess use in some DN
3- Pipe failure, pump failure, valve failure…..etc.
Negative pressure will be arise

9. Pressure Driven Analysis
Developed to address issues of negative pressure estimated by
demand-driven analysis (DDA) solver
In each DN
According to the available pressure
The available flow will be calculated
Like the Emitter (sprinkler)
9

10. Pressure Driven Analysis
Node Head Flow Relationship
1- Bhave, 1981, 1991
2- Germanopoulos, 1985
3- Salgado-Castro, 1988
4- Wagner et al., 1988
5- Fujiwara & Li, 1998
6- Tanyimboh and Templeman,
2010
10

11. Pressure Driven Analysis Procedures
Examples
11

12. 12
PDA Procedures
New PDA methodology (change
source code)
Rossman
(2000b)
Cheung et al.
(2005)
Morley and
Tricarico
(2014)
Elhay et al.
(2015)
Iterative-type approaches (connect
artificial elements)
Ozger and Mays
(2003)
Todini (2006)
Ang and Jowitt
(2006)
Jinesh Babu and
Mohan (2012)
Single iteration-type
Gorev and
Kodzhespirova
(2013)
Sayyed et al.
(2014, 2015)
Herman (2017)

13. Ang & Jowitt (2006)
13

14. Sayyed et al. (2015)
14

15. Herman (2017)
15

16. Problem Statement
16

17. Problem Statement
Many Pressure Driven Analysis methods were discussed since
1981
Till now NO available software (Paid or Free) deal with PDA
with different methods
17

18. Objectives and Scope
18

19. Objectives and Scope
Compare between the different methods of PDA
Create a GUI program (MATLAB, C++ or, C sharp)
1- Creating an error (deficient condition) in the network (pipe
failure, …etc.)
2- Run the network in EPANET using DDA.
3- Choose one of the PDA methods to solve the network.
4-Compare between the different methods of PDA.
19

20. Research Methodology
20

21. Research Methodology
1. Carrying out a literature review to cover the recent
topics relevant to the proposed research.
2. Collecting the required hydraulic and geographical data
(elevations, pipes, valves, pumps, pump stations, water
sources and tanks) for WDN as a case study.
3. Developing an EPANET 2.0 hydraulic model for the
selected WDN.
21

22. Research Methodology
4. Creating GUI using a MATLAB or other program model
for several duties such as (reading the hydraulic model,
checking the model, producing a deficient scenario to
the WDN, performing a DDA analysis, performing PDA
with several methods, …etc.).
5. Comparing the results produced from the generated
program model and performing a decision making
procedure with the required input.
22

23. References (1 out of 4)
- Ang, W. K., & Jowitt, P. W. (2006). Solution for Water Distribution Systems
under Pressure-Deficient Conditions. Journal of Water Resources Planning
and Management, 132 (3), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
9496(2006)132:3(175)
- Bhave, P. R. (1981). Node flow analysis of water distribution systems. J.
Transp. Engrg., ASCE, 107 (4), 457–467.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1061/9780784480076.010
- Cross, H. (1936). ANALYSIS OF FLOW IN NETWORKS OF CONDUITS OR
CONDUCTORS. ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION, XXXIV (22).
- Elhay, S., Piller, O., Deuerlein, J., & Simpson, A. R. (2016). A Robust, Rapidly
Convergent Method That Solves the Water Distribution Equations for
Pressure-Dependent Models. Journal of Water Resources Planning and
Management, 142 (2), 04015047-1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000578
23

24. References (2 out of 4)
- Fujiwara, O., & Li, J. (1998). Reliability analysis of water distribution
networks in consideration of equity, redistribution, and pressure‐dependent
demand. Water Resources Research, 34 (7), 1843–1850.
https://doi.org/10.1029
- Germanopoulos, G. (1985). A technical note on the inclusion of pressure
dependent demand and leakage terms in water supply network models.
Civil Engineering Systems, 2 (3), 171–179.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02630258508970401
- Herman A., M., Dragan, S., & Zoran, K. (2017). New Pressure-Driven
Approach for Modeling Water Distribution Networks. Journal of Water
Resources Planning and Management, 143 (8), 04017031.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000781
- Jinesh Babu, K. S., & Mohan, S. (2012). Extended Period Simulation for
Pressure-Deficient Water Distribution Network. Journal of Computing in
Civil Engineering, 26 (August), 498–505.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000160
24

25. References (3 out of 4)
- Orazio, G., & Daniele, L. (2011). Water Distribution Network Pressure-
Driven Analysis Using the Enhanced Global Gradient Algorithm (EGGA).
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 137 (6), 498–510.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000140
- Pacchin, E., Alvisi, S., & Franchini, M. (2017). A New Non-iterative Method
for Pressure-driven Snapshot Simulations with EPANET. Procedia
Engineering, 186, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.219
- Salgado-Castro, R. O. (1988). Computer modelling of water supply
distribution networks using the gradient method. UNIVERSITY OF
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10443/287
- Sayyed, A., Gupta, R., & Tanyimboh, T. T. (2014). Modelling pressure
deficient water distribution networks in EPANET. In Procedia Engineering
(Vol. 89, pp. 626–631). Elsevier Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.487
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26. References (4 out of 4)
- Sayyed, A., Gupta, R., & Tanyimboh, T. T. (2015). Noniterative Application of
EPANET for Pressure Dependent Modelling Of Water Distribution Systems.
Water Resources Management, 29 (9), 3227–3242.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-0992-0
- Sivakumar, P., & Prasad, R. K. (2014). Simulation of Water Distribution
Network under Pressure-Deficient Condition. Water Resources
Management, 28 (10), 3271–3290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-
0677-0
- Tanyimboh, T. T., & Templeman, A. B. (2010). Seamless pressure-deficient
water distribution system model. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers - Water Management, 163 (8), 389–396.
https://doi.org/10.1680/wama.900013
- Wagner, B. J. M., Shamir, U., & Marks, H. (1988). Water Distribution
Reliability: Simulation Methods. Journal of Water Resources Planning and
Management, 114 (3), 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
9496(1988)114
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Thanks!
Any questions?