Growth and development

1. GROWTH AND DEVLOPEMENT
OF INFANT
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
BY- ANVIN THOMAS
M.SC NURSING (1ST YEAR)

3. • Weight
At birth is approximately 2.5 kg to 3.5kg and
trebled by one year .
• Length
At birth it is 50 cm, 75 cm at one year of age .
• Head circumference
Head circumference measures about 35 cm at
birth and at one year 45cm.

4. •Chest circumference
At birth it is 2-3 cm less than head circumference. At 6 to 12
months of age both become equal
•Mid upper arm circumference( MUAC )
The average MUAC at birth is 11 to 12 cm, at one year of age it
is 12 to16 cm
•Eruption of teeth
There is a variation for the time
of eruption of teeth.
First teeth commonly may appear in 6 to
7 months of age.
…..

5. • Respiratory changes
neonate is about 36 to 40 breaths per minute
• Cardiovascular changes
At birth 120 and 160 beats per minute at one year it is about
100 to 160 beats per minute.
Blood pressure in neonates is 80/46mm hg, at one year it is
about 96/66mmhg
• Gastrointestinal system

6. The acquisition of gross motor skill precedes the
development of fine motor skills.
Newborn: barely able to lift head
6 months: easily lifts head, chest and
upper abdomen and can bear weight on
arms

7. Gross Motor Development
At 12 months
• Sits down from standing position alone
• Walk few step with help or alone.

8. Fine motor:
• At birth
Hold hand in tight fists.
Can grasp but drops it
immediately
• 6th month
Grasps with simultaneous flexion of fingers.
Retain transient hold on two objects, one in
each hand.

9. At one year
• Picks up small bits of food and transfers them to
month
• Enjoy eating with fingers

10. Neonatal reflexes
• Sucking reflex
• Rooting reflex
• Moro reflex
• Swallowing reflex
• Sneezing and
coughing reflex
• Blinking reflex

11. Psychosocial development
• Erik Erikson’s theory centers around the
infants basic needs being met by parents and
this interaction leading to trust or mistrust.
• The child’s relative understanding of world
and society come from the parents and their
interaction with the child.
• Sense of trust versus mistrust.

12. Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development
 when an infant reaches about 7 to 9 months
of age the child now has the ability to
understand that objects keep existing even
when they cannot seen.

13. Moral development
• Piaget’s moral development parallels mental
development
• Morality Stage from birth to 2 years of age
• Infants land early toddlers are egocentric
and unable to understand rules or to judge
what is good or bad in terms of rules or
authority

14. • What is pleasant is good; what is unpleasant is
bad
• Both Piaget and Kohlberg believe that social
Interaction and experience are the major
determinants of how the child progresses
from one stage to another in moral
development

15. Psychosexual development
 According to Sigmund Freud the development of
sexuality proceeds in different stages that is oral,
anal, phallic, latency, puberty and geniality.
 The greatest sensual satisfaction is obtained
through stimulation of oral region or sensory area
of mouth as in breast feeding and sucking.
 If successful, feelings of security result and
unsuccessful an oral dependent character results.

16. Spiritual development
• Fowler describes spiritual development during
period of infancy as Stage I, Primal Faith,
During the early years, the infant forms a
attachment for parents that develops trust,
hope, and autonomy as a result of the give-
and -take relationship.

17. PLAY AND STIMULATION
• Both gross and fine motor activity are honed,
and the senses exercised.
• muscular movements become
coordinated through batting
at a crib mobile.

18. Factors influencing growth and
development
• Heredity or genetic factors
• Prenatal factors
Maternal malnutrition
Research conducted by Adu-Afarwuah
S, Lartey A in GHANA founded that Prenatal
Lipid-based nutrient supplementation can
improve fetal growth among vulnerable
women particularly primiparous women

19. Maternal infections.
Maternal substance abuse or drugs
A systemic review conducted by Giovanni
Previti and Susan Pawlby found that
antidepressant treatment may be associated
with some neurodevelopment changes in
fetus.

20. • Postnatal factors
Childhood illness.
Nutrition

21. Common problems of a new born
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Excessive crying

22. Precautions
• Never give very small things to the child.
• Never feed solids which are difficult to chew.
• Never leave the infant near water tub .

23. NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES

24. Conclusion

25. Bibliography
• Parul Datta.” Pediatric nursing”. 2nd ED. Jaypee brother’s medical
publishers; 116-129.
• NP Pahuja.” Psychology of learning and development”. Anmol
publications private LTD; 81-9.
• Assuma Beevi TM. “A text book of pediatric nursing”. ELSEVIER India
private LMT; 163-5.
• Navdeep Kaur Brar, HC Rawat. “Text book of advanced nursing
practice”. Jaypee brother’s medical publishers; 765-780.
• Shebeer P Basheer, S Yaseen Khan. “A concise textbook of advanced
nursing practice”. Emmess medical publishers; 570-586.

26. • Marzia Giribaldi, Laura Cavallarin, Cristina
Baro, ‘et al’. Biological and Nutritional Aspects
of Human Milk in Feeding of Preterm Infants
[Internet]. Food and Nutrition Sciences 2012
Dec; Vol.3 No.12[about 1p.] [cited 2016 Sep
28 at 10 pm] .Available from:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformat
ion.aspx?PaperID=25294

27. • Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Okronipa H, ‘et al’.
Lipid-based nutrient supplement increases the
birth size of infants of primiparous women in
Ghana[Internet].American journal of clinical
malnutrition 2015 Apr1(4):835-46. [cited 2016
sep 28at 10.30 pm]Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC42
• http://www.parents.com/baby/development/
growth