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Different Fish Farming Methods in the World.pptx

Aquaculture, or pisciculture, has undergone significant transformation from its early origins in ancient China and Egypt to the technologically advanced methods employed today. Traditional systems, such as pond and pen culture, have evolved into modern techniques, including Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (RAS), Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), and biofloc technology. These advancements reflect a global shift toward sustainable fish farming practices, aimed at increasing production efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. Current fish farming methods are diverse, tailored by factors such as species, salinity, and management intensity. Systems range from extensive, low-input methods to intensive aquaculture operations characterized by high stocking densities, optimal water quality management, and advanced feeding protocols. Techniques such as cage culture and raceway culture allow for higher productivity, particularly for species like salmon and tilapia, while reducing the reliance on natural fisheries. The future of aquaculture will rely on advanced technologies like AI, automated feeding, and real-time water quality monitoring. Innovations such as aquaponics and genetically improved strains will boost productivity. Sustainable practices, including organic aquaculture and biosecurity measures, will ensure the industry meets growing demand for high-quality, responsibly sourced seafood.

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College of Fisheries Science Kamdhenu University Department of Aquaculture Sub: Hi-tech Aquaculture Production Systems (AQC 601) Submitted By Rajesh V. Chudasama, Reg. No. 231303002, Ph.D. (AQC), 2nd Sem. COF-VRL, KU. Submitted To Dr. K. H. Vadher, Associate Professor, COF-VRL, KU. 1
R A J E S H C H U D A S A M A ” Different Fish Farming Methods in the World
Outlin e • Introduction • Historical Timeline • Types of Fish Farming Method • Top Ten Farmed Finfish • Traditional Fish Farming Method • Modern Fish Farming Method • Smart Fish Farming Practices • Conclusions • References Fish Farming Methods
INTRODUCTION • Pisciculture is the commercial farming of fish in controlled environments like ponds or tanks. • It replaces traditional wild capture due to overfishing and species depletion. • Modern methods emphasize sustainability, protecting fish from predators, and ensuring proper nutrition. • Hatcheries also release young fish to replenish wild populations. • Farmers collaborate through unions to maintain high-quality, responsible production.
5 Historical Timeline of Aquaculture Development
6 Early History of Aquaculture (Prehistoric – 19th Century) 4000 BCE: Early Chinese Fish Farming First known evidence of fish farming (common carp) in China. 2500 BCE: Aquaculture in Ancient Egypt Fish reared in artificial ponds along the Nile River. 500 BCE – 500 CE: Roman Oyster Farming The Romans farmed oysters and expanded aquaculture practices. 5th – 15th Century: Medieval Fish Farming Monasteries in Europe farmed carp for religious diets. 15th Century: Carp Introduction to Europe Carp farming spread in Europe, especially in Eastern countries. 18th Century: Early Modern Aquaculture Artificial breeding experiments in France and Germany.
7 Modern Aquaculture (20th – 21st Century) 1940s: Technological Advances Aeration and better breeding techniques developed. 1960s: FAO Support & Intensification FAO promoted aquaculture for global food security. Intensive farming of salmon, shrimp, and tilapia grew. 1980s: Introduction of IMTA Sustainable farming approach integrating multiple species. Late 20th Century: Marine Aquaculture Growth Expansion of salmon, mussel, and oyster farming in coastal nations. 21st Century: Sustainability & Technology Focus on sustainable practices like organic aquaculture and RAS (Recirculating Aquaculture Systems).
Total Fisheries and Aquaculture Production - 223 million tonnes Aquatic Animal Production – 185.4 mt Algae Production – 37.8 mt Capture – 91 mt Marine – 79.7 mt Aquaculture – 94.4 mt Wild Harvest – 1.3 mt Aquaculture – 36.5 mt Inland – 11.3 mt Inland – 59.1 mt Marine – 35.3 mt Total Aquaculture Production - 131 million tonnes Source: SOFIA 2024 8 2022
World Fisheries and Aquaculture Production - 2022 185.4 mt 223 mt 94.4 mt 131 mt Source: SOFIA 2024 9
10 World Production of Major Aquaculture Species and Main Species Groups FINFISH Source: SOFIA
Inland Fish Production 2022-23 (in lakh tonnes) Andhra Pradesh 45.06 West Bengal 18.56 Utter Pradesh 9.15 Bihar 8.46 Odisha 8.39 Chhattisgarh 6.52 Karnataka 4.95 Assam 4.43 Telangana 4.38 Madhya Pradesh 3.42 Gujarat 2.07 Total Inland Fish Production During 2022-23: 131.13 lakh tonnes Source: GOI,
Species Wise Inland Fish Landing 2022-23 (in lakh tonnes) Major Carps Minor Carps Exotic Carps Murrels Catfishes Other Freshwater Fishes 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Major Carps (Catla, Rohu, Marigal) 67.36 Minor Carps 3.45 Exotic Carps 10.85 Murrels (Ophiocephalus spp.) 2.57 Catfishes (Wallago attu, 5.69 Source: GOI, 2023
13 Types of Fish Farming Method
14 Based on the Salinity Freshwater Aquaculture: Cultivates species like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, and Ctenopharyngodon idella in non-saline (< 0.5 ppt) inland waters. Brackishwater Aquaculture: Farms species such as Lates calcarifer, Chanos chanos, and Oreochromis niloticus in estuarine waters with salinity below 10 to 30 ppt. Marine Aquaculture: Involves farming species like Grouper, Cobia, and Lutjanus spp. in full-strength seawater (30-35 ppt), often using open-sea cages.
15 Based on the Intensity Extensive Fish Farming System • Least managed form of farming system • Large ponds ranging from 1 to 5 ha in area are used for farming • Stocking density > 0.5 pcs/sq m (Fish) • No supplemental feeding or fertilization is provided • Harvest – 500 to 2000 kgs /ha Semi-intensive Fish Farming System • Involves rather small ponds (0.5 to 1 hectare in area) • Stocking density -10000 to 15000 fish/ha • Natural food developed by fertilization and withor without supplemental feeding • Harvest – 2500 to 10000 kgs (Fish) Intensive Fish Farming System • Intensive fish farming system is the well-managed form of fish farming • To achieve maximum production of fish from a minimum quantity of water • High stocking density (10-50 fish/m3 of water)
16 Based On the Fish Species Monoculture • Only one fish species is reared in a culture system • Trout, tilapia, catfishes, carps, shrimp Polyculture Polyculture • Two or more different fish species are farmed • Polyculture practices give higher yield than monoculture The principal requirements of different species for polyculture are • Different feeding habits • Should occupy different columns in a pond system • Should attain marketable size at the same time • Should be non predatory in behaviour
17 Types of Fish Farming Method Basis of Enclosure Pond Cage Pen Race Way RAS
18 Pond Fish Culture • Origin: Dates back to ancient China, around 2000 BCE. • Types: Earthen, Concrete, & Plastic-lined Ponds • Production: Globally produces millions of tons of fish annually, especially carps, tilapia, and catfish. • Recent Popularity: Gaining widespread adoption in countries like China, India, Bangladesh, and Vietnam, with China leading in global production.
19 Cage Culture • A method of aquaculture where fish are reared in floating cages or enclosures suspended in natural water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, or the ocean. • Origin: 200 years ago in Combodia where fishermen used to keep Clarias sp, • Modern cage culture originated: Japan • Currently 80 species of finfish are being cultured in cage. • Stocking Density: 250 – 300 No/m3 (Carp fry). • Production: 1.5 to 2.2 kg/m3 /month • Recent Popularity: Gaining traction in countries like Norway, Chile, China, and Greece, with Norway being a leader in salmon farming.
