This document summarizes the key differences between child and adult care. It discusses anatomical and physiological differences like size, weight, height, and development of organ systems. Children have higher fluid needs, faster metabolic rates, and less developed organs like kidneys. It also covers psychological differences as social, emotional and cognitive development continues into adulthood. Specialized pediatric training is important since children present and respond to illness differently than adults.

1. SEMINAR ON
CHILD HEALTH NURSING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CHILD & ADULT
PRESENTED BY
Mr. Abhijit P. Bhoyar
Lecturer
CHILD & ADULT

2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHILD AND ADULT CARE
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:-GENERAL OBJECTIVES:-
At the end of the seminar, student will be
able to gain the knowledge and make a
positive attitude and apply their knowledge in
the clinical area.

3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE=)
At the end of the seminar student will be able
to,
• To discuss the anatomical and physiological• To discuss the anatomical and physiological
changes in the child and adult.
• To discuss the difference in the height and the
weight.
• Explain the difference between the head
circumference and the chest circumference.

4. Cont.
• Discuss the integumentary systems changes.
• Describe the differences in the respiratory
system.
• Describe the changes in the pulse rate of the• Describe the changes in the pulse rate of the
children and the adult.
• Explain the fluid and electrolyte balance.
• Explain about the gastrointestinal systemic
changes.

5. Cont.
• Describe the normal functioning of the kidney between
the child and adult.
• Enlist the functioning of the endocrine system in the
body growth.
• Describe the changes in the reproductive system.
• To discuss the difference in the musculoskeletal system
of child and the adult.

6. Cont.
• Explain the differences between the
neurologic and the lymphatic system in the
infant and the adult.infant and the adult.
• Explain the psychological differences in the
child and adult.

7. INTRODUCTION
• Children and adults differ physically and
mentally.
• As a nurses it is necessary to learn the
differences to deliver the care accordingly.differences to deliver the care accordingly.

8. The difference in the child and the adult are
based on the three things;
AnatomicalAnatomical
Physiological and
Psychological

9. Anatomical and physiological
differences
SIZE
Size is the outstanding difference in influences
the method and equipment used in caring forthe method and equipment used in caring for
the child and the adult.

11. WEIGHT
Sr. No. Age Weight
1 At birth 2.5-3kg
2 At 6 month 5-6 kg2 At 6 month 5-6 kg
3 At 1 year 7.5-9 kg
4 At 2.1/2 years 10-12 kg

12. LENGTH OR HEIGHT
Sr. no. Age Length
1 At birth 45-50 cm1 At birth 45-50 cm
2 At 6 month 55-60 cm
3 At 1 year 70-75 cm
4 At 4 year 100 cm

15. Cont…
• Another anatomical differences is the greater
size and weight of the newborn’s head as
compare to body length and weight. Because
of the immature and inadequate ossification,of the immature and inadequate ossification,
injury can occur to the head of the infant from
a fall.
• Size of the chest

17. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• The function of the skin include thermoregulation
and protection of the body from the
environment.
• The sweat glands on areas of the body where hair
grows respond to thermal stimuli and regulategrows respond to thermal stimuli and regulate
the body temperature through sweating, with
resulting evaporation.
• Susceptibility to fungal infections of the skin is
related to changes in skin physiology or
biochemistry or both.

18. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pediatric Respiratory Rates
Age Rate (breaths per minute)
Infant (birth–1 year) 30–60
Toddler (1–3 years) 24–40
Preschooler (3–6 years) 22–34
School-age (6–12 years) 18–30
Adolescent (12–18 years) 12–16

19. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• After birth the newborn baby is separated
from the placenta, respiration begins, and
changes occurs in the heart. These changes in
cardiac functioning occur over a period ofcardiac functioning occur over a period of
hours or days.

20. • The pulse rate is controlled involuntarily by
the autonomic nervous system and respond to
changes in levels of physical activity and
emotional states.
• Normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure
readings of children increase with advancing
age the newborn period to the end of
adolescence.

21. • The normal heart rate is variable, and the
range of normal pulse rate is wide during
childhood.
• In general the normal pulse rate of 140 beats
per minute in the newborn slow over the
years of growth to about half that rate in theyears of growth to about half that rate in the
late adolescence period.
• When the infant is sleeping, respiration are
slow and the heart rate is irregular.

22. Pediatric Pulse Rates
Age Low High
Infant (birth–1 year) 100 160
Toddler (1–3 years) 90 150
Preschooler (3–6 years) 80 140
Bradycardia is a late sign of low blood
oxygen in the pediatric patient
School-age (6–12 years) 70 120
Adolescent (12–18 years) 60 100

23. HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
• The red blood cells of the newborn infant
are quite different from those of the adult
in that they are macrocytic.

