This pdf is about the differences between REM & NON REM Sleep.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
REM & NON REM: https://youtu.be/h0vFuyZyKsM
Thanks...!
Sedative-hypnotics are a class of drugs that cause a dose-dependent depression of the CNS function, inducing sedation, sleep, and unconsciousness with increasing dose. Agents in this class of drugs include benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, barbiturates, and melatonin agonists. Most of the sedative-hypnotic drugs affect GABAergic transmission, increasing the inhibition of neuronal excitability, with the exception of melatonin agonists, which act on hypothalamic melatonin receptors. Sedative-hypnotic drugs are used as anxiolytics, sedatives, muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Common side effects result from excessive CNS depression and include confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, and respiratory depression. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics is associated with a risk of dependence.
List three different types of MAT (medication-assisted treatment) for opioid dependence
Describe the mechanism of action and the proper dosing for three different types of MAT for opioid dependence
Review common barriers to using MAT in a variety of treatment settings.
Sedative-hypnotics are a class of drugs that cause a dose-dependent depression of the CNS function, inducing sedation, sleep, and unconsciousness with increasing dose. Agents in this class of drugs include benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, barbiturates, and melatonin agonists. Most of the sedative-hypnotic drugs affect GABAergic transmission, increasing the inhibition of neuronal excitability, with the exception of melatonin agonists, which act on hypothalamic melatonin receptors. Sedative-hypnotic drugs are used as anxiolytics, sedatives, muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Common side effects result from excessive CNS depression and include confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, and respiratory depression. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics is associated with a risk of dependence.
List three different types of MAT (medication-assisted treatment) for opioid dependence
Describe the mechanism of action and the proper dosing for three different types of MAT for opioid dependence
Review common barriers to using MAT in a variety of treatment settings.
A slight description on contraception, its types along with a brief explanation on Oral Contraceptives. Types of oral contraceptives, it's types, mechanism of action, contraindications, dosing, advantages, disadvantages, risk, benefit amd recent research trends.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of often chemically unrelated compounds with some common therapeutic actions and side effects. They have potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity, and are among the most widely used drugs worldwide.
Objectives:
-To educate prescribers about controlled substance scheduling.
-To educate prescribers about the pharmacology of amphetamines
-To educate prescribers about the indications for the proper use of psychostimulants
-To educate prescribers about discontinuation and tapering strategies
ADR is any response of a drug that is noxious, unintended and occurs at doses used for diagnosis, prophylaxis or therapy or for the modification of physiologic function.
A slight description on contraception, its types along with a brief explanation on Oral Contraceptives. Types of oral contraceptives, it's types, mechanism of action, contraindications, dosing, advantages, disadvantages, risk, benefit amd recent research trends.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of often chemically unrelated compounds with some common therapeutic actions and side effects. They have potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity, and are among the most widely used drugs worldwide.
Objectives:
-To educate prescribers about controlled substance scheduling.
-To educate prescribers about the pharmacology of amphetamines
-To educate prescribers about the indications for the proper use of psychostimulants
-To educate prescribers about discontinuation and tapering strategies
ADR is any response of a drug that is noxious, unintended and occurs at doses used for diagnosis, prophylaxis or therapy or for the modification of physiologic function.
Aim: To study the effects of neurotoxins on the nervous system using photogra...SELF-EXPLANATORY
This pdf is about the Study of histopathological correlates of neurotoxicity using permanent slides/photographs.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Insulin / Recombinant DNA Technique / Peptide HormoneSELF-EXPLANATORY
This pdf is about the Insulin / Recombinant DNA Technique / Peptide Hormone.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Fermentation Technology "Vinegar Production".
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Cost of Assisted Reproductive Technology (Art).