20 Pen Culture • Pen culture is defined as raising of fish in a volume of water enclosed on all sides except bottom. • This system can be considered a hybrid between pond culture and cage culture. • Originated in the Inland Sea area of Japan in the early 1920s. • Recent Popularity: Commonly practiced in Southeast Asia, particularly in Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.
21 Race Way Culture • A method of aquaculture where fish are raised in long, narrow, and flowing water channels, typically concrete or earthen, allowing continuous water flow to supply oxygen and remove waste. • Origin: Developed in the United States for trout farming, and later adapted for other species. • Recent Popularity: Widely practiced in countries like the United States, Chile, Norway, and China for intensive aquaculture production.
22 Recirculatory Aquaculture System • An advanced method where water is continuously filtered and reused, reducing water consumption and enabling high-density fish farming. Initially researched in Japan, it is now popular in Europe, USA, Norway, and China. Stocking Densities: • Tilapia: 50-100 kg/m³ • Salmon: 40-80 kg/m³ • Catfish: 60-120 kg/m³ Production: • Small-scale: 5-10 tons/year • Large-scale: 100-200+ tons/year
23 On The Basis of Integration Agri-Aquaculture Based System Particular Paddy Fish System Horticulture Fish System Mushroom Fish System Sericulture Fish System Vermicompost Fish System Integration Varieties Rice: Tilsi, Pannidhan, Pattambi, Rajarajan Brinjal; Tomato, cauliflower, Beat, Spinach, Sunflower White button; Paddy straw; Oyster; Milky Mulberry; Silkworm; Tasar; Muga; Eri Red Wigglers; African Nightcrawler; Indian Blue Worm Fish Species Common carp, Tilapia, Murrells Grass carp, Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, Silver Carp, Common carp Common Carp; Tilapia; Catla; Rohu Rohu; Catla; Common carp; Grass carp Carps; Tilapia; Catfish Stocking Density 2.2 – 7.6 Kg/ha/fry 50:15:15:10:5:5 at 7500/ha 3,000-4,000 fish/ha 5,000-10,000 fish/ha Carp: 10,000 – 20,000 fingerling/ha Fish Production 250 Kg/ha/ 6 month 3,500 – 5,000 kg/ha 1,500 – 4000 kg/ha 2.5-3.5 tonnes/ha 3 to 6 tonnes/ha
24 Paddy Fish System Horticulture Fish System Vermicompost Fish System Sericulture Fish System
25 Animal Husbandry Cum Fish Farming Particula r Cattle Fish Pig Fish Poultry Fish Duck Fish Goat Fish Integrati on Varieties Cow- Jersey, Hereford, Simmental White Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire Broiler, Layers Indian Runner, Khaki Campbell Pashmina, Himalayan Number of Animal 5 - 6 ha 40 – 45 1,000 – 25,000 200 – 300 50 – 60 Producti on • 3 – 4 Fish tonnes/ha • 9,000 L milk/year • 2.4 Pig tonnes/ha • 3 - 4 tonnes/ha • 0.9 – 1 lakh egg/year • 1,500 – 2,500 kg Chicken meat/year • 3,000 – 4,500 • 4,000 - 6,000 egg & 500 – 750 kg Duck meat /year • 3 – 4 kg fish meat • 750 – 900 Kg Goat meat/ha/year • 3.5 – 4 Fish tonnes/ha/yea
26 Cattle Fish Pig Fish Poultry Fish Duck Fish Goat Fish
27 Different Categories of Aquaculture Based on Temperature of Water • Warm water farms • Cold water farms Based on Water Replacement • Running water farms • Stagnant water farms Based on Physiographical Zone • Inland fish farms • Coastal fish farms • Marine fish farms
28 Traditional Fish Farming Method Bheries Culture Pokkali Culture Khazan Lands Khar Lands Ghery Fields Sewage Fed Valleys Aquaculture Tambak Classic Fry Farming
29 Bheries Culture Bheries Culture is a traditional fish farming method in West Bengal, where low-lying brackish water areas are enclosed by earthen embankments. Fish and shrimp are farmed using natural estuarine water, often combined with paddy cultivation. Location: Practiced in West Bengal, particularly in the Sunderbans (North and South 24 Parganas). Definition: Traditional brackish water fisheries in embanked tidal wetlands (32,930 ha). Types of Bheries: • Seasonal: Combines fish/shrimp and paddy farming. • Perennial: Year-round polyculture of fish and shrimp. Water Source: Estuaries of the Saptamukhi, Thakuran, Matlah rivers, and minor estuaries like Gosaba and Kulti.
30 Key Species & Environmental Challenges • Cultured Species: Lates calcarifer, Mugil parsia, M. tade, Penaeus monodon, P. indicus, Catla catla, and Scylla serrata (crabs). • Salinity Zones: Medium (15,613 ha), Low (9,844 ha), High (7,472 ha). • Production: 500 – 1,000 kg/ha/year. • Challenges: Floods, drought, canal silting, pollution, algae overgrowth (Spirogyra sp.), and oxygen depletion.
31 • Traditional rice-prawn farming system in coastal regions of Central Kerala. • Specifically adapted to South-West Monsoon conditions with water levels rising over 100 cm. • Sustainable practice utilizing the natural synergy between rice and prawn farming. • Fish species cultured include: Cyprinus carpio; Channa striata; Labeo Pokkali culture
32 Khazan Lands Khazan Lands are reclaimed coastal wetlands in Goa, developed from mangrove forests using dykes and sluice gates. They primarily support aquaculture and some paddy farming, managing water flow to control salinity and promote sustainable land use. • Reclaimed Coastal Wetlands: Managed using dykes, sluice gates, and canals, reclaimed from mangrove forests. • Initial Use: Initially focused on agriculture; now support aquaculture with paddy farming during monsoons.
33 • Water Management: Traditional technology controls water flow, protecting fields from salinity and floods. • Aquaculture Process: Juvenile fish and shrimp enter during high tide, grow in nutrient- rich waters, and are harvested as adults at sluice gates. • Integrated Land Use: Combines aquaculture with paddy farming and salt production, using solar energy and ancient practices. • Production: Fish and shrimp farming is rotational with paddy culture, yielding an average of 350 kg/ha/year.
34 Khar Land - Karnataka Brackish Water Aquaculture in Karnataka is the cultivation of fish and shrimp in coastal saline areas using earthen bunds and sluice gates, integrating aquaculture with paddy farming sustainably.
35 • Location: Coastal saline areas for brackish water aquaculture. • Water Management: Earthen bunds protect against saline intrusion; sluice gates regulate tidal flow. • Aquaculture Process: Juvenile fish, shrimp, and crabs thrive in nutrient-rich waters during high tide. • Harvesting: Collected at sluice gates during low tide as they return to the sea. • Sustainable Integration: Combines aquaculture with agriculture for long-term use. • Paddy-Cum-Shrimp Culture: Similar to Pokkali farming, yielding about 400 kg/ha, with shrimp making up 55% of the catch.