24. Cont…
• The life span of the normal red blood cell in
the neonate is 70-80 days.
• In the adult the life span of red blood cell are
100- 120 days.100- 120 days.
• If the infant is given adequate amount of iron
an other nutrients; the total red blood cell
volume is sufficient for the rate of growth.

25. FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE
• Total body water refers to all fluid of the body
except those that are present within the
gastrointestinal and urinary system.gastrointestinal and urinary system.
• The total body water in the infant’s is about
750 ml per kg body weight.

26. Cont…
• In the adult the total body water is about 550
ml per kg body weight.
• In the newborn baby, approximately 75-80• In the newborn baby, approximately 75-80
percent of body weight is composed of body
water.
• In adult approximately 60 percent of body
weight is body water.

27. The understanding of fluid and electrolyte
balance during infancy depends on four factors;
1) Infant retains less body water within the cell than1) Infant retains less body water within the cell than
to adults, however they have more extracellular
fluid ( largely interstitial fluid ), which is easily lost.

28. Cont…
2) The rate of turnover of body water per unit of
body weight is more rapid in the infant because
their metabolic rate is higher than that of adult.their metabolic rate is higher than that of adult.
In the infant there is a loss of more fluid because
there is a growing up of the organs, so there is a
more requirement of the fluid and electrolyte.

29. Cont…
3) The immaturity of the kidney during infancy
may impair the ability to conserve fluid and
electrolyte. Also, because of the higher basalelectrolyte. Also, because of the higher basal
metabolic rate of the infant, there normally is
increased output of water by the kidney.
4) Normal levels of electrolyte vary depending
on the age of the child.

30. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Dentition :
• Human have 20 primary
(deciduous) and 32
permanent teeth.
• Delay in the eruption of• Delay in the eruption of
the deciduous teeth is
an indication of
hypothyroidism or
other growth or
nutritional
disturbances.

31. Cont…
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Tongue
• Cardiac sphincter of the stomach• Cardiac sphincter of the stomach
• Intestinal tract
• Liver

32. DIGESTION
• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Fat

33. URINARY SYSTEM
• Concentration of urine in newborn is 800
mOsmol/L whereas in adults it is 1400
mOsmol/L.
• GFR and tubular functions are lower in• GFR and tubular functions are lower in
neonates than adult because low blood supply
to kidney, smaller pore size and less filtration
power across nephron.
• GFR- 38 ml/ min (neonate)
• GFR- 125 ml/min (adult)

34. • Generally, kidney function of the infants 6 to 12
months of age is nearly like that of the adult.
• Premature infant smaller than 34 weeks of
gestation have decrease reabsorption of glucose,
sodium, bicarbonate and phosphate.
• The full term baby normally can reabsorb sodium,• The full term baby normally can reabsorb sodium,
but under condition of salt loading cannot excrete
the excess sodium and may develop
hypernatremia, increased extracellular fluid
volume and edema.

35. Cont…
• Chronic renal failure usually does not follow
acute renal failure in the child as it does in the
adult, because the young kidney can grow and
increase the number of functioning cells.increase the number of functioning cells.
• Although the occurrence of the chronic renal
failure is low in children as compare to the
adult.

36. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Endocrine glands that produce several hormones
probably are less well developed at birth than any
other system in the body.
• The endocrine system developed during infancy
and childhood.and childhood.
• Because the homeostatic hormonal control is
lacking until 12-18 months of age, the infants may
have imbalances in concentrations of fluids,
electrolytes, amino acids, glucose and trace
substances in the body.

37. Endocrine glands
PITUTARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)
• The secretion of the pitutary growth hormone
or the somatotropic hormone by the anterior
pituitary is controlled by the metabolic stimulipituitary is controlled by the metabolic stimuli
acting through the hypothalamus
• Level of serum growth hormone increase
during fetal life, decrease during near term,
then increase during childhood and decrease
again as full growth is archived.

38. THYROID GLAND
• The anterior pituitary begins to secrete
thyroid stimulating hormone in small amount
during fetal life.
• Increased during infancy.• Increased during infancy.
• They promote the growth of the body,
maturation of the skeleton, normal mental
development, normal cutanious texture and
increased metabolic rate.

39. ADRENAL GLAND
• ACTH (Adreno-corticotropic hormone) has
minimal function during infancy and thus
cannot respond to the stress of fluid and
electrolyte imbalance.electrolyte imbalance.
• Adrenal glands are small during infancy and
have limited function, but their functions
increases until puberty.