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Basal Lamina / Extracellular matrix / Base membrane.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Chloride Channel / Ion Channels / Integral Membrane Proteins .pdfSELF-EXPLANATORY
This pdf is about the Chloride Channel / Ion Channels / Integral Membrane Proteins.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the DNA Libraries / Genomic DNA vs cDNA.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Effect of Gut Microbiome on SCHIZOPHRENIA.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Behavioral Disorder: Schizophrenia & it's Case Study.pdfSELF-EXPLANATORY
This pdf is about the Behavioral Disorder: Schizophrenia & it's Case Study.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Protein structure classification/domain prediction: SCOP and CATH (Bioinforma...SELF-EXPLANATORY
This pdf is about the protein structure classification/domain prediction: SCOP and CATH (Bioinformatics).
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS).
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the structure of ribosomes.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Vulture Conservation.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Great Sparrow Campaign.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the obesity.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the different types of Energy Resources.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This pdf is about the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) technique.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
PET; https://youtu.be/rlwGbFGS6wg
Thanks...!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
3. Sleep is an essential life process.
It is as important to our well-being as the food we eat, the water we
drink, and the air we breathe.
Lack of sleep reduces our alertness, impairs our judgment, and affects
our moods.
Impairments to alertness and judgment due to sleep deprivation not only
lead to a loss of productivity at school or work, but also contribute to
increased accident rates.
Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life.
We spend about one-third of our lives asleep.
Sleep is not a passive event, but rather an active process involving
characteristic physiological changes in the organs of the body.
In practice, EEGs, EOGs, and EMGs are recorded
simultaneously on continuously moving chart paper or digitized
by a computer and displayed on a high-resolution monitor. The
patterns of activity in these three systems provide the basis for
classifying the different types of sleep. Two basic stages, or
states, of sleep:
• Non–rapid Eye Movement (NREM) and
• Rapid Eye Movement (REM).
Source (Amlaner et al., 2003)
INTRODUCTION
https://images.app.goo.gl/cTssVkCGryN1wKjX8
4. There are two basic types of sleep in a sleep cycle:
REM sleep consists of about 20%-25% of total sleep in adults.
Non-REM (NREM) sleep uses significantly less energy than REM sleep.
This type of sleep is associated with the brain restoring its supply of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Rapid Eye
Movement
(REM)
Non-Rapid Eye
Movement
(NREM)
REM sleep is initiated through acetylcholine secretion and inhibited by
neurons that secrete monoamines including serotonin.
During REM, most muscles experience temporary paralysis.
This is also the stage during which people experience dreams.
NREM
Stage 1
(N1)
NREM
Stage 3 & 4
(N3 & N4)
NREM
Stage 2
(N2)
TYPES
Each of these stages can last from 5 to 15 minutes or more and NREM
stages may repeat until REM sleep is attained.
The percentage of REM sleep in adults changes little over the lifespan,
while slow-wave sleep tends to decline with age.
The longest REM period occurs at the end of a night’s sleep and is cut short
if a person does not get their full night of sleep.
5. NREM
Stage 1
(N1)
• NREM stage 1 sleep serves a transitional role
in sleep-stage cycling.
• Aside from newborns and those with narcolepsy
and other specific neurological disorders, the
average individual’s sleep episode begins in
NREM stage 1.
• This stage usually lasts 1 to 7 minutes in the initial
cycle, constituting 2 to 5 percent of total sleep, and
is easily interrupted by a disruptive noise.
• Brain activity on the EEG in stage 1 transitions
from wakefulness (marked by rhythmic alpha
waves) to low-voltage, mixed-frequency waves.
6. NREM
Stage 2
(N2)
• Stage 2 sleep lasts approximately 10 to 25 minutes in
the initial cycle and lengthens with each successive
cycle, eventually constituting between 45 to 55
percent of the total sleep episode.
• An individual in stage 2 sleep requires more intense
stimuli than in stage 1 to awaken.
• Brain activity on an EEG shows relatively low-
voltage, mixed-frequency activity characterized by the
presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes.
• It is hypothesized that sleep spindles are important for
memory consolidation.
• Individuals who learn a new task have a significantly
higher density of sleep spindles than those in a control
group.