36 • In Orissa, traditional practice of ‘trapping and holding’. Locally known as Ghery. In practice, for long time in low lying areas and Paddy fields. The average yield is about 600 kg / ha / year. Ghery Fields (Orissa) Trapping & Holding
37 • Sewage is a water-carried waste. • This technique was first developed in Germany and independently in Kolkata in 1930s. The use of sewage for fish culture is now practiced in Indian states like Bihar, Madhyapradesh, and Maharastra and in countries like Poland, Hungary, Israel, Indonesia and Peru. • Indian major carps and Exotic carps e.g. Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio and also Tilapia mossambica and freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Sewage Fed Pisciculture
38 • Definition: A traditional aquaculture system in the Venetian Lagoon, Veneto region, Italy, comprising fishing ponds, embankments, mansions, and waterworks to manage fresh and saltwater. • Historical Background: Traces of the system date back to the 11th century, covering over 8,500 hectares of the lagoon. • Management: Overseen by a capovalle, who regulates water conditions and hires seasonal workers for management tasks. A guardian monitors the valley daily. • Climate Impact: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts rising sea levels will affect coastal fish farms, necessitating water defense measures or managed retreat to preserve coastlines. Valleys Aquaculture
39 • Definition: An integrated farming practice in Indonesia that combines rice farming with fish culture in brackish water ponds, primarily in East Java. • Scale: Covers 12,152 hectares and involves approximately 15,000 households. Tambak Fish Species Stocking Rate (fry/ha) Yield (kg/ha) Culture Period Milkfish 5,500 - 11,000 2,000 - 3,500 4-7 months Silver Barb 5,500 - 11,000 2,000 - 3,500 4-7 months Common Carp Varies Varies Up to a year in deep water areas
40 Classic Fry Farming • Definition: A method where fry are raised in well- constructed tanks, using fresh stream water and commercial pellet feed. • Species Raised: Commonly used for trout and other sport fish from eggs to fry; also applicable for catfish, tilapia, and carp. • Purpose: Primarily employed to stock streams with sport fish. • Feed Requirements: Many cultured species require no meat or fish products in their diet.
41 Modern Fish Farming Method
42 • Aquaponics is the farming of fish and plants in a single recirculating system. • The waste from the fish becomes the nutrients for the plants, and the plants in turn remove these nutrients from the water, purifying it for the fish. • In this way, the fish waste is used to grow a plant crop that becomes a second income stream for little extra cost. • Country: Myanmar, Peru, Germany, US Aquaponics
43 • Biofloc is a heterogeneous aggregate of suspended particles and variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, invertebrates detritus, etc. • The principle of the technique is to maintain the higher C-N ratio by adding a carbohydrate source and the water quality is improved through the production of high-quality single-cell microbial protein • Country: China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, etc. • Tilapia, Pangasius, L. vannamei, Rohu, Biofloc
44 • A sustainable aquaculture technology that mimics the natural environment of aquatic organisms in confined water systems, enhancing shrimp farming practices. • Applications: Suitable for both extensive and intensive farming systems to improve shrimp growth and immunity. Key Processes: • Zooplankton Blooms: Utilizes carbon sources (e.g., rice bran, wheat) and probiotics to create zooplankton blooms that serve as food for shrimp. • Water Quality Maintenance: Beneficial bacteria produced during the process help maintain optimal water quality. • Sediment Removal: Suspended bioflocs' sediment is removed and can be repurposed as manure Aquamimicry
45 Comparison Between Aquamimicry and Biofloc Aspect Aquamimicry Biofloc Core Principle Mimics natural aquatic ecosystems Promotes microbial floc formation to recycle nutrients Origin Thailand Israel Leading Countries Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia India, Indonesia, Brazil, Israel Primary Microorganisms Natural plankton and diverse microorganisms Heterotrophic bacteria and microbial flocs Feed Source Fermented organic materials (e.g., rice bran) Artificial feed + microbial bioflocs Water Quality Control Ecosystem-driven microbial balance Nutrient recycling via bioflocs Average Production 5-8 tons/ha/cycle 10-15 tons/ha/cycle Per Capita Cost USD 1.2-2 per kg USD 2-3 per kg
46 • IMTA, is similar to polyculture, where two or more organisms are farmed together. In IMTA, multiple aquatic species from different trophic levels are farmed in an integrated fashion to improve efficiency, reduce waste, and provide ecosystem services, such as bio-remediation. • Species at the lower trophic level use waste products from the higher trophic species (typically finfish), as nutrients. • Japan, China, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Canada, Israel, South Africa, Netherland. • Tilapia, mud crabs, seaweeds, milkfish, and mussels IMTA
47
48 Smart Fish Farming Practices The integration of advanced technologies like IoT (Internet of Things), AI (Artificial Intelligence), automation, and data analytics to enhance aquaculture operations. Objectives: • Improve efficiency, sustainability, and productivity. • Automate feeding, track water quality, predict fish growth, and minimize environmental impacts.
49 Benefits: Real-time monitoring and precision control facilitate better decision-making and resource management in fish farming. Leading Countries: • Norway: Renowned for advanced salmon farming using IoT and AI technologies. • China: Rapidly adopting smart practices in freshwater fish farming. • Indonesia: Implementing automated systems and real-time monitoring to boost shrimp and fish production. • Vietnam: Integrating IoT, AI, and blockchain for efficient management and traceability in shrimp and pangasius farming.
Top Ten Farmed Finfish Species or Species Groupsc in the World During 2022 50
Species or species group 2022 thousand tonnes Carps 31,788 Catfishes 6,628 Cichlids 6,549 Salmonids 4,243 Milkfish 1,196 Largemouth black bass 804 Snakeheads 690 Sea breams 564 Other finfish 9,105 52% 11% 11% 7% 2% 1% 1% 1% 15% Carps Catfishes Cichlids Salmonids Milkfish Largemouth black bass Snakeheads Sea breams Other finfish World Production of Major Aquaculture Species and Main Species Groups 51
1. Carps 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 27000 28500 30000 31500 33000 29015 29426 30208 30901 31788 thousand tonnes • Global Production: Approximately 31.8 million tonnes of carp produced in 2022. • Leading Producer: China accounted for over 63% of total global carp production. • Other Notable Producers: Significant contributions also came from India, Vietnam, and Indonesia. 52
Cultivation Technologies: • Use of pond systems and integrated farming practices, combining fish farming with rice cultivation. • Adoption of green aquaculture technologies to enhance sustainability and productivity. Trends: • Countries like India and Vietnam are increasingly adopting sustainable practices to boost carp production while focusing on environmental sustainability 53
2. Catfish • Global Production: Approximately 6.6 million tons of catfish were produced worldwide in 2022​ Leading Producers: • Nigeria: The world's largest producer of African catfish, with an estimated 1 million tons produced annually​ • Vietnam: A significant player in catfish aquaculture, especially known for exporting Pangasius catfish​ • United States: Particularly in Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama, the US contributes significantly to catfish production​ 54
Cultivation Technologies: • Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): Employed for efficient water use and reduced environmental impact​ ( • Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA): Combines fish farming with the cultivation of other species to enhance sustainability​ . Methods: • Earthen Ponds: Traditionally used in Nigeria and other countries for extensive farming​ . • Tank Farming: Gaining popularity in more developed regions due to its controlled environment​ . Future Prospects: • Nigeria aims to increase its catfish production by 20% over the next decade through improved practices and better management strategies​ . 55
3. Cichlids • Global Production: Approximately 6.5 million tonnes. • Leading Producer: China is the top producer of cichlids, significantly contributing to the global aquaculture sector. • Other Notable Producers: Uganda, Tanzania, and Malawi also play essential roles, especially in wild fisheries and ornamental fish trade. 56
Production Method: • Aquaculture: Intensive farming is common, especially in freshwater systems. • Wild Catch: Many species, particularly in Africa, are still caught from natural habitats, such as Lake Victoria. Technology: • Advancements in breeding techniques and sustainable farming practices are being implemented, with a focus on minimizing environmental impact and improving yield. Cichlids, particularly from Lake Victoria, are also valued in the ornamental fish trade due to their vibrant colors and unique behaviors, making them both a commercial and ecological asset 57
