IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Basics of network analysis
Need of soft wares in design of water distribution network
Capabilities of soft wares
Different soft wares used in design of water distribution network
Here are the key steps for working with EPANET and ArcGIS:
1. Create a water distribution network in ArcGIS by digitizing pipes, nodes, tanks, pumps etc. and add attribute data like diameters, elevations etc.
2. Export the GIS network to an EPANET input file with coordinates and attributes.
3. Run hydraulic and water quality simulations in EPANET.
4. Import EPANET output data like pressures, flows back into ArcGIS as event themes on the map for visualization and analysis.
5. Perform further analysis like locating low pressure areas, fire flow deficiencies etc. in ArcGIS by overlaying EPANET results on the network map.
SIMULATION OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS WITHIN KIMILILI WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING E...IAEME Publication
Water Supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply for domestic use, industrial purposes, fire fighting and so on. The system
comprises of intake structures, treatment units, storage tanks and distribution systems. A well designed water supply system is meant to operate optimally such that consumers have access to portable water of sufficient pressure and quality at all times. However during operations of water supply systems, cases of pressure drops, Leakages and contamination occur and the main challenge is the lack of a simple tool to accurately predict zones of low pressures and areas where quality is compromised.
Dynamic Stability of Zaghloul Drainage Pumping Station, Kafr El Shiekh, EgyptIJERA Editor
Zaghloul Pumping Station located at El-Moheet drainage in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. The station consists of four axial pumping units. The operating system depends on running not more than three pumping units. The old station is replaced by new one and the old sump is reused with some modifications. Each pump takes 20 second to start and takes 300 second to reach steady state. Activation more than two units lead to decrease the suction water level, disturbance of velocity distribution in suction intake and increase vibration and noise levels. The disturbance in velocity distribution generates dynamic instability of pumping units which leads to failure, damage and other operation and maintenance difficulties. Field measurements and numerical simulation were done to investigate dynamic stability of the station. The Solid Works flow simulation software, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the flow conditions at different water levels to predict the hydraulic problem at the suction side. The field measurements are used to investigate the dynamic problem. Measurements are used to measure pump flow rate, pump head and vibration levels. The (MVP2C OneproD/ ACOEM) two channel vibration analyzer and data collector was used to prepare dynamic balancing for each unit with different weights. In general, the results indicated that with the decrease of water level; approach velocity increases, swirl and vortices induce vibrations and excessive bearing loads. From simulation results the geometry of suction intake is proper for running three parallel axial flow pumps with the designed flow rate. The input data to simulation model were taken from the filed measurements and this data is validating to simulation model. The dynamic balancing as a solution leads to reduce vibration level and save bearing life. It is very important to investigate the dynamic stability and check the dynamic balancing for pumping units at the primary operation of the new stations as mentioned in the bidding
In July of 2005, India’s Mumbai Metropolitan Area (MMA) faced heavy flooding that
jeopardized the region’s potable water supply. However, with the help of MMA’s
water utility engineers it was able to maintain a steady water supply to the cities of
Ambernath, Badlapur, and Panvel by interlinking the water transmission system of
these cities with those of cities that hadn’t been affected by the floods.
The document discusses tools for modeling water supply systems using JGrassTools and gvSIG. It summarizes that JGrassTools is an open source geospatial library containing modules for vector/raster processing, geomorphology, forestry, and more. It also includes bindings to the EPANET hydraulic modeling library. A gvSIG plugin was developed to provide a graphical interface for preparing EPANET input data in a GIS environment. This allows generating shapefiles, synchronizing attributes, running EPANET simulations, and visualizing results on maps and charts within gvSIG without needing to install EPANET separately. The tools can help evaluate alternative management strategies to improve water system performance.
Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Distribution NetworksAI Publications
In this study, a model was developed by Epanet2.0 software to analyze water quality for parameters of hydraulic and water quality model (chlorine concentration and water age model) for a segment of Erbil city WDS by using observed and documented data. Controlling free residual chlorine properly is important to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and satisfying customer needs. For the calibration process and collecting field data digital pressure loggers for recording pressure in a WDS was installed. For discharge measurements, ultrasonic flow meters were used. To assure the reliability of the model a calibration process was carried out for extended period analysis and several alternatives had been studied as a solution to overcome negative pressure zones by the calculated Hazen William C-factor. This kind of study can be used to predict so many infrastructure projects.
Simulation of water distribution networks the use of epanetRiki Rahmadhan KS
The document discusses simulation of water distribution networks using EPANET software. It describes the key components of water networks like nodes, links, pipes and how EPANET can be used to analyze hydraulic and water quality behaviors by computing flow, pressure, and chlorine concentration throughout the network. The presentation provides an overview of the different elements that can be modeled in EPANET including reservoirs, tanks, pumps, valves and pipes as well as the inputs and outputs for each.
Basics of network analysis
Need of soft wares in design of water distribution network
Capabilities of soft wares
Different soft wares used in design of water distribution network
Here are the key steps for working with EPANET and ArcGIS:
1. Create a water distribution network in ArcGIS by digitizing pipes, nodes, tanks, pumps etc. and add attribute data like diameters, elevations etc.
2. Export the GIS network to an EPANET input file with coordinates and attributes.
3. Run hydraulic and water quality simulations in EPANET.
4. Import EPANET output data like pressures, flows back into ArcGIS as event themes on the map for visualization and analysis.
5. Perform further analysis like locating low pressure areas, fire flow deficiencies etc. in ArcGIS by overlaying EPANET results on the network map.
SIMULATION OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS WITHIN KIMILILI WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING E...IAEME Publication
Water Supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply for domestic use, industrial purposes, fire fighting and so on. The system
comprises of intake structures, treatment units, storage tanks and distribution systems. A well designed water supply system is meant to operate optimally such that consumers have access to portable water of sufficient pressure and quality at all times. However during operations of water supply systems, cases of pressure drops, Leakages and contamination occur and the main challenge is the lack of a simple tool to accurately predict zones of low pressures and areas where quality is compromised.
Dynamic Stability of Zaghloul Drainage Pumping Station, Kafr El Shiekh, EgyptIJERA Editor
Zaghloul Pumping Station located at El-Moheet drainage in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. The station consists of four axial pumping units. The operating system depends on running not more than three pumping units. The old station is replaced by new one and the old sump is reused with some modifications. Each pump takes 20 second to start and takes 300 second to reach steady state. Activation more than two units lead to decrease the suction water level, disturbance of velocity distribution in suction intake and increase vibration and noise levels. The disturbance in velocity distribution generates dynamic instability of pumping units which leads to failure, damage and other operation and maintenance difficulties. Field measurements and numerical simulation were done to investigate dynamic stability of the station. The Solid Works flow simulation software, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the flow conditions at different water levels to predict the hydraulic problem at the suction side. The field measurements are used to investigate the dynamic problem. Measurements are used to measure pump flow rate, pump head and vibration levels. The (MVP2C OneproD/ ACOEM) two channel vibration analyzer and data collector was used to prepare dynamic balancing for each unit with different weights. In general, the results indicated that with the decrease of water level; approach velocity increases, swirl and vortices induce vibrations and excessive bearing loads. From simulation results the geometry of suction intake is proper for running three parallel axial flow pumps with the designed flow rate. The input data to simulation model were taken from the filed measurements and this data is validating to simulation model. The dynamic balancing as a solution leads to reduce vibration level and save bearing life. It is very important to investigate the dynamic stability and check the dynamic balancing for pumping units at the primary operation of the new stations as mentioned in the bidding
In July of 2005, India’s Mumbai Metropolitan Area (MMA) faced heavy flooding that
jeopardized the region’s potable water supply. However, with the help of MMA’s
water utility engineers it was able to maintain a steady water supply to the cities of
Ambernath, Badlapur, and Panvel by interlinking the water transmission system of
these cities with those of cities that hadn’t been affected by the floods.