7. NREM
Stage 3 & 4
(N3 & N4)
• Sleep stages 3 and 4 are collectively referred to as slow-
wave sleep (SWS), most of which occurs during the first
third of the night.
• Each has distinguishing characteristics.
• Stage 3 lasts only a few minutes and constitutes about 3
to 8 percent of sleep.
• The EEG shows increased high-voltage, slow-wave
activity.
• The last NREM stage is stage 4, which lasts
approximately 20 to 40 minutes in the first cycle and
makes up about 10 to 15 percent of sleep.
• The arousal threshold is highest for all NREM stages in
stage 4.
• This stage is characterized by increased amounts of high-
voltage, slow-wave activity on the EEG
11. Case Report of Rapid-eye-movement
(REM) sleep behavior disorder
• A 23-year-old female student presented with a five-year history of abnormal sleep in which
she would sit up or stand up for brief periods in the early morning, talk loudly for a couple of
minutes and then lie back down.
• When woken by family members she would remember vivid dreams and nightmares.
• In one episode she had a fall that resulted in a subdural hematoma.
• On presentation at the psychiatric hospital she had a normal mental status exam except for being
mildly depressed and anxious about the chronic fatigue from poor sleep.
• Overnight polysomnography (PSG) showed multiple waking periods each night, poor sleep
efficiency and a lack of normal muscle paralysis during REM sleep.
• The patient was diagnosed with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and treated with 1 mg
clonazepam nightly.
• Her sleep improved dramatically and remained better at a six-month follow-up, but repeat PSG
exam found that the lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep remained.
13. Case Report of Non-Rapid-eye-movement (NREM)
sleep behavior disorder
• Female of 26 years old, was frequent lucid dreamer (one lucid dream a week) and a good dream re-
caller (a few dreams a week).
• Eye-signalling during NREM Stage 2 sleep occurred on a second consecutive night in the sleep
laboratory, during the second sleep cycle, 105 min after falling asleep.
• There was a descending N2 (starting 4 epochs before the signal), which was preceded by wakeful-ness and
N1 sleep.
• The sleep recording with two epochs preceding the signal is presented in the figure.
• When asked in the morning, the participant confirmed eye-signalling in the beginning of the night.
• She reported that there was no any visual imagery present, but there was a floating sensation without feeling
her body, therefore she realised that it has to be a dream and gave the eye-signal.
• Lucid dreams – dreams in which the dreamer is aware that is dreaming – most frequently occur during REM sleep, yet
there is some evidence suggesting that lucid dreaming can occur during NREM sleep as well.
• By conducting a sleep laboratory study on lucid dreams, they found possible instances of lucidity during NREM sleep
which are reported here in this case.
• While lucid dreaming during NREM sleep seems to be much rarer and more difficult to achieve, it appears to be possible
and is most likely to occur during N1 sleep, somewhat less likely during N2 sleep and yet to be observed during N3 sleep.
15. REFERENCES
• Amlaner, Charles & Greene, Robert & Hanson, Michael & Nichols, Greg & Rogers, Naomi &
Thibodeau, Carol. (2003). Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Biological Rhythms. Charles J. Amlaner.
• HF, A. (2018). The Science of Dreams and Biochemistry of Midnight: A Questionnaire Study.
International Journal of Biomedical Investigation, 1(2), q-18. https://doi.org/10.31531/2581-
4745.1000109
• Jacobson, K. (n.d.). Stages of Sleep: NREM Sleep vs REM Sleep. .
https://www.aastweb.org/blog/stages-of-sleep-nrem-deep-sleep-vs-rem-sleep
• Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research; Colten HR, Altevogt BM,
editors. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. Washington
(DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006. 2, Sleep Physiology. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19956/
• Fan, Z., Niu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2013). Case Report of Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep
behavior disorder. Shanghai archives of psychiatry, 25(2), 121–123.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.02.010
• Stumbrys, Tadas & Erlacher, Daniel. (2012). Lucid dreaming during NREM sleep: Two case
reports. International Journal of Dream Research. 5. 151-155. 10.11588/ijodr.2012.2.9483.