4. Salmonids Global Production: • In 2022, approximately 4.2 million metric tons of salmonids were produced, with Atlantic salmon being the most significant contributor, accounting for around 70% of this total production​ Leading Producers: • Norway remains the top producer, significantly impacting the global salmon market. • Other leading countries include Chile, Canada, and Scotland, contributing to a combined market share​ 58
Production Systems: • Flow-Through Systems: Ideal for juvenile salmon; ensures clean water and efficient waste management. • Sea Cages: Common for growing salmon; enables high stocking densities but raises environmental concerns. Market Trends: • Rising global demand, especially in China, Brazil, and Russia. • Salmon is highly regarded for its nutritional benefits, rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids. Sustainability Issues: • Environmental challenges include waste discharge, disease risks to wild fish, and dependence on wild fish stocks for feed. 59
5. Milkfish Global Production: • Milkfish (Chanos chanos) production in 2022 was approximately 1.2 million tons globally​ Leading Producers: • Philippines: Dominates global production, accounting for more than 80% of national brackish water pond production • Indonesia: Another significant producer, contributing to the overall output​ 60
Cultivation Methods: • Commonly cultured in brackish water ponds, which can be either extensive or semi-intensive systems. • Stocking density typically ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 fry/ha Technological Advancements: • Use of improved feed formulations and management practices has enhanced productivity​ • Adoption of technologies for better hatchery practices, ensuring high-quality seed supply​ Ecological and Economic Importance: • Milkfish serves as a major source of animal protein for many communities in the Indo-Pacific region​ • The industry supports the livelihoods of millions of fish farmers and contributes to food security​ 61
6. Largemouth black bass In 2022, Largemouth Black Bass production was approximately 804 thousand tonnes, primarily in the United States and China. Cultivation Methods: • Pond Culture: The main method, focusing on optimal pond management. • Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): Used for better environmental control. 62
Technology: • Genetic selection and breeding programs enhance growth rates and disease resistance. • Intelligent feeding and water quality management technologies are becoming more common. Environmental Impact: • Assessments show concerns about energy use and sustainability, leading to research on reducing the ecological footprint of Largemouth Bass farming​ 63
7. Snakeheads • Snakehead fish are freshwater fish belonging to the family Channidae, highly valued for their taste and nutritional benefits, especially in Asian cuisines. • In 2022, Snakeheads production was approximately 690 thousand tonnes, primarily in the China, Vietnam and Thailand. 64
Farming Systems: • Semi-intensive and Intensive Systems: Commonly practiced in earthen ponds, cages, and rice fields. • Cultured Species: Mainly Channa striata (common snakehead) and Channa micropeltes (giant snakehead) are the focus of farming efforts in regions like the Mekong Delta, Vietnam​ . Technological Advancements: • Feed Technology: There is ongoing development in commercial feed formulations, especially in China and Thailand, facilitated by companies like Guangzhou Nutriera Biotechnology​ . • Breeding Practices: Enhanced artificial breeding and fingerling production methods have been adopted to support farming efforts, particularly in Myanmar and India​ . 65
8. Sea breams • Global Production: 564 thousand tonnes of sea bream were produced in 2022. • Leading Producers: Greece, Turkey, and Spain dominate sea bream aquaculture. • Cultivation Technologies: Marine cage systems and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are widely used, with growing use of Integrated multi- trophic aquaculture (IMTA). • Trends: High demand in Europe and the Middle East is driving the adoption of closed containment systems for greater efficiency and reduced environmental impact. 66
Species Global Production (2022) Leading Producers Cultivation Methods Technological Advancements Trends and Future Prospects Carps 31.8 million tonnes China (63% of total), India, Vietnam, Indonesia Extensive farming in ponds, tanks Sustainable practices, environmental sustainability India and Vietnam adopting sustainable practices Catfish 6.6 million tonnes Nigeria (1 million tonnes), Vietnam, United States Earthen ponds, tank farming Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Nigeria aims to increase production by 20% over the next decade Cichlids 6.5 million tonnes China, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi Intensive farming, wild catch Breeding techniques, sustainability-focused practices Growing demand in ornamental fish trade 67 Top Ten Farmed Finfish Species or Species Groups in the World During 2022
Species Global Production (2022) Leading Producers Cultivation Methods Technological Advancements Trends and Future Prospects Salmonids 4.2 million tonnes Norway, Chile, Canada, Scotland Flow-through systems, sea cages Waste management, breeding technologies Increasing demand in China, Brazil, Russia Milkfish 1.2 million tonnes Philippines, Indonesia Brackish water ponds Improved feed formulations, hatchery technologies Major source of protein in Indo-Pacific, supporting livelihoods Largemouth Black Bass 804 thousand tonnes United States, China Pond culture, RAS Genetic selection, intelligent feeding technologies Efforts to reduce environmental impact Snakeheads 690 thousand tonnes China, Vietnam, Thailand Semi-intensive, intensive systems Feed technology, breeding practices Growing demand in Asian cuisines Sea Bream 564 thousand tonnes Greece, Turkey, Spain Marine cage systems, RAS, IMTA Closed containment systems High demand in Europe, Middle East 68
69 Conclusion Aquaculture, or pisciculture, has undergone significant transformation from its early origins in ancient China and Egypt to the technologically advanced methods employed today. Traditional systems, such as pond and pen culture, have evolved into modern techniques, including Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (RAS), Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), and biofloc technology. These advancements reflect a global shift toward sustainable fish farming practices, aimed at increasing production efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. Current fish farming methods are diverse, tailored by factors such as species, salinity, and management intensity. Systems range from extensive, low-input methods to intensive aquaculture operations characterized by high stocking densities, optimal water quality management, and advanced feeding protocols. Techniques such as cage culture and raceway culture allow for higher productivity, particularly for species like salmon and tilapia, while reducing the reliance on natural fisheries.
70 The future of aquaculture will rely on advanced technologies like AI, automated feeding, and real-time water quality monitoring. Innovations such as aquaponics and genetically improved strains will boost productivity. Sustainable practices, including organic aquaculture and biosecurity measures, will ensure the industry meets growing demand for high-quality, responsibly sourced seafood.
71 References • Immons, M. B., & Ebeling, J. M. (2013). Recirculating Aquaculture (3rd ed.). Ithaca Publishing. • Badiola, M., Mendiola, D., & Bostock, J. (2012). Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) analysis: Main issues on management and future challenges. Aquacultural Engineering, 51, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.07.004 • Martins, C. I. M., Eding, E. H., Verdegem, M. C. J., Heinsbroek, L. T. N., Schneider, O., Blancheton, J. P., ... & Verreth, J. A. J. (2010). New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability. Aquacultural Engineering, 43(3), 83-93. • MSD Animal Health. (n.d.). Classic fry farming. MSD Aquaculture. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://www.msdaquaculture.com/classic-fry farming/#:~:text=Classic%20fry%20farming%20is%20also,well %2Dknown%20for%20fish%20farming. • Sahoo, Prabir & Payra, Pijush & Duyari, Malay & Samanta, Sagar. (2023). Basic Comparison between Traditional Farming and Modern Farming in Aquaculture. Aquaculture Practices, Akinik publication, 227-242.
72 • Costa-Pierce, B. A. (2010). Sustainable ecological aquaculture systems: The need for a new social contract for aquaculture development. Marine Technology Society Journal, 44(3), 88-112. https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.44.3.3 • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en • Naylor, R. L., Hardy, R. W., Bureau, D. P., Chiu, A., Elliott, M., Farrell, A. P., ... & Nichols, P. D. (2009). Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(36), 15103-15110. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905235106 • Stickney, R. R. (2009). Aquaculture: An introductory text (2nd ed.). CABI. • Subasinghe, R., Soto, D., & Jia, J. (2009). Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2008.01002.x • Wurts, W. A., & Stickney, R. R. (2011). Aquaculture: The evolution of blue revolution. Aquaculture Magazine, 37(6), 8-11.
73 Thank You !!

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  • 1.