The document discusses tools for modeling water supply systems using JGrassTools and gvSIG. It summarizes that JGrassTools is an open source geospatial library containing modules for vector/raster processing, geomorphology, forestry, and more. It also includes bindings to the EPANET hydraulic modeling library. A gvSIG plugin was developed to provide a graphical interface for preparing EPANET input data in a GIS environment. This allows generating shapefiles, synchronizing attributes, running EPANET simulations, and visualizing results on maps and charts within gvSIG without needing to install EPANET separately. The tools can help evaluate alternative management strategies to improve water system performance.
Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Distribution NetworksAI Publications
In this study, a model was developed by Epanet2.0 software to analyze water quality for parameters of hydraulic and water quality model (chlorine concentration and water age model) for a segment of Erbil city WDS by using observed and documented data. Controlling free residual chlorine properly is important to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and satisfying customer needs. For the calibration process and collecting field data digital pressure loggers for recording pressure in a WDS was installed. For discharge measurements, ultrasonic flow meters were used. To assure the reliability of the model a calibration process was carried out for extended period analysis and several alternatives had been studied as a solution to overcome negative pressure zones by the calculated Hazen William C-factor. This kind of study can be used to predict so many infrastructure projects.
Simulation of water distribution networks the use of epanetRiki Rahmadhan KS
The document discusses simulation of water distribution networks using EPANET software. It describes the key components of water networks like nodes, links, pipes and how EPANET can be used to analyze hydraulic and water quality behaviors by computing flow, pressure, and chlorine concentration throughout the network. The presentation provides an overview of the different elements that can be modeled in EPANET including reservoirs, tanks, pumps, valves and pipes as well as the inputs and outputs for each.
Development of computer program for fluid flow in pipes and open channel jay lad
The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and its applications in modeling fluid flow in pipes and open channels. It discusses CFD methodology including preprocessing, discretization methods, turbulence models, two-phase flow modeling, and postprocessing. It also provides details about software used for modeling pipe flow (Pipe Flow Expert, PIPE-FLO Professional) and open channel flow (Flow Calc). The document serves to provide an overview of computational modeling of fluid mechanics applications.
This document describes the reservoir simulation model HEC-ResSim, developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as an advancement over the previous HEC-5 model. HEC-ResSim uses a rule-based approach to mimic actual reservoir operations and decision making. It can represent complex reservoir systems and operational requirements through features like outlet prioritization and conditional logic. The model accounts for both the physical characteristics of reservoirs and the operational goals and constraints that influence water management and release decisions.
This document summarizes a case study analyzing and optimizing the pipe network of a cooling water system in a petrochemical plant using pipe network analysis software. The existing network was experiencing problems due to changes over time. The study involved collecting live data on flow rates and temperatures, calculating heat duties, determining optimal flow rates, creating a virtual model of the network in PIPENET software, and iteratively modifying the network through changes like line sizing. The optimized network reduced energy usage by eliminating one booster pump and improved flow distribution, saving 15% of cooling water and 27% of energy usage while maintaining required heat transfer.
IRJET - Design of Water Distribution Network using EPANET SoftwareIRJET Journal
This document describes using EPANET software to design a water distribution network for three wards in AnjarakandyGrama Panchayath, Kannur district, India. EPANET was used to carry out the design and hydraulic analysis of the network. Input data on nodes, pipes, demands, and system parameters were modeled in EPANET. The results from EPANET, including pressures at nodes and flows/velocities in pipes, showed the designed system was feasible. The performance of the EPANET model was also compared to a manual Hardy-Cross method analysis.
The document discusses the transfer basis tab in sub-flowsheets. The transfer basis determines how properties are passed between sub-flowsheets and parent flowsheets when they use different property methods. It can pass pressure and temperature, vapor fraction and temperature, or other combinations to provide a consistent interface. The transfer basis also helps control vapor fraction, temperature, or pressure calculations for streams at column sub-flowsheet boundaries.
This document describes the development of an equalization model for water allocation (EMWA). Existing water allocation models do not adequately calculate equity between connected headworks on a river system. EMWA aims to simulate water balance synergy to find the maximum equal K-factor values for users, representing volumetric reliability. It uses Excel and Visual Basic to iteratively calculate K-factors between headworks until deficits are minimized. The prototype of EMWA uses synthetic data to demonstrate equity of allocation between various systems. EMWA is intended to help establish strategic plans, annual allocation plans, real-time instructions and permits.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A new methodology is developed to analyse existing water quality monitoring networks. This methodology
incorporates different aspects of monitoring, including vulnerability/probability assessment, environmental
health risk, the value of information, and redundancy reduction. The work starts with a formulation of a
conceptual framework for groundwater quality monitoring to represent the methodology’s context. This
work presents the development of Bayesian techniques for the assessment of groundwater quality. The
primary aim is to develop a predictive model and a computer system to assess and predict the impact of
pollutants on the water column. The process of the analysis begins by postulating a model in light of all
available knowledge taken from relevant phenomenon. The previous knowledge as represented by the prior
distribution of the model parameters is then combined with the new data through Bayes’ theorem to yield
the current knowledge represented by the posterior distribution of model parameters. This process of
updating information about the unknown model parameters is then repeated in a sequential manner as
more and more new information becomes available.
Sufficiency of water distributory(hlbc)eSAT Journals
Abstract
It is known fact that India has a very large population and different studies show that it will continue to rise. The precipitation in
India is extremely conflicting in mainstream varieties. The normal yearly precipitation for India has been assessed at 1,143 mm
for the actual surviving of the nation, there is a good requirement for actualizing and arrangement of watering system procedures
for the time being, and in the future. The present condition of canal and present cropping pattern, water is insufficient for the
designed command area. In this method both discharge & crop requirement is considered. Hence for improving the irrigating
capacity of canal, designed cropping pattern should be strictly followed. Increased pipe outlets should be reduced to its design
size. Also uncontrolled pipe outlets should be controlled by suitable controlling methods for determining the sufficiency of water
distributory. In order to determine the sufficiency of water, a distributory (D-65) in Hemavathi canal system is considered which
runs for a length of 26.675 km having command area 4703.08 Ha. Crop water requirement by Duty method & Modified Penman’s
Equation of discharge through outlets is used for determining sufficiency of water. Climatic data for Modified Penman’s method
is collected for a period of 5 year from K.R Pete Hydrometer logical station in this connection.
Key Words: Precipitation1, Cropping2, Distributory3 Controlling4 and Sufficiency5 .
Optimization techniques for water supply network a critical reviewIAEME Publication
This document provides a critical review of optimization techniques that have been used for water supply network design. It discusses various methods that have been developed over the past few decades to analyze and optimize pipe networks, including Newton Raphson, linear theory, genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and ant colony optimization. The review examines literature on applying these techniques to optimize network design factors like cost, reliability, and water quality. Overall, the document surveys extensive research on using mathematical and computational optimization methods to develop more efficient and cost-effective water distribution systems.