40. PANCREAS
• Islets of langerhans
• Regulates carbohydrate metabolism
• In diabetic mother
• After birth and during early childhood, the• After birth and during early childhood, the
blood sugar levels fluctuate

41. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTTEM
Ovaries :-
• In the normal full term baby girl, the ovary is
approximately 10 mm in length and 2-4 mm in
width the proliferation of the blood vessels inwidth the proliferation of the blood vessels in
the ovary increases until at 6-8 years of age.
• 11-12 years of age the appearance of the
ovary is like that of the adolescence

42. Testes :-
• At birth, the testes are 1.5-2 cm in length and
0.7-1 cm in width.
• They each weight 0.5 gm.
• The size of the testes increases slowly until• The size of the testes increases slowly until
school age.
• Development is complete between 13-17
years. The fully developed testes is
approximately 3.5-5.5 cm in length and 2.1-3.2
cm in width.

43. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• The development of muscle and bones is
responsible for the change in structural
appearance during infancy, childhood, and
adolescence.adolescence.
• At puberty the male hormone androgen
causes increased muscle size in boys.

44. NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM
• Nervous system is the
chief controlling and
coordinating system of
the body, it controls and
regulates all activities ofregulates all activities of
the body, whether
voluntary or
involuntary, and adjusts
the individual to the
given surroundings.

45. a) Central
nervous system
Brain or
encephalon
Spinal cord or
spinal medulla
NERVOUS SYSTEM
b) Peripheral
nervous system
Cerebrospinal
nervous system
Autonomic
nervous system,

46. Brain
• Brain weight is the best known index of brain
growth.
• The weight of the brain of the neonate is
about 300-350 gms.about 300-350 gms.
• The brain more than doubles in size by 1 year
of age, at which time its weight is two third
that of the adult.

47. Blood brain barrior
• In child- immature• In child- immature
• In adult- mature

48. HEARING :-
• Neonate can hear loud noise and can respond
with generalized body movements, by the second
month after birth the infant can hear softer,
soothing sounds.soothing sounds.
• By the time child enters school at about 6 years
of age, hearing behavior involving the ability to
imitated sounds correctly, to integrate their
meanings, to listen, and to respond appropriately
is approaching adult levels.

49. EUSTACHIAN TUBE:
• It is short and straight in children
• Air sinuses are not fully developed
• Sore throat extends to otitis media because of
the closeness of it to throat.the closeness of it to throat.

50. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
• After the birth of the baby the child gains the
immunity that is in the form of breast milk
from the mother.
• Immune system cannot developed in the• Immune system cannot developed in the
children
• In adult immune system developed
• Lymph nodes

51. PSYCHOLOGIC DIFFERENCES
• Fear , escape and avoid strangers till 5 years of
age.
• Explore the environment.
• INFANCY- more bonding with parents.• INFANCY- more bonding with parents.
anxiety is very common.
• TODDLERS – Negativistic behaviour

52. Social
• Adult, children and adolescents are still in a period of social
development which involves learning the values, knowledge
and skills that enable them to relate to others.and skills that enable them to relate to others.
• The goal is for children and adolescents to build a positive
sense of their own identity and their role in relationships with
people around them.

53. Emotional
• Children and adolescents are still developing
their ability to recognize and manage their
emotions or feelings, and this can be
influenced by many social and environmentalinfluenced by many social and environmental
and environmental factors.

54. Cognitive

55. Why is specialist pediatric training
important?
Children, adolescents and adults
• Present with illness differently, so people working
with children need the skills and knowledge to
identify and diagnose illness in a child oridentify and diagnose illness in a child or
adolescent, and be aware of illnesses specific to
different age groups.
• Often require different treatment or approaches
to treatment, so require specific age-appropriate
treatment approaches and environments (where
possible).

56. • Have different contexts.
– Children and adolescents come with family, who
generally have a greater role in their wellbeing, so
health professionals need to work with family as well
as the patient.
– Activities are different for different ages- play
becomes less important with age, but the need for
stimulation and employment in other activitiesstimulation and employment in other activities
remains important. School in older children and
adolescents moving towards work for older
adolescents and adults.
– Children and adolescents are still developing, so their
responses to similar situations will be different and
experiences they have will impact on their future
development.

57. Summary and
conclusionconclusion

58. • REFERENSES
• Dorothy R. Morlow; testbook of pediatric
nursing; sixth edition; page no226-238.
• Assuma Beevi T.M; a textbook of paediatric• Assuma Beevi T.M; a textbook of paediatric
nursing; page no18-22.
• Parul datta; pediatric nursing; second edition;
page no: 88-93, 30- 32.
• www. WebMD MedicineNet eMedicineHealth

59. • Protecting Children is Everyone's Business
National Framework for Protecting Australia's
Children 2009-2020
http://www.coag.gov.au/coag_meeting_outcohttp://www.coag.gov.au/coag_meeting_outco
mes/2009-04-
30/docs/child_protection_framework.pdf
• Wongs ; a text book of child health nursing;
• www.google.wikipedia.com