    College of FisheriesScience Kamdhenu University Department of Aquaculture Sub: Hi-tech Aquaculture Production Systems (AQC 601) Submitted By Rajesh V. Chudasama, Reg. No. 231303002, Ph.D. (AQC), 2nd Sem. COF-VRL, KU. Submitted To Dr. K. H. Vadher, Associate Professor, COF-VRL, KU. 1
  • 2.
    R A JE S H C H U D A S A M A ” Different Fish Farming Methods in the World
  • 3.
    Outlin e • Introduction • HistoricalTimeline • Types of Fish Farming Method • Top Ten Farmed Finfish • Traditional Fish Farming Method • Modern Fish Farming Method • Smart Fish Farming Practices • Conclusions • References Fish Farming Methods
  • 4.
    INTRODUCTION • Pisciculture isthe commercial farming of fish in controlled environments like ponds or tanks. • It replaces traditional wild capture due to overfishing and species depletion. • Modern methods emphasize sustainability, protecting fish from predators, and ensuring proper nutrition. • Hatcheries also release young fish to replenish wild populations. • Farmers collaborate through unions to maintain high-quality, responsible production.
  • 5.
    5 Historical Timeline ofAquaculture Development
  • 6.
    6 Early History ofAquaculture (Prehistoric – 19th Century) 4000 BCE: Early Chinese Fish Farming First known evidence of fish farming (common carp) in China. 2500 BCE: Aquaculture in Ancient Egypt Fish reared in artificial ponds along the Nile River. 500 BCE – 500 CE: Roman Oyster Farming The Romans farmed oysters and expanded aquaculture practices. 5th – 15th Century: Medieval Fish Farming Monasteries in Europe farmed carp for religious diets. 15th Century: Carp Introduction to Europe Carp farming spread in Europe, especially in Eastern countries. 18th Century: Early Modern Aquaculture Artificial breeding experiments in France and Germany.
  • 7.
    7 Modern Aquaculture (20th –21st Century) 1940s: Technological Advances Aeration and better breeding techniques developed. 1960s: FAO Support & Intensification FAO promoted aquaculture for global food security. Intensive farming of salmon, shrimp, and tilapia grew. 1980s: Introduction of IMTA Sustainable farming approach integrating multiple species. Late 20th Century: Marine Aquaculture Growth Expansion of salmon, mussel, and oyster farming in coastal nations. 21st Century: Sustainability & Technology Focus on sustainable practices like organic aquaculture and RAS (Recirculating Aquaculture Systems).
  • 8.
    Total Fisheries andAquaculture Production - 223 million tonnes Aquatic Animal Production – 185.4 mt Algae Production – 37.8 mt Capture – 91 mt Marine – 79.7 mt Aquaculture – 94.4 mt Wild Harvest – 1.3 mt Aquaculture – 36.5 mt Inland – 11.3 mt Inland – 59.1 mt Marine – 35.3 mt Total Aquaculture Production - 131 million tonnes Source: SOFIA 2024 8 2022
  • 9.
    World Fisheries andAquaculture Production - 2022 185.4 mt 223 mt 94.4 mt 131 mt Source: SOFIA 2024 9
  • 10.
    10 World Production ofMajor Aquaculture Species and Main Species Groups FINFISH Source: SOFIA
  • 11.
    Inland Fish Production2022-23 (in lakh tonnes) Andhra Pradesh 45.06 West Bengal 18.56 Utter Pradesh 9.15 Bihar 8.46 Odisha 8.39 Chhattisgarh 6.52 Karnataka 4.95 Assam 4.43 Telangana 4.38 Madhya Pradesh 3.42 Gujarat 2.07 Total Inland Fish Production During 2022-23: 131.13 lakh tonnes Source: GOI,
  • 12.
    Species Wise Inland FishLanding 2022-23 (in lakh tonnes) Major Carps Minor Carps Exotic Carps Murrels Catfishes Other Freshwater Fishes 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Major Carps (Catla, Rohu, Marigal) 67.36 Minor Carps 3.45 Exotic Carps 10.85 Murrels (Ophiocephalus spp.) 2.57 Catfishes (Wallago attu, 5.69 Source: GOI, 2023
  • 13.
    13 Types of FishFarming Method
  • 14.
    14 Based on the Salinity Freshwater Aquaculture:Cultivates species like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, and Ctenopharyngodon idella in non-saline (< 0.5 ppt) inland waters. Brackishwater Aquaculture: Farms species such as Lates calcarifer, Chanos chanos, and Oreochromis niloticus in estuarine waters with salinity below 10 to 30 ppt. Marine Aquaculture: Involves farming species like Grouper, Cobia, and Lutjanus spp. in full-strength seawater (30-35 ppt), often using open-sea cages.
  • 15.
    15 Based on the Intensity Extensive FishFarming System • Least managed form of farming system • Large ponds ranging from 1 to 5 ha in area are used for farming • Stocking density > 0.5 pcs/sq m (Fish) • No supplemental feeding or fertilization is provided • Harvest – 500 to 2000 kgs /ha Semi-intensive Fish Farming System • Involves rather small ponds (0.5 to 1 hectare in area) • Stocking density -10000 to 15000 fish/ha • Natural food developed by fertilization and withor without supplemental feeding • Harvest – 2500 to 10000 kgs (Fish) Intensive Fish Farming System • Intensive fish farming system is the well-managed form of fish farming • To achieve maximum production of fish from a minimum quantity of water • High stocking density (10-50 fish/m3 of water)
  • 16.
    16 Based On the Fish Species Monoculture • Onlyone fish species is reared in a culture system • Trout, tilapia, catfishes, carps, shrimp Polyculture Polyculture • Two or more different fish species are farmed • Polyculture practices give higher yield than monoculture The principal requirements of different species for polyculture are • Different feeding habits • Should occupy different columns in a pond system • Should attain marketable size at the same time • Should be non predatory in behaviour
  • 17.
    17 Types of FishFarming Method Basis of Enclosure Pond Cage Pen Race Way RAS
  • 18.
    18 Pond Fish Culture •Origin: Dates back to ancient China, around 2000 BCE. • Types: Earthen, Concrete, & Plastic-lined Ponds • Production: Globally produces millions of tons of fish annually, especially carps, tilapia, and catfish. • Recent Popularity: Gaining widespread adoption in countries like China, India, Bangladesh, and Vietnam, with China leading in global production.
  • 19.
    19 Cage Culture • Amethod of aquaculture where fish are reared in floating cages or enclosures suspended in natural water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, or the ocean. • Origin: 200 years ago in Combodia where fishermen used to keep Clarias sp, • Modern cage culture originated: Japan • Currently 80 species of finfish are being cultured in cage. • Stocking Density: 250 – 300 No/m3 (Carp fry). • Production: 1.5 to 2.2 kg/m3 /month • Recent Popularity: Gaining traction in countries like Norway, Chile, China, and Greece, with Norway being a leader in salmon farming.
  • 20.
    20 Pen Culture • Penculture is defined as raising of fish in a volume of water enclosed on all sides except bottom. • This system can be considered a hybrid between pond culture and cage culture. • Originated in the Inland Sea area of Japan in the early 1920s. • Recent Popularity: Commonly practiced in Southeast Asia, particularly in Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.
  • 21.
    21 Race Way Culture •A method of aquaculture where fish are raised in long, narrow, and flowing water channels, typically concrete or earthen, allowing continuous water flow to supply oxygen and remove waste. • Origin: Developed in the United States for trout farming, and later adapted for other species. • Recent Popularity: Widely practiced in countries like the United States, Chile, Norway, and China for intensive aquaculture production.
  • 22.