Optimization Model for Refinery Hydrogen Networks Part IIJERA Editor
Petroleum refineries have many process units that consume hydrogen.These process units are distributed in different places everywhere in the refinery.In order to feed them, it is necessary to have sources capable of supplying, in amount and quality, the hydrogen that every consuming unit needs.It is also needed to have a distribution network that it is correctly designed and which operation is adjusted in an optimal manner to the changing conditions of the refinery.This involves the minimization of the cost of installation and operation of the hydrogen network.The installation cost is dominated by the amount of pipelines, compressors and purifying units; while the cost of operation is dominated by the amount of fresh hydrogen that the plant consumes.In this work a mathematical model is developed for a hydrogen network,which is adapted to the different information levels available in the different stages of design of that system.The model is currently in use in the YPFLuján de Cuyo refinery (Mendoza, Argentina). In this first part, the basic model is presented; whereas in a second part, the model is enlarged to accommodate the incorporation of purifying units and new compressors.
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
APPLICATIONS OF ARC SWAT MODEL FOR HYDROLOGICAL MODELLINGAbhiram Kanigolla
SWAT is a watershed-scale model used to predict the impacts of management on water resources. It divides watersheds into subwatersheds and hydrologic response units. Model setup involves watershed delineation, HRU definition, weather data input, editing SWAT inputs, and running the model. Several case studies demonstrate applications of SWAT for developing inflow-outflow models, estimating water resources, managing check dams, quantifying land use change impacts, and modeling best management practices.
The document presents an analytical solution for modeling groundwater flow in a multi-aquifer system considering vertical flow in the wellbore and well loss due to friction. It extends a previous single aquifer solution to consider two interconnected aquifers separated by an aquiclude. Simultaneous equations are formulated using Bernoulli's theorem under hydrostatic conditions to compute water flow between the two aquifers and well for both steady and unsteady well water level conditions. The solution technique aims to more scientifically and economically characterize parameters in multi-aquifer systems compared to previous approaches that treated interconnected aquifers as isolated.
Hydrologic Assessment in a Middle Narmada Basin, India using SWAT ModelSumant Diwakar
The document describes a study that used the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to assess hydrologic processes in the middle Narmada River basin in India. Key inputs to the SWAT model included digital elevation data, land use/land cover maps, soil data, and weather data. The model was set up to simulate hydrologic response units based on land use, soil type, and slope. Model outputs included estimates of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and streamflow over the study period. Results indicated that about 46% of annual precipitation was lost to evapotranspiration in the basin. The study provides a hydrologic assessment of the basin using remote sensing and geospatial data within the SWAT
Assessing the ability of SWAT as a water quality model in the Lake Victoria b...Timo Brussée
There is a need for a water quality model for use in the Lake Victoria basin countries in East-Africa. The
region is characterised by data scarcity, a tropical climate and riverine, lacustrine tidal wetlands which form
an important buffer to riverine pollution of the lake. These characteristics of the basin form a challenge for
water quality models. The objective is to state the strengths and weaknesses of a potential water quality
model under these challenging conditions. This objective is executed with the soil water assessment tool
(SWAT) in a catchment of the Lake Victoria Basin as pilot area. The pilot area of the Mara river basin is
hydrologically complex containing tropical and plantation forest, savanna, grasslands, bi-annual agriculture,
shrublands and wetlands. It has varied soil types and bi-annual rain seasons
The study consist of literature research and flow simulation of the transboundary Mara river basin. The
model study aims to characterise the hydrology in the pilot area. The study includes a thorough analysis of
rainfall, stage and flow data. Model preparation steps include the use of weighted-area rainfall estimation
methods, climate model data and empirical derivation of soil input parameters. Discharge calibration
methods include multi-site calibration, by making use of an alternative objective function statistic for the
commonly used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) called the Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE). The literature study
targets previous flow and water quality studies done in tropical or wetland areas, thereby looking to see how
these studies adapted to hydrological modelling with SWAT in tropical or wetland areas, and why theses
adaptions were made. The literature research also includes a comparison of wetland processes in SWAT
with the physical, biological and chemical processes as described in previous studies.
The Mara river basin flow simulation gave a satisfactory model performance for two out of three calibration
sites, thereby being able to give preliminary outputs on water-balance and other flow characteristics. During
research, a number of model, knowledge and data gaps were found to be critical for better understanding
the hydrological and water quality system workings in the Lake Victoria and Mara river basin. From the
model and literature study it is concluded that several issues on data scarcity and hydrological model
processes in the tropics can be overcome. These do not necessarily decrease model performance or
uncertainty in the SWAT model. However, wetland processes are oversimplified in SWAT. Modification and
coupled SWAT models yet have not been able to provide an alternative to the default model that adequately
represents the main flow, sediment and nutrients processes and fluxes that are present in Mara’s wetlands.
limestone contactors for small water supply systemsMarwan Haddad
A study investigated using limestone contactors to mitigate corrosion in small water systems using acidic water. A mathematical model was developed relating limestone dissolution to water chemistry and contactor properties to design contactors. Laboratory and field experiments validated the computer model in determining optimal contactor size, limestone grade, replenishment needs, and effluent quality at lowest cost.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares two methods for estimating water losses from leakage in a water distribution system: minimum night flow analysis and hydraulic model calibration. Both methods were applied to an existing district metered area in southern Brazil. Minimum night flow analysis estimated daily real losses of 53.54 cubic meters, while hydraulic model calibration using Epanet Calibrator software estimated daily real losses of 49.73 cubic meters, showing similar results. The study concludes that calibration is a useful alternative to minimum night flow analysis for estimating leakage, as it allows visualization of the entire network hydraulics.
A PRECISION AGRICULTURE DSS BASED ON SENSOR THRESHOLD MANAGEMENT FOR IRRIGATI...sipij
This document describes a prototype precision agriculture decision support system (DSS) for irrigation management. The prototype system collects data from weather and soil sensors, analyzes the data according to preset thresholds using a DSS algorithm, and activates irrigation electrovalves as needed. The system architecture includes sensors that transmit data via ZigBee protocol to a central coordinator connected to the cloud. The cloud runs the DSS algorithm and sends commands back to the coordinator to open and close electrovalves. A database stores sensor data and system settings like thresholds. The document provides details on the hardware components, network design, DSS logic, and aims to demonstrate how a microcontroller can perform customized DSS for different crops.
This document discusses a study on the sensitivity of three virtual metering systems to input measurement uncertainties, degradation, and availability. The study found that:
1) Certain instruments have a larger impact on estimated rates, and their degradation over time must be considered.
2) Measurement uncertainties propagate differently through each system's models, impacting the estimated rates.
3) Data availability, affected by instrument failures, also impacts rate quality estimates differently in each system.
The study provided insights into how virtual metering systems respond to real-world challenges and helped identify which instruments were most critical for system functionality.
REVIEW OF FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGA...ijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A mathematical model based on s uccessive approximations then would be employed to estimate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the three pipe branches of s ome diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be st udied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,reynolds number on the resistan ce coefficient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
This document analyzes different scenarios to determine optimal values for parameters in the design of linear traveling irrigation systems using software. It examines how required flow rate, nozzle diameter, and wetted area are affected by changing the system gross capacity, travel distance, nozzle length, nozzle pressure, and nozzle spacing. The results show that required flow is most sensitive to changes in system gross capacity (56% change) and nozzle spacing (43% change), wetted area is most sensitive to changes in nozzle length (49% change), and nozzle diameter is the only parameter that does not remain constant when design factors are altered.
Development of computer program for fluid flow in pipes and open channel jay lad
The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and its applications in modeling fluid flow in pipes and open channels. It discusses CFD methodology including preprocessing, discretization methods, turbulence models, two-phase flow modeling, and postprocessing. It also provides details about software used for modeling pipe flow (Pipe Flow Expert, PIPE-FLO Professional) and open channel flow (Flow Calc). The document serves to provide an overview of computational modeling of fluid mechanics applications.
This document describes the reservoir simulation model HEC-ResSim, developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as an advancement over the previous HEC-5 model. HEC-ResSim uses a rule-based approach to mimic actual reservoir operations and decision making. It can represent complex reservoir systems and operational requirements through features like outlet prioritization and conditional logic. The model accounts for both the physical characteristics of reservoirs and the operational goals and constraints that influence water management and release decisions.
This document summarizes a case study analyzing and optimizing the pipe network of a cooling water system in a petrochemical plant using pipe network analysis software. The existing network was experiencing problems due to changes over time. The study involved collecting live data on flow rates and temperatures, calculating heat duties, determining optimal flow rates, creating a virtual model of the network in PIPENET software, and iteratively modifying the network through changes like line sizing. The optimized network reduced energy usage by eliminating one booster pump and improved flow distribution, saving 15% of cooling water and 27% of energy usage while maintaining required heat transfer.
IRJET - Design of Water Distribution Network using EPANET SoftwareIRJET Journal
This document describes using EPANET software to design a water distribution network for three wards in AnjarakandyGrama Panchayath, Kannur district, India. EPANET was used to carry out the design and hydraulic analysis of the network. Input data on nodes, pipes, demands, and system parameters were modeled in EPANET. The results from EPANET, including pressures at nodes and flows/velocities in pipes, showed the designed system was feasible. The performance of the EPANET model was also compared to a manual Hardy-Cross method analysis.
The document discusses the transfer basis tab in sub-flowsheets. The transfer basis determines how properties are passed between sub-flowsheets and parent flowsheets when they use different property methods. It can pass pressure and temperature, vapor fraction and temperature, or other combinations to provide a consistent interface. The transfer basis also helps control vapor fraction, temperature, or pressure calculations for streams at column sub-flowsheet boundaries.
This document describes the development of an equalization model for water allocation (EMWA). Existing water allocation models do not adequately calculate equity between connected headworks on a river system. EMWA aims to simulate water balance synergy to find the maximum equal K-factor values for users, representing volumetric reliability. It uses Excel and Visual Basic to iteratively calculate K-factors between headworks until deficits are minimized. The prototype of EMWA uses synthetic data to demonstrate equity of allocation between various systems. EMWA is intended to help establish strategic plans, annual allocation plans, real-time instructions and permits.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A new methodology is developed to analyse existing water quality monitoring networks. This methodology
incorporates different aspects of monitoring, including vulnerability/probability assessment, environmental
health risk, the value of information, and redundancy reduction. The work starts with a formulation of a
conceptual framework for groundwater quality monitoring to represent the methodology’s context. This
work presents the development of Bayesian techniques for the assessment of groundwater quality. The
primary aim is to develop a predictive model and a computer system to assess and predict the impact of
pollutants on the water column. The process of the analysis begins by postulating a model in light of all
available knowledge taken from relevant phenomenon. The previous knowledge as represented by the prior
distribution of the model parameters is then combined with the new data through Bayes’ theorem to yield
the current knowledge represented by the posterior distribution of model parameters. This process of
updating information about the unknown model parameters is then repeated in a sequential manner as
more and more new information becomes available.
Sufficiency of water distributory(hlbc)eSAT Journals
Abstract
It is known fact that India has a very large population and different studies show that it will continue to rise. The precipitation in
India is extremely conflicting in mainstream varieties. The normal yearly precipitation for India has been assessed at 1,143 mm
for the actual surviving of the nation, there is a good requirement for actualizing and arrangement of watering system procedures
for the time being, and in the future. The present condition of canal and present cropping pattern, water is insufficient for the
designed command area. In this method both discharge & crop requirement is considered. Hence for improving the irrigating
capacity of canal, designed cropping pattern should be strictly followed. Increased pipe outlets should be reduced to its design
size. Also uncontrolled pipe outlets should be controlled by suitable controlling methods for determining the sufficiency of water
distributory. In order to determine the sufficiency of water, a distributory (D-65) in Hemavathi canal system is considered which
runs for a length of 26.675 km having command area 4703.08 Ha. Crop water requirement by Duty method & Modified Penman’s
Equation of discharge through outlets is used for determining sufficiency of water. Climatic data for Modified Penman’s method
is collected for a period of 5 year from K.R Pete Hydrometer logical station in this connection.
Key Words: Precipitation1, Cropping2, Distributory3 Controlling4 and Sufficiency5 .
Optimization techniques for water supply network a critical reviewIAEME Publication
This document provides a critical review of optimization techniques that have been used for water supply network design. It discusses various methods that have been developed over the past few decades to analyze and optimize pipe networks, including Newton Raphson, linear theory, genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and ant colony optimization. The review examines literature on applying these techniques to optimize network design factors like cost, reliability, and water quality. Overall, the document surveys extensive research on using mathematical and computational optimization methods to develop more efficient and cost-effective water distribution systems.
Optimization Model for Refinery Hydrogen Networks Part IIJERA Editor
Petroleum refineries have many process units that consume hydrogen.These process units are distributed in different places everywhere in the refinery.In order to feed them, it is necessary to have sources capable of supplying, in amount and quality, the hydrogen that every consuming unit needs.It is also needed to have a distribution network that it is correctly designed and which operation is adjusted in an optimal manner to the changing conditions of the refinery.This involves the minimization of the cost of installation and operation of the hydrogen network.The installation cost is dominated by the amount of pipelines, compressors and purifying units; while the cost of operation is dominated by the amount of fresh hydrogen that the plant consumes.In this work a mathematical model is developed for a hydrogen network,which is adapted to the different information levels available in the different stages of design of that system.The model is currently in use in the YPFLuján de Cuyo refinery (Mendoza, Argentina). In this first part, the basic model is presented; whereas in a second part, the model is enlarged to accommodate the incorporation of purifying units and new compressors.
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
APPLICATIONS OF ARC SWAT MODEL FOR HYDROLOGICAL MODELLINGAbhiram Kanigolla
SWAT is a watershed-scale model used to predict the impacts of management on water resources. It divides watersheds into subwatersheds and hydrologic response units. Model setup involves watershed delineation, HRU definition, weather data input, editing SWAT inputs, and running the model. Several case studies demonstrate applications of SWAT for developing inflow-outflow models, estimating water resources, managing check dams, quantifying land use change impacts, and modeling best management practices.
The document presents an analytical solution for modeling groundwater flow in a multi-aquifer system considering vertical flow in the wellbore and well loss due to friction. It extends a previous single aquifer solution to consider two interconnected aquifers separated by an aquiclude. Simultaneous equations are formulated using Bernoulli's theorem under hydrostatic conditions to compute water flow between the two aquifers and well for both steady and unsteady well water level conditions. The solution technique aims to more scientifically and economically characterize parameters in multi-aquifer systems compared to previous approaches that treated interconnected aquifers as isolated.