    22 Recirculatory Aquaculture System •An advanced method where water is continuously filtered and reused, reducing water consumption and enabling high-density fish farming. Initially researched in Japan, it is now popular in Europe, USA, Norway, and China. Stocking Densities: • Tilapia: 50-100 kg/m³ • Salmon: 40-80 kg/m³ • Catfish: 60-120 kg/m³ Production: • Small-scale: 5-10 tons/year • Large-scale: 100-200+ tons/year
  • 23.
    23 On The Basisof Integration Agri-Aquaculture Based System Particular Paddy Fish System Horticulture Fish System Mushroom Fish System Sericulture Fish System Vermicompost Fish System Integration Varieties Rice: Tilsi, Pannidhan, Pattambi, Rajarajan Brinjal; Tomato, cauliflower, Beat, Spinach, Sunflower White button; Paddy straw; Oyster; Milky Mulberry; Silkworm; Tasar; Muga; Eri Red Wigglers; African Nightcrawler; Indian Blue Worm Fish Species Common carp, Tilapia, Murrells Grass carp, Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, Silver Carp, Common carp Common Carp; Tilapia; Catla; Rohu Rohu; Catla; Common carp; Grass carp Carps; Tilapia; Catfish Stocking Density 2.2 – 7.6 Kg/ha/fry 50:15:15:10:5:5 at 7500/ha 3,000-4,000 fish/ha 5,000-10,000 fish/ha Carp: 10,000 – 20,000 fingerling/ha Fish Production 250 Kg/ha/ 6 month 3,500 – 5,000 kg/ha 1,500 – 4000 kg/ha 2.5-3.5 tonnes/ha 3 to 6 tonnes/ha
  • 24.
    24 Paddy Fish SystemHorticulture Fish System Vermicompost Fish System Sericulture Fish System
  • 25.
    25 Animal Husbandry CumFish Farming Particula r Cattle Fish Pig Fish Poultry Fish Duck Fish Goat Fish Integrati on Varieties Cow- Jersey, Hereford, Simmental White Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire Broiler, Layers Indian Runner, Khaki Campbell Pashmina, Himalayan Number of Animal 5 - 6 ha 40 – 45 1,000 – 25,000 200 – 300 50 – 60 Producti on • 3 – 4 Fish tonnes/ha • 9,000 L milk/year • 2.4 Pig tonnes/ha • 3 - 4 tonnes/ha • 0.9 – 1 lakh egg/year • 1,500 – 2,500 kg Chicken meat/year • 3,000 – 4,500 • 4,000 - 6,000 egg & 500 – 750 kg Duck meat /year • 3 – 4 kg fish meat • 750 – 900 Kg Goat meat/ha/year • 3.5 – 4 Fish tonnes/ha/yea
  • 26.
    26 Cattle Fish PigFish Poultry Fish Duck Fish Goat Fish
  • 27.
    27 Different Categories ofAquaculture Based on Temperature of Water • Warm water farms • Cold water farms Based on Water Replacement • Running water farms • Stagnant water farms Based on Physiographical Zone • Inland fish farms • Coastal fish farms • Marine fish farms
  • 28.
    28 Traditional Fish FarmingMethod Bheries Culture Pokkali Culture Khazan Lands Khar Lands Ghery Fields Sewage Fed Valleys Aquaculture Tambak Classic Fry Farming
  • 29.
    29 Bheries Culture Bheries Cultureis a traditional fish farming method in West Bengal, where low-lying brackish water areas are enclosed by earthen embankments. Fish and shrimp are farmed using natural estuarine water, often combined with paddy cultivation. Location: Practiced in West Bengal, particularly in the Sunderbans (North and South 24 Parganas). Definition: Traditional brackish water fisheries in embanked tidal wetlands (32,930 ha). Types of Bheries: • Seasonal: Combines fish/shrimp and paddy farming. • Perennial: Year-round polyculture of fish and shrimp. Water Source: Estuaries of the Saptamukhi, Thakuran, Matlah rivers, and minor estuaries like Gosaba and Kulti.
  • 30.
    30 Key Species &Environmental Challenges • Cultured Species: Lates calcarifer, Mugil parsia, M. tade, Penaeus monodon, P. indicus, Catla catla, and Scylla serrata (crabs). • Salinity Zones: Medium (15,613 ha), Low (9,844 ha), High (7,472 ha). • Production: 500 – 1,000 kg/ha/year. • Challenges: Floods, drought, canal silting, pollution, algae overgrowth (Spirogyra sp.), and oxygen depletion.
  • 31.
    31 • Traditional rice-prawnfarming system in coastal regions of Central Kerala. • Specifically adapted to South-West Monsoon conditions with water levels rising over 100 cm. • Sustainable practice utilizing the natural synergy between rice and prawn farming. • Fish species cultured include: Cyprinus carpio; Channa striata; Labeo Pokkali culture
  • 32.
    32 Khazan Lands Khazan Landsare reclaimed coastal wetlands in Goa, developed from mangrove forests using dykes and sluice gates. They primarily support aquaculture and some paddy farming, managing water flow to control salinity and promote sustainable land use. • Reclaimed Coastal Wetlands: Managed using dykes, sluice gates, and canals, reclaimed from mangrove forests. • Initial Use: Initially focused on agriculture; now support aquaculture with paddy farming during monsoons.
  • 33.
    33 • Water Management:Traditional technology controls water flow, protecting fields from salinity and floods. • Aquaculture Process: Juvenile fish and shrimp enter during high tide, grow in nutrient- rich waters, and are harvested as adults at sluice gates. • Integrated Land Use: Combines aquaculture with paddy farming and salt production, using solar energy and ancient practices. • Production: Fish and shrimp farming is rotational with paddy culture, yielding an average of 350 kg/ha/year.
  • 34.
    34 Khar Land -Karnataka Brackish Water Aquaculture in Karnataka is the cultivation of fish and shrimp in coastal saline areas using earthen bunds and sluice gates, integrating aquaculture with paddy farming sustainably.
  • 35.
    35 • Location: Coastalsaline areas for brackish water aquaculture. • Water Management: Earthen bunds protect against saline intrusion; sluice gates regulate tidal flow. • Aquaculture Process: Juvenile fish, shrimp, and crabs thrive in nutrient-rich waters during high tide. • Harvesting: Collected at sluice gates during low tide as they return to the sea. • Sustainable Integration: Combines aquaculture with agriculture for long-term use. • Paddy-Cum-Shrimp Culture: Similar to Pokkali farming, yielding about 400 kg/ha, with shrimp making up 55% of the catch.
  • 36.
    36 • In Orissa,traditional practice of ‘trapping and holding’. Locally known as Ghery. In practice, for long time in low lying areas and Paddy fields. The average yield is about 600 kg / ha / year. Ghery Fields (Orissa) Trapping & Holding
  • 37.
    37 • Sewage isa water-carried waste. • This technique was first developed in Germany and independently in Kolkata in 1930s. The use of sewage for fish culture is now practiced in Indian states like Bihar, Madhyapradesh, and Maharastra and in countries like Poland, Hungary, Israel, Indonesia and Peru. • Indian major carps and Exotic carps e.g. Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio and also Tilapia mossambica and freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Sewage Fed Pisciculture
  • 38.
    38 • Definition: Atraditional aquaculture system in the Venetian Lagoon, Veneto region, Italy, comprising fishing ponds, embankments, mansions, and waterworks to manage fresh and saltwater. • Historical Background: Traces of the system date back to the 11th century, covering over 8,500 hectares of the lagoon. • Management: Overseen by a capovalle, who regulates water conditions and hires seasonal workers for management tasks. A guardian monitors the valley daily. • Climate Impact: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts rising sea levels will affect coastal fish farms, necessitating water defense measures or managed retreat to preserve coastlines. Valleys Aquaculture
  • 39.