Hydrologic Assessment in a Middle Narmada Basin, India using SWAT ModelSumant Diwakar
The document describes a study that used the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to assess hydrologic processes in the middle Narmada River basin in India. Key inputs to the SWAT model included digital elevation data, land use/land cover maps, soil data, and weather data. The model was set up to simulate hydrologic response units based on land use, soil type, and slope. Model outputs included estimates of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and streamflow over the study period. Results indicated that about 46% of annual precipitation was lost to evapotranspiration in the basin. The study provides a hydrologic assessment of the basin using remote sensing and geospatial data within the SWAT
Assessing the ability of SWAT as a water quality model in the Lake Victoria b...Timo Brussée
There is a need for a water quality model for use in the Lake Victoria basin countries in East-Africa. The
region is characterised by data scarcity, a tropical climate and riverine, lacustrine tidal wetlands which form
an important buffer to riverine pollution of the lake. These characteristics of the basin form a challenge for
water quality models. The objective is to state the strengths and weaknesses of a potential water quality
model under these challenging conditions. This objective is executed with the soil water assessment tool
(SWAT) in a catchment of the Lake Victoria Basin as pilot area. The pilot area of the Mara river basin is
hydrologically complex containing tropical and plantation forest, savanna, grasslands, bi-annual agriculture,
shrublands and wetlands. It has varied soil types and bi-annual rain seasons
The study consist of literature research and flow simulation of the transboundary Mara river basin. The
model study aims to characterise the hydrology in the pilot area. The study includes a thorough analysis of
rainfall, stage and flow data. Model preparation steps include the use of weighted-area rainfall estimation
methods, climate model data and empirical derivation of soil input parameters. Discharge calibration
methods include multi-site calibration, by making use of an alternative objective function statistic for the
commonly used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) called the Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE). The literature study
targets previous flow and water quality studies done in tropical or wetland areas, thereby looking to see how
these studies adapted to hydrological modelling with SWAT in tropical or wetland areas, and why theses
adaptions were made. The literature research also includes a comparison of wetland processes in SWAT
with the physical, biological and chemical processes as described in previous studies.
The Mara river basin flow simulation gave a satisfactory model performance for two out of three calibration
sites, thereby being able to give preliminary outputs on water-balance and other flow characteristics. During
research, a number of model, knowledge and data gaps were found to be critical for better understanding
the hydrological and water quality system workings in the Lake Victoria and Mara river basin. From the
model and literature study it is concluded that several issues on data scarcity and hydrological model
processes in the tropics can be overcome. These do not necessarily decrease model performance or
uncertainty in the SWAT model. However, wetland processes are oversimplified in SWAT. Modification and
coupled SWAT models yet have not been able to provide an alternative to the default model that adequately
represents the main flow, sediment and nutrients processes and fluxes that are present in Mara’s wetlands.
limestone contactors for small water supply systemsMarwan Haddad
A study investigated using limestone contactors to mitigate corrosion in small water systems using acidic water. A mathematical model was developed relating limestone dissolution to water chemistry and contactor properties to design contactors. Laboratory and field experiments validated the computer model in determining optimal contactor size, limestone grade, replenishment needs, and effluent quality at lowest cost.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares two methods for estimating water losses from leakage in a water distribution system: minimum night flow analysis and hydraulic model calibration. Both methods were applied to an existing district metered area in southern Brazil. Minimum night flow analysis estimated daily real losses of 53.54 cubic meters, while hydraulic model calibration using Epanet Calibrator software estimated daily real losses of 49.73 cubic meters, showing similar results. The study concludes that calibration is a useful alternative to minimum night flow analysis for estimating leakage, as it allows visualization of the entire network hydraulics.
A PRECISION AGRICULTURE DSS BASED ON SENSOR THRESHOLD MANAGEMENT FOR IRRIGATI...sipij
This document describes a prototype precision agriculture decision support system (DSS) for irrigation management. The prototype system collects data from weather and soil sensors, analyzes the data according to preset thresholds using a DSS algorithm, and activates irrigation electrovalves as needed. The system architecture includes sensors that transmit data via ZigBee protocol to a central coordinator connected to the cloud. The cloud runs the DSS algorithm and sends commands back to the coordinator to open and close electrovalves. A database stores sensor data and system settings like thresholds. The document provides details on the hardware components, network design, DSS logic, and aims to demonstrate how a microcontroller can perform customized DSS for different crops.
This document discusses a study on the sensitivity of three virtual metering systems to input measurement uncertainties, degradation, and availability. The study found that:
1) Certain instruments have a larger impact on estimated rates, and their degradation over time must be considered.
2) Measurement uncertainties propagate differently through each system's models, impacting the estimated rates.
3) Data availability, affected by instrument failures, also impacts rate quality estimates differently in each system.
The study provided insights into how virtual metering systems respond to real-world challenges and helped identify which instruments were most critical for system functionality.
REVIEW OF FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGA...ijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A mathematical model based on s uccessive approximations then would be employed to estimate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the three pipe branches of s ome diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be st udied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,reynolds number on the resistan ce coefficient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
This document analyzes different scenarios to determine optimal values for parameters in the design of linear traveling irrigation systems using software. It examines how required flow rate, nozzle diameter, and wetted area are affected by changing the system gross capacity, travel distance, nozzle length, nozzle pressure, and nozzle spacing. The results show that required flow is most sensitive to changes in system gross capacity (56% change) and nozzle spacing (43% change), wetted area is most sensitive to changes in nozzle length (49% change), and nozzle diameter is the only parameter that does not remain constant when design factors are altered.
IRWP Seasonal Storage Project Water Reuse System Storage ModelAhmad Mousa
This document describes a storage planning model (SPM) developed to evaluate seasonal storage options for Santa Rosa's Subregional Water Reuse System under different future scenarios. The SPM was built using data from 2003-2006 and calibrated to the existing system operations. It then simulates seven storage pond configurations and five demand scenarios under varying hydrologic years. The results show the additional storage volume (200-650 million gallons) and potential facility upgrades needed to integrate additional ponds into the system.
FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to f ind the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Si mulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coeff icients at junctions. A mathematical model based on successive approximations then would be employed to estim ate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the thr ee pipe branches of some diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be studied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,Reynolds number on the resistance coeffi cient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
“WATER DEMAND FORECASTING AND DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM/NETWORK AT ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that used EPANET software to design a water distribution system for Pohale Turf Borgaon village. It involved forecasting the village's population for three decades to determine current and future water demands. An existing distribution system was analyzed to identify problems. Google Earth Pro and AutoCAD were used to map the area and design a pipe network in EPANET. Hydraulic analysis in EPANET validated that pressures and flows met demands. The results provide an optimized water distribution system for the study area.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document describes a procedure for developing a conceptual model of a river system for flood control purposes using a case study of the Demer River in Belgium. Key points:
- A conceptual model was developed based on simulations from a detailed full hydrodynamic model to reduce computation time for real-time flood control applications.
- The conceptual model was developed through identifying representative discharges, storage points, and hydraulic structures from the river network and calibrating it using a limited number of full model simulations.
- The performance of the conceptual model was evaluated against historical flood events and showed close agreement with the full model, enabling its use for real-time flood control applications requiring many model iterations.
Iaetsd design and analysis of water hammer effect in a networkIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a study analyzing water hammer effect in pipeline networks. The study uses COMSOL Multiphysics software to design different pipe structures and analyze parameters like pressure distribution, velocity variation, and water hammer amplitude over time. The analysis considers a single pipe with a closing valve, as well as a three-pipe intersection network. Results show the pressure and velocity changes along the pipes when the valve closes instantaneously, creating a pressure surge traveling through the system.