    39 • Definition: Anintegrated farming practice in Indonesia that combines rice farming with fish culture in brackish water ponds, primarily in East Java. • Scale: Covers 12,152 hectares and involves approximately 15,000 households. Tambak Fish Species Stocking Rate (fry/ha) Yield (kg/ha) Culture Period Milkfish 5,500 - 11,000 2,000 - 3,500 4-7 months Silver Barb 5,500 - 11,000 2,000 - 3,500 4-7 months Common Carp Varies Varies Up to a year in deep water areas
  • 40.
    40 Classic Fry Farming •Definition: A method where fry are raised in well- constructed tanks, using fresh stream water and commercial pellet feed. • Species Raised: Commonly used for trout and other sport fish from eggs to fry; also applicable for catfish, tilapia, and carp. • Purpose: Primarily employed to stock streams with sport fish. • Feed Requirements: Many cultured species require no meat or fish products in their diet.
  • 41.
  • 42.
    42 • Aquaponics isthe farming of fish and plants in a single recirculating system. • The waste from the fish becomes the nutrients for the plants, and the plants in turn remove these nutrients from the water, purifying it for the fish. • In this way, the fish waste is used to grow a plant crop that becomes a second income stream for little extra cost. • Country: Myanmar, Peru, Germany, US Aquaponics
  • 43.
    43 • Biofloc isa heterogeneous aggregate of suspended particles and variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, invertebrates detritus, etc. • The principle of the technique is to maintain the higher C-N ratio by adding a carbohydrate source and the water quality is improved through the production of high-quality single-cell microbial protein • Country: China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, etc. • Tilapia, Pangasius, L. vannamei, Rohu, Biofloc
  • 44.
    44 • A sustainableaquaculture technology that mimics the natural environment of aquatic organisms in confined water systems, enhancing shrimp farming practices. • Applications: Suitable for both extensive and intensive farming systems to improve shrimp growth and immunity. Key Processes: • Zooplankton Blooms: Utilizes carbon sources (e.g., rice bran, wheat) and probiotics to create zooplankton blooms that serve as food for shrimp. • Water Quality Maintenance: Beneficial bacteria produced during the process help maintain optimal water quality. • Sediment Removal: Suspended bioflocs' sediment is removed and can be repurposed as manure Aquamimicry
  • 45.
    45 Comparison Between Aquamimicryand Biofloc Aspect Aquamimicry Biofloc Core Principle Mimics natural aquatic ecosystems Promotes microbial floc formation to recycle nutrients Origin Thailand Israel Leading Countries Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia India, Indonesia, Brazil, Israel Primary Microorganisms Natural plankton and diverse microorganisms Heterotrophic bacteria and microbial flocs Feed Source Fermented organic materials (e.g., rice bran) Artificial feed + microbial bioflocs Water Quality Control Ecosystem-driven microbial balance Nutrient recycling via bioflocs Average Production 5-8 tons/ha/cycle 10-15 tons/ha/cycle Per Capita Cost USD 1.2-2 per kg USD 2-3 per kg
  • 46.
    46 • IMTA, issimilar to polyculture, where two or more organisms are farmed together. In IMTA, multiple aquatic species from different trophic levels are farmed in an integrated fashion to improve efficiency, reduce waste, and provide ecosystem services, such as bio-remediation. • Species at the lower trophic level use waste products from the higher trophic species (typically finfish), as nutrients. • Japan, China, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Canada, Israel, South Africa, Netherland. • Tilapia, mud crabs, seaweeds, milkfish, and mussels IMTA
  • 47.
  • 48.
    48 Smart Fish FarmingPractices The integration of advanced technologies like IoT (Internet of Things), AI (Artificial Intelligence), automation, and data analytics to enhance aquaculture operations. Objectives: • Improve efficiency, sustainability, and productivity. • Automate feeding, track water quality, predict fish growth, and minimize environmental impacts.
  • 49.
    49 Benefits: Real-time monitoringand precision control facilitate better decision-making and resource management in fish farming. Leading Countries: • Norway: Renowned for advanced salmon farming using IoT and AI technologies. • China: Rapidly adopting smart practices in freshwater fish farming. • Indonesia: Implementing automated systems and real-time monitoring to boost shrimp and fish production. • Vietnam: Integrating IoT, AI, and blockchain for efficient management and traceability in shrimp and pangasius farming.
  • 50.
    Top Ten FarmedFinfish Species or Species Groupsc in the World During 2022 50
  • 51.
    Species or speciesgroup 2022 thousand tonnes Carps 31,788 Catfishes 6,628 Cichlids 6,549 Salmonids 4,243 Milkfish 1,196 Largemouth black bass 804 Snakeheads 690 Sea breams 564 Other finfish 9,105 52% 11% 11% 7% 2% 1% 1% 1% 15% Carps Catfishes Cichlids Salmonids Milkfish Largemouth black bass Snakeheads Sea breams Other finfish World Production of Major Aquaculture Species and Main Species Groups 51
  • 52.
    1. Carps 2018 20192020 2021 2022 27000 28500 30000 31500 33000 29015 29426 30208 30901 31788 thousand tonnes • Global Production: Approximately 31.8 million tonnes of carp produced in 2022. • Leading Producer: China accounted for over 63% of total global carp production. • Other Notable Producers: Significant contributions also came from India, Vietnam, and Indonesia. 52
  • 53.
    Cultivation Technologies: • Useof pond systems and integrated farming practices, combining fish farming with rice cultivation. • Adoption of green aquaculture technologies to enhance sustainability and productivity. Trends: • Countries like India and Vietnam are increasingly adopting sustainable practices to boost carp production while focusing on environmental sustainability 53
  • 54.
    2. Catfish • GlobalProduction: Approximately 6.6 million tons of catfish were produced worldwide in 2022​ Leading Producers: • Nigeria: The world's largest producer of African catfish, with an estimated 1 million tons produced annually​ • Vietnam: A significant player in catfish aquaculture, especially known for exporting Pangasius catfish​ • United States: Particularly in Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama, the US contributes significantly to catfish production​ 54
  • 55.
    Cultivation Technologies: • RecirculatingAquaculture Systems (RAS): Employed for efficient water use and reduced environmental impact​ ( • Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA): Combines fish farming with the cultivation of other species to enhance sustainability​ . Methods: • Earthen Ponds: Traditionally used in Nigeria and other countries for extensive farming​ . • Tank Farming: Gaining popularity in more developed regions due to its controlled environment​ . Future Prospects: • Nigeria aims to increase its catfish production by 20% over the next decade through improved practices and better management strategies​ . 55
  • 56.
    3. Cichlids • GlobalProduction: Approximately 6.5 million tonnes. • Leading Producer: China is the top producer of cichlids, significantly contributing to the global aquaculture sector. • Other Notable Producers: Uganda, Tanzania, and Malawi also play essential roles, especially in wild fisheries and ornamental fish trade. 56
  • 57.
    Production Method: • Aquaculture:Intensive farming is common, especially in freshwater systems. • Wild Catch: Many species, particularly in Africa, are still caught from natural habitats, such as Lake Victoria. Technology: • Advancements in breeding techniques and sustainable farming practices are being implemented, with a focus on minimizing environmental impact and improving yield. Cichlids, particularly from Lake Victoria, are also valued in the ornamental fish trade due to their vibrant colors and unique behaviors, making them both a commercial and ecological asset 57
  • 58.
    4. Salmonids Global Production: •In 2022, approximately 4.2 million metric tons of salmonids were produced, with Atlantic salmon being the most significant contributor, accounting for around 70% of this total production​ Leading Producers: • Norway remains the top producer, significantly impacting the global salmon market. • Other leading countries include Chile, Canada, and Scotland, contributing to a combined market share​ 58
  • 59.