Numerical analysis for two phase flow distribution headers in heat exchangerseSAT Journals
Abstract A flow header having number of multiple small branch pipes are commonly used in heat exchangers and boilers. In beginning the headers were designed based on the assumption that the fluid distribute equally to all lateral pipes. In practical situation the flow is not uniform and equal in all lateral pipes. Mal distribution of flow in heat exchangers significantly affects their performance. Non-uniform flow distribution from header to the branch pipes in a flow system will lead to 25% decrease in effectiveness of a cross flow heat exchanger. Mal distribution of flow in the header is influenced by the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the header. In this work the flow distribution among the branch pipes of dividing flow header system is analyzed for two phase flow condition. In the two phase flow condition, the effect of change in geometric cross sectional shape of the header (circular, square), inlet flow velocities are varied to find the flow mal distribution through the lateral pipes are investigated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Keywords: circular, square headers and Computational Fluid Dynamics software. (CFD)
In literature, there are two categories for the analysis of Water Distribution Networks (WDN). The first is Demand Driven Analysis (DDA) at which engineers satisfies the demand at each node and then calculate the pressure in the design of new networks. Softwares like EPANET and other commercial ones comprises the DDA methodologies. Normally, engineers do not take into consideration the sudden events (i.e excessive firefighting demand, excessive demand in some junctions, pipe failure, or pump failure). These events may produce negative pressure problems to the network leading to deficient nodes. In the second category named Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA), researchers attempted to solve the negative pressure problem. Indeed, the PDA methods are treated into three different ways. (i) Modifying the hydraulic solver source code by introducing a new PDA method, or (ii) adding artificial elements like check valve, internal dummy node, flow control valve, reservoir or emitter to network demand nodes, or (iii) adding some of the previous explained artificial elements to demand nodes which are suffering from pressure deficiency. Many researchers try to take into consideration the extended period simulation (EPS) in the water network. Until now, there are many challenges facing researchers to come over the problem of deficient nodes. In this paper, a comparison between results (Demand & Pressure) of a case study when using different PDA methods.
The document describes using a non-linear programming model to optimize the design of a water distribution network in Mumbai, India. A traditional branch software method was first used to design the network. Then, a non-linear programming model was formulated in MS Excel to minimize total pipe costs while ensuring minimum pressure requirements are met at each node. The optimized design reduced total pipe costs by 5.08% compared to the original design. The non-linear programming model provides a simpler optimization approach than other complex algorithms that require more technical knowledge.
Effectiveirrigation water management beginswith timingand regulating irrigation water application in away that will satisfy the need of the crop without wastingwater,soil and cropnutrients. Thisinvolvessupplying water according to the crop requirement, quantity that canbe heldby the soil and is available tothe crop at ratestolerated according to the soil characteristics.So measuringwater infields is veryessential step in irrigation management systems. Thereare manywater flow measurement techniques aswell as different types of water flow meters used inirrigation tomeasure thevolume ofwaterflow in pipelines but these all are too costly. This paper describes design and development of low cost automaticwaterflow meter which supplies only required amount of water to the crops saving water as well as energy.G1/2 HallEffectwater flow sensor is usedas a sensing unitwith a turbine rotor inside it whosespeed of rotationchanges with the different rate of flowofwater.The Hall Effect sensoroutputs the corresponding pulse train for frequency input to the microcontroller.The whole system comprises of AT89S52microcontroller,G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor, relay, optocoupler, a water pump, 5V supply, LCD,keypadand some passive components.The AT89S52 microcontroller is programmedinKeildevelopment Tool
Design and development of automatic Water flow meterIJCSEA Journal
This document describes the design and development of an automatic low-cost water flow meter. It uses a G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor with a turbine rotor to measure water flow rate. As the rotor spins, the Hall sensor outputs a pulse train proportional to the flow rate. An AT89S52 microcontroller is programmed to convert this to a flow rate measurement displayed on an LCD. The system automatically turns off the water pump after a preset time to conserve water as per crop needs. Testing showed the sensor readings closely matched actual flow rates between multiplication factors of 1.7-2.0.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC WATER FLOW METERIJCSEA Journal
Effective irrigation water management begins with timing and regulating irrigation water application in a
way that will satisfy the need of the crop without wasting water, soil and crop nutrients. This involves
supplying water according to the crop requirement, quantity that can be held by the soil and is available to
the crop at rates tolerated according to the soil characteristics. So measuring water in fields is very
essential step in irrigation management systems. There are many water flow measurement techniques as
well as different types of water flow meters used in irrigation to measure the volume of water flow in
pipelines but these all are too costly. This paper describes design and development of low cost automatic
water flow meter which supplies only required amount of water to the crops saving water as well as energy.
G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor is used as a sensing unit with a turbine rotor inside it whose speed of
rotation changes with the different rate of flow of water. The Hall Effect sensor outputs the corresponding
pulse train for frequency input to the microcontroller. The whole system comprises of AT89S52
microcontroller, G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor, relay, optocoupler, a water pump, 5V supply, LCD,
keypad and some passive components. The AT89S52 microcontroller is programmed in Keil development
Tool.
Cfd study of a Pelton turbine runner by M.Minozzo R.Bergamin M.Merelli M.Galb...TUM
This document compares two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches - traditional Eulerian and novel Lagrangian Moving Particle Simulation (MPS) - for simulating Pelton turbine runners. The traditional Eulerian approach requires significant geometry simplification and simulation time. The novel MPS approach can simulate the entire turbine geometry without simplification in less time. It also provides new insights not previously discovered, such as jet-jet interactions, opening possibilities for further optimization. Both approaches produce results within 1% of theoretical values, but MPS saves considerable time and resources.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DESIGN OF OPTIMAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS USING WAT...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of optimal water distribution system designs for rural areas of Rajasthan and Uttarakhand, India using WaterGEMS and Excel 365 software. It analyzes the topography of study villages in Banswara, Rajasthan (plain area) and Nainital, Uttarakhand (hilly area). Population data from 1971-2011 is collected and projected to 2054 using the geometrical increase method. Hydraulic models of proposed pipe networks are developed and analyzed based on criteria from the CPHEEO manual, including minimum residual pressure of 7m and maximum head loss gradient of 4m/km. The study found the designed systems using the software met design requirements to supply
Automatic Water Storage and Distribution System using Reliance SCADAijtsrd
The increasing population and thus the wide expansion of urban residential areas have increased the need for proper sharing of water. This distribution of water in every house within different areas needs control and monitoring for preventing the wastage of water. Different technologies have been studied to distribute the water to each and every house of residential areas. The main aim of this paper is to provide an effective water supply to each consumer and to detect the leakage sites. Automation provides an optimized solution to all problems of the water distribution system. In order to implement the proposed system, each area must be provided with a water flow sensor which is controlled by the Arduino mega board and can calculate flow rate and the amount of water supplied. The entire system has features of Reliance SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition to control and monitor the water distribution. In this paper, the system distributes the water under the area of a single water tank. In this way, to control the whole system the automation is developed using PLC Programmable Logic Controller . Khin Nyein Win | Lwin Lwin Htay | Nyan Phyo Aung "Automatic Water Storage and Distribution System using Reliance SCADA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26414.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26414/automatic-water-storage-and-distribution-system-using-reliance-scada/khin-nyein-win
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
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Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
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Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
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in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
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governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
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dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
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our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
Irrigation distribution network analysis
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. IV (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 01-08
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12640108 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Irrigation distribution network analysis
Zbynek Bajtek1
, Milan Cisty1
, Lubos Celar1
1
(Department of Land and Water Resource Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, STU, Slovakia)
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper was to explore the possibility and limits of two basic approaches to
water distribution system analysis. First approach represents demand-driven analysis, where on the first place
lies nodal demand regardless from actual pressure. The second type is pressure driven analysis. This method is
particularly suitable for the reason that most of the irrigators, mainly field crops is directly dependent on the
pressure at the inlet to the machine and the demand is a function of pressure. Pressure driven analysis provides
a better picture of the pressures as well as demands and thus the overall operation of the network. It is also
preferable when assessing various unusual operating situations, such as very small load at once operated
irrigation details, as well as assessing leaks and failures on the network, etc..
Keywords: demand-driven analysis, Epanet, irrigation networks, pressure-driven analysis, simulation model
I. Introduction
Hydraulic assessment of irrigation network is particularly important while optimizing its operation, as
well as in context of the proposal of the modernization and reconstruction. Pressure fluctuations in the system
have in the case of the pressurized water distribution system a negative impact on the proper functionality of
irrigation details, such as traveling gun sprinklers, pivot sprinklers or micro - sprinklers. Therefore, it is
necessary to apply hydraulic analysis of the irrigation system that assess its behavior at different demand
situation. Such hydraulic analysis is particularly important for verification of the optimal pressure conditions
during operation of the system, which is in the case of the irrigation systems significantly variable in time.
The hydraulic analysis of the irrigation system can be accessed in two ways. The first approach
represents so called Demand Driven Analysis (DDA), where fixed demands at nodes are given as input data,
regardless of the actual pressure in the node. A different approach represents a Pressure-Driven Analysis (PDA),
which takes into account the relationship between the pressure and the demand in the node. This relationship is
usually known, because it is based on a specific irrigation detail (and is usually defined by the manufacturer in
irrigator manual). These functional relationship is in this type of analysis basic input defining demands in the
network. Additional data about demand from network is only the location of demands on the network. This
approach is particularly important in cases where the demand is significantly dependent on the pressure (could
have very different values) in the demand node, as is the case of irrigation sprinklers.
There are many computer models which can simulate water distribution pressurized systems, by help of
which it is possible to analyse the hydraulic behavior of the network. However, in most cases available models
serves for the DDA only. However, if we consider the change in flow regimes and demands at hydrants, such
analysis is more difficult. Lamaddalena and Pereira [1],[2] have proofed that even in cases where the flows in
network comply with the original dimensioning flows, there may occur states during operation with very low
pressures in the system, for example due to inappropriate irrigation detail placement during operation.
Therefore, it is evident that it is necessary to address the performance analysis of the irrigation system, because
of the significant spatial variability of flow situations [3]. This variability is particularly important in the case of
irrigation systems, because the node demands are relatively large (for example, in comparison with demands in
drinking water distribution systems). Demands, which occurs in the drinking systems due to their large number
and relatively small size are “statistically balanced in time”, and summary approximately constant (for some
hour of the day), but the change of the location of a large demand in the case of the irrigation uptake from
network significantly affect and change whole hydraulic state of the system.
In view of these facts, several models have been developed to help improve the methodology of the
analysis of the functionality of irrigation systems while one is accomplishing their design or for purposes of
operation and management [4], [1], [5]. Shortages of these simulation models is that they cannot be easily
adapted to situations where the behavior of the network is significantly affected by pressure conditions. This
condition can occur when the system does not have the appropriate flow restrictor eventually the pressure
regulator to the hydrants. Different models have been developed for water distribution systems in urban areas
that utilize different types of non-stationary flow [6], [7], [8], [9]. However, applications of this type of models
in irrigation systems is rather rare. In order to perform an analysis of the irrigation networks different models
and strategies were developed [10], [11], [12]. Model FLUCS [11] simulates the flow in the network, by using a
simplified system of the characteristic equations of flow. Performance analysis is accomplished on the basis of
the calculations of relative pressure deficits at any hydrant within a given number of configurations of hydrants
2. Irrigation distribution network analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12640108 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
that work in parallel. These configurations were randomly generated and there is much more of them than is the
number of the hydrants. The authors tested the model with data collected in irrigation system Capitan in
southern Italy. The results demonstrated the capability of the model to reproduce the pressure conditions that
were observed at selected hydrants.
As is apparent from the preceding text issue of evaluation of the effectiveness of irrigation systems is
not sufficiently investigated. Therefore, the authors of the paper has focused on a comparison of mentioned two
modelling approaches, which are crucial for such analysis. The aim was to provide a complex overview of the
water distribution systems hydraulic evaluation in irrigation, from the point of view of its variable operation.
II. Methods
As mentioned in the previous section, the authors of the paper has focuses on the analysis of the
irrigation systems in terms of the reliability providing the required pressure at the hydrants and reliability of
achieving the requested node demands. The dependence on the pressure in the node is an important from the
point of view of a uniformity of water distribution over the irrigated area.
Fig. 1 Situation of the "Trhove Myto II" irrigation network, 4 hydrants in group
A computer model EPANET [13] was used for the hydraulic analysis. Its GUI version served for the
development of the hydraulic model of studied network itself. Its Toolkit version (basically DLL file) allowed
the calculation of pressures, respectively demands in individual hydrants in a large number of demand situations
(because of the variability in sprinklers deployment). As the case study an older irrigation system "Trhove myto
II." was used. This system is located in the southern part of Slovakia (Fig. 1). It is an older system, which is
approaching the end of its useful life and is suitable for demonstrating procedures of reconstruction design.
Authors would like to demonstrate an analysis by which the following calculations could serve as tool in
designing reconstruction which could improve its functionality. It was originally designed as a branched
network with two main branches. Hydraulic model was created for purpose of the system analysis. This model
contains 188 pipes and 189 nodes. Pipe material as in most systems proposed in the former Czechoslovakia is
combination of asbestos cement and cast iron pipes.
For the purpose of this work, generator of the demand situations was created, because as was already
emphasized, the irrigation systems are characterized by significantly variable pressure- flow situation which
could be modelled by help of such tool. It is not possible to assess and properly evaluate the system taking to the
consideration only a single demand situation. The authors created a computer model for generating realistic
demand situations, whose mission is positioning of the selected irrigation detail (number of sprinklers defined
by user) in various places of the irrigation area. This is done alternatively, as placement of sprinkler is changing,
which is true also in real operation of the irrigation system. Such alternative placement of irrigators lead to the
high amount of demand and hydraulic situations (e.g., many thousands of situations), which has to be assessed
3. Irrigation distribution network analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12640108 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
and evaluated by the simulation model. For such purpose hydraulic model should be run programmatically in
batch mode. Relevant programs for this task have been developed by the authors of paper using the
aforementioned EPANET Toolkit.
Fig. 2 Situation of the "Trhove Myto II" irrigation network, 5 hydrants in group
In general, can be said that during the operation, hydraulic situations in which is demand concentrated
in some parts of the network (irrigators are in some parts close to each other) are usually more problematic with
regard to ensure necessary pressure on hydrants. For this reason, i.e., to investigate primarily critical placement
of the irrigators in the network, it was considered to use so called group placement of sprinklers, which is, with
regard to the operational benefits popular in practice. This means that, e.g. five or six sprinklers forms a group,
and are located on neighbouring hydrants. After applying necessary amount of water, the machinist moves such
group to other place, again as group to some other neighboring hydrants. Number of irrigators in a group
together with the minimal number of free hydrants between the groups (hydrants without a demand) are the
main input parameters in mentioned model to generate demand situations.
Because of this strategy, prior to the analysis of the irrigation system realistic deployment of group of
sprinklers were established. Two alternatives was considered, with four and five sprinklers in the group.
Considering the arrangement of the proposed system, a total of 28 groups with four sprinklers (Fig. 1) and 23
groups with five sprinklers were proposed (Fig. 2). These represent potential placing of irrigators, where
irrigation is needed.