    Production Systems: • Flow-ThroughSystems: Ideal for juvenile salmon; ensures clean water and efficient waste management. • Sea Cages: Common for growing salmon; enables high stocking densities but raises environmental concerns. Market Trends: • Rising global demand, especially in China, Brazil, and Russia. • Salmon is highly regarded for its nutritional benefits, rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids. Sustainability Issues: • Environmental challenges include waste discharge, disease risks to wild fish, and dependence on wild fish stocks for feed. 59
  • 60.
    5. Milkfish Global Production: •Milkfish (Chanos chanos) production in 2022 was approximately 1.2 million tons globally​ Leading Producers: • Philippines: Dominates global production, accounting for more than 80% of national brackish water pond production • Indonesia: Another significant producer, contributing to the overall output​ 60
  • 61.
    Cultivation Methods: • Commonlycultured in brackish water ponds, which can be either extensive or semi-intensive systems. • Stocking density typically ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 fry/ha Technological Advancements: • Use of improved feed formulations and management practices has enhanced productivity​ • Adoption of technologies for better hatchery practices, ensuring high-quality seed supply​ Ecological and Economic Importance: • Milkfish serves as a major source of animal protein for many communities in the Indo-Pacific region​ • The industry supports the livelihoods of millions of fish farmers and contributes to food security​ 61
  • 62.
    6. Largemouth blackbass In 2022, Largemouth Black Bass production was approximately 804 thousand tonnes, primarily in the United States and China. Cultivation Methods: • Pond Culture: The main method, focusing on optimal pond management. • Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): Used for better environmental control. 62
  • 63.
    Technology: • Genetic selectionand breeding programs enhance growth rates and disease resistance. • Intelligent feeding and water quality management technologies are becoming more common. Environmental Impact: • Assessments show concerns about energy use and sustainability, leading to research on reducing the ecological footprint of Largemouth Bass farming​ 63
  • 64.
    7. Snakeheads • Snakeheadfish are freshwater fish belonging to the family Channidae, highly valued for their taste and nutritional benefits, especially in Asian cuisines. • In 2022, Snakeheads production was approximately 690 thousand tonnes, primarily in the China, Vietnam and Thailand. 64
  • 65.
    Farming Systems: • Semi-intensiveand Intensive Systems: Commonly practiced in earthen ponds, cages, and rice fields. • Cultured Species: Mainly Channa striata (common snakehead) and Channa micropeltes (giant snakehead) are the focus of farming efforts in regions like the Mekong Delta, Vietnam​ . Technological Advancements: • Feed Technology: There is ongoing development in commercial feed formulations, especially in China and Thailand, facilitated by companies like Guangzhou Nutriera Biotechnology​ . • Breeding Practices: Enhanced artificial breeding and fingerling production methods have been adopted to support farming efforts, particularly in Myanmar and India​ . 65
  • 66.
    8. Sea breams •Global Production: 564 thousand tonnes of sea bream were produced in 2022. • Leading Producers: Greece, Turkey, and Spain dominate sea bream aquaculture. • Cultivation Technologies: Marine cage systems and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are widely used, with growing use of Integrated multi- trophic aquaculture (IMTA). • Trends: High demand in Europe and the Middle East is driving the adoption of closed containment systems for greater efficiency and reduced environmental impact. 66
  • 67.
    Species Global Production (2022) Leading Producers Cultivation Methods Technological Advancements Trends and Future Prospects Carps31.8 million tonnes China (63% of total), India, Vietnam, Indonesia Extensive farming in ponds, tanks Sustainable practices, environmental sustainability India and Vietnam adopting sustainable practices Catfish 6.6 million tonnes Nigeria (1 million tonnes), Vietnam, United States Earthen ponds, tank farming Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Nigeria aims to increase production by 20% over the next decade Cichlids 6.5 million tonnes China, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi Intensive farming, wild catch Breeding techniques, sustainability-focused practices Growing demand in ornamental fish trade 67 Top Ten Farmed Finfish Species or Species Groups in the World During 2022
  • 68.
    Species Global Production (2022) Leading Producers Cultivation Methods Technological Advancements Trends and Future Prospects Salmonids 4.2million tonnes Norway, Chile, Canada, Scotland Flow-through systems, sea cages Waste management, breeding technologies Increasing demand in China, Brazil, Russia Milkfish 1.2 million tonnes Philippines, Indonesia Brackish water ponds Improved feed formulations, hatchery technologies Major source of protein in Indo-Pacific, supporting livelihoods Largemouth Black Bass 804 thousand tonnes United States, China Pond culture, RAS Genetic selection, intelligent feeding technologies Efforts to reduce environmental impact Snakeheads 690 thousand tonnes China, Vietnam, Thailand Semi-intensive, intensive systems Feed technology, breeding practices Growing demand in Asian cuisines Sea Bream 564 thousand tonnes Greece, Turkey, Spain Marine cage systems, RAS, IMTA Closed containment systems High demand in Europe, Middle East 68
  • 69.
    69 Conclusion Aquaculture, or pisciculture,has undergone significant transformation from its early origins in ancient China and Egypt to the technologically advanced methods employed today. Traditional systems, such as pond and pen culture, have evolved into modern techniques, including Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (RAS), Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), and biofloc technology. These advancements reflect a global shift toward sustainable fish farming practices, aimed at increasing production efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. Current fish farming methods are diverse, tailored by factors such as species, salinity, and management intensity. Systems range from extensive, low-input methods to intensive aquaculture operations characterized by high stocking densities, optimal water quality management, and advanced feeding protocols. Techniques such as cage culture and raceway culture allow for higher productivity, particularly for species like salmon and tilapia, while reducing the reliance on natural fisheries.
  • 70.
    70 The future ofaquaculture will rely on advanced technologies like AI, automated feeding, and real-time water quality monitoring. Innovations such as aquaponics and genetically improved strains will boost productivity. Sustainable practices, including organic aquaculture and biosecurity measures, will ensure the industry meets growing demand for high-quality, responsibly sourced seafood.
  • 71.
    71 References • Immons, M.B., & Ebeling, J. M. (2013). Recirculating Aquaculture (3rd ed.). Ithaca Publishing. • Badiola, M., Mendiola, D., & Bostock, J. (2012). Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) analysis: Main issues on management and future challenges. Aquacultural Engineering, 51, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.07.004 • Martins, C. I. M., Eding, E. H., Verdegem, M. C. J., Heinsbroek, L. T. N., Schneider, O., Blancheton, J. P., ... & Verreth, J. A. J. (2010). New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability. Aquacultural Engineering, 43(3), 83-93. • MSD Animal Health. (n.d.). Classic fry farming. MSD Aquaculture. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://www.msdaquaculture.com/classic-fry farming/#:~:text=Classic%20fry%20farming%20is%20also,well %2Dknown%20for%20fish%20farming. • Sahoo, Prabir & Payra, Pijush & Duyari, Malay & Samanta, Sagar. (2023). Basic Comparison between Traditional Farming and Modern Farming in Aquaculture. Aquaculture Practices, Akinik publication, 227-242.
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    72 • Costa-Pierce, B.A. (2010). Sustainable ecological aquaculture systems: The need for a new social contract for aquaculture development. Marine Technology Society Journal, 44(3), 88-112. https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.44.3.3 • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en • Naylor, R. L., Hardy, R. W., Bureau, D. P., Chiu, A., Elliott, M., Farrell, A. P., ... & Nichols, P. D. (2009). Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(36), 15103-15110. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905235106 • Stickney, R. R. (2009). Aquaculture: An introductory text (2nd ed.). CABI. • Subasinghe, R., Soto, D., & Jia, J. (2009). Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2008.01002.x • Wurts, W. A., & Stickney, R. R. (2011). Aquaculture: The evolution of blue revolution. Aquaculture Magazine, 37(6), 8-11.
  • 73.