Not all these groups works simultaneously. This number of groups depends on the maximum delivery
rate of the pump station. It was determined that in the case of 4-sprinklers is the number 23 groups and 18 for
the 5-sprinklers group. To obtain the number of all possible combinations following equation is used
(permutations, combinatorics):
Total number of demand situation = )
groupsoperatingusysimultaneoofnumber
groupsposibleofnumber
(
4. Irrigation distribution network analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12640108 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
In this paper authors investigated the operation of the system when system is fully loaded, e.g, the total
number of irrigators is considered for situation when the maximum possible flow is taken from the pumping
station. Combination (without repetition) of these values represent amount of possible hydraulic situation
(possible irrigators’ placement). 98 280 possible situation was enumerated by above mentioned combinatorics
formula for setting of group to 4 irrigators and in case of 5 irrigators in group was estimated total number of 33
649 situations. This values represents the total number of hydraulic situations which should be evaluated. Due to
the large amount of such situations it is not possible to evaluate them in the EPANET user interface. So
therefore for purpose of this analysis another generator of operational situations was developed. Generator, at
first produces demand situations and automatically changes on the basis of the placement of the irrigators data
about the network (basically data about demands from network nodes). Subsequently this software tool
developed by authors of this paper evaluates hydraulics of the network in each generated demand condition and
writes results (pressures and flows) into a file. These files are then subjected to the statistical analysis.
For purpose of this analysis two alternatives of generators of the demand deployment were developed.
In the first case, demand from node is constant and do not depends on pressure (7.5 ls-1). In the second case,
when PDA was accomplished, at first it was necessary to determine the parameters of the irrigator used
according to its pressure/flow curve, which is usually provided by the manufacturer. The parameters “emitter
coefficient” and “emitter exponent” serves in EPANET for definition of this function. It is defined as
dependence between the pressure and the pressure in the node using the following form:
y
PCQ (1)
Where Q is flow through sprinkler (demand), C is emitter coefficient, P is pressure in sprinkler and y is
emitter exponent. In addition, as stated above, it is necessary to determine the locations of irrigators.
Using this alternative of generator, similarly as in the first case (generator with constant demands)
pressures in the nodes in all generated demand situations were evaluated. In addition to this also nodal outputs
from network have been recorded, as these were pressure-dependent and therefore variable (as it is in reality).
The program described hereinbefore was created with regard to the possible application in the context of
assessing the proposals of the irrigation systems or for its reconstruction and also for evaluating the functionality
of existing irrigation systems.
III. Results
Testing of the irrigation network hydraulics was performed under two variants of demands placement
conditions (4 and 5 sprinklers in the group) and two alternatives of hydraulic analysis (DDA and PDA). The
results are interpreted in Figure 3.
In the first step mean pressures were evaluated. The mean pressure value in the group for all operating
situations, which has been analyzed is in Fig. 3 interpreted in the form of box plot. Due to the significant amount
of output data about pressure were these data aggregated for each group to the mean pressure in a group for the
demand situation. Box plots were chosen in view of the fact that they offer a simple possibility of evaluation and
also provide a better overview of large amounts of given data. Thanks to this, they can provide a better
understanding of the pressure behavior in each group as well as the performance of the whole network within
the demand situation. The structure of the graph is the same for all the alternatives within Fig. 3. The horizontal
axis represents the individual demand group. On the vertical axis is the mean pressure head in the demand
group.
In Fig. 3a, and 3b are presented pressures for five sprinklers in the group. As we can see, the minimum
pressures in PDA (Fig. 3, b) are at least 10 -15 [m] higher than it is the case for the DDA (Fig. 3, a). Another
fact that one can note is that the dispersion of the values in the PDA is smaller than is in the case of DDA. This
fact can be logically inferred from fact of using the fixed demand, which is greater - this demand do not exist in
real situation, because of the insufficient pressure in the network, which limit this value. Unrealistically greater
demands leads to greater flows and greater hydraulic losses – and smaller pressures in hydrants. In the case of
PDA with a lower pressure also demand in nodes is reduced, which is of course physically correct.
For both cases, the groups with the lowest pressure are group’s number 1 and 15 and the largest
variance of values occur in groups 9 and 10. This illustrates degree at which these groups are affected by
changes in demand situations in other parts of the network. This information can in both cases helps us to
identify potentially problematic group and this was subsequently addressed in more detailed further analysis.
Eventually it is possible to propose in this part of irrigation system another way how to operate irrigation,
sprinklers or chose other irrigators which needs different pressure at the inlet to the machine.
Further evaluation has aimed on analysis of demands at the hydrants during the PDA. The aim was to
analyze at what level are influenced the demand in demand nodes by the pressure, which could be evaluated in
this type of analysis. Logically, the DDA don’t offer this type of assessment. Mean deficits of demand in nodes
were calculated according to the following formula:
5. Irrigation distribution network analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12640108 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
p
p
n
i
ci
c
Q
QQ
Q
)(
1
(2)
Where cQ is average deviation from required demand at node, Qci is nodal demand calculated by the
simulation model, Qp is required (design) flow through the sprinkler.
The first paragraph under each heading or subheading should be flush left, and subsequent paragraphs
should have a five-space indentation. A colon is inserted before an equation is presented, but there is no
punctuation following the equation. All equations are numbered and referred to in the text solely by a number
enclosed in a round bracket (i.e., (3) reads as "equation 3"). Ensure that any miscellaneous numbering system
you use in your paper cannot be confused with a reference [4] or an equation (3) designation
Fig. 3 Boxplot of mean pressures in group, a) DDA 5 hydrants in group, b) PDA 5 hydrants in group, c) DDA 4
hydrants in group, d) PDA 4 hydrants in group
6. Irrigation distribution network analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12640108 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
Obtained values of the deficit in amount of the water supplied, which is based on the previous equation
are interpreted in Fig. 4, 5. Figures shows the relative average deficit in the demand nodes when running all
demand situations as in the case of the PDA. By these means we obtain a tool for identification of the hydrants,
in which most commonly insufficient demand appears, respectively it is also possible to identify possible critical
group for which the required nodal demand is not achieved, which is important information with regard to
irrigation requirements.
Fig. 4 Mean relative deficiency of the demand in PDA, 5 nodes in the group
Fig. 5 Mean relative deficiency of the demand in PDA, 4 nodes in the group
To better illustrate the obtained results these values were ordered from largest to smallest and
compared with one another in the Fig. 6. In the chart we can see, that the achievement of the required demand
was higher in group with 4 sprinklers. This, together with the development of pressure points confirms that
better pressure and demand conditions would by achieved with the deployment of 4 sprinklers in the group, so
the operator of the irrigation system had rather to choose this pattern of irrigation and recommend it for
operation.
7. Irrigation distribution network analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12640108 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Fig. 6 Mean relative deficiency of the demand in PDA, 4 and 5nodes in the group
Based on the results of a comparison of PDA and DDA, we can say that the DDA overestimated
hydraulic requirements on the network, in fact there would be first lower demand at the planned number of
sprinklers and depending on it will be (for the same pump with the same characteristics QH) higher pressures on
the pump station. If these pressures are redundant, they can be reduced by providing appropriate operation or
technology at the pump station, thus saving energy costs (or they can be evaluated more realistically).
IV. Conclusion
The paper is focused on comparison of two approaches used in the analysis of water distribution
systems in irrigation. The aim was to assess the shortage of DDA and also make an effort to highlight the
appropriateness of applying PDA methodology in the case of irrigation systems. This is particularly suitable
because the majority of irrigators, particular field crops is directly dependent on the pressure at the inlet to the
machine and then the demand is a function of the pressure. From this point of view this type of analysis provides
a better overall picture of the system as well as the quantity of water supplied, and it unrolling water irrigation
rates which affects the proper development of crops.
Low pressure in the case of DDA as consequence of the fixed demand in the nodes, which influences
calculated output pressure, could lead to oversizing the network in the design stage (with the impact on the
investment costs). PDA therefore provides a better picture of the pressures as well as demands at nodes and thus
on the overall performance of the network. It is also preferable when assessing various unusual demand
situations, such as in terms of a very small intake of the system (one time operation of irrigation detail), as well
as assessing leaks and failures on the network, etc.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak
Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Grant No. 1/0665/15.
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