The document summarizes growth and development from infancy to one year. It discusses physical growth including weight, length, head circumference, and other body measurements. It also covers motor, cognitive, psychosocial, and other developmental milestones. Common problems and nursing responsibilities for infants are mentioned. The conclusion restates the importance of understanding infant growth and development.

1. GROWTH AND DEVLOPEMENT
OF INFANT
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
BY- ANVIN THOMAS
M.SC NURSING (1ST YEAR)

3. • Weight
At birth is approximately 2.5 kg to 3.5kg and
trebled by one year .
• Length
At birth it is 50 cm, 75 cm at one year of age .
• Head circumference
Head circumference measures about 35 cm at
birth and at one year 45cm.

4. •Chest circumference
At birth it is 2-3 cm less than head circumference. At 6 to 12
months of age both become equal
•Mid upper arm circumference( MUAC )
The average MUAC at birth is 11 to 12 cm, at one year of age it
is 12 to16 cm
•Eruption of teeth
There is a variation for the time
of eruption of teeth.
First teeth commonly may appear in 6 to
7 months of age.
…..

5. • Respiratory changes
neonate is about 36 to 40 breaths per minute
• Cardiovascular changes
At birth 120 and 160 beats per minute at one year it is about
100 to 160 beats per minute.
Blood pressure in neonates is 80/46mm hg, at one year it is
about 96/66mmhg
• Gastrointestinal system

6. The acquisition of gross motor skill precedes the
development of fine motor skills.
Newborn: barely able to lift head
6 months: easily lifts head, chest and
upper abdomen and can bear weight on
arms

7. Gross Motor Development
At 12 months
• Sits down from standing position alone
• Walk few step with help or alone.

8. Fine motor:
• At birth
Hold hand in tight fists.
Can grasp but drops it
immediately
• 6th month
Grasps with simultaneous flexion of fingers.
Retain transient hold on two objects, one in
each hand.

9. At one year
• Picks up small bits of food and transfers them to
month
• Enjoy eating with fingers

10. Neonatal reflexes
• Sucking reflex
• Rooting reflex
• Moro reflex
• Swallowing reflex
• Sneezing and
coughing reflex
• Blinking reflex

11. Psychosocial development
• Erik Erikson’s theory centers around the
infants basic needs being met by parents and
this interaction leading to trust or mistrust.
• The child’s relative understanding of world
and society come from the parents and their
interaction with the child.
• Sense of trust versus mistrust.

12. Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development
 when an infant reaches about 7 to 9 months
of age the child now has the ability to
understand that objects keep existing even
when they cannot seen.

13. Moral development
• Piaget’s moral development parallels mental
development
• Morality Stage from birth to 2 years of age
• Infants land early toddlers are egocentric
and unable to understand rules or to judge
what is good or bad in terms of rules or
authority

14. • What is pleasant is good; what is unpleasant is
bad
• Both Piaget and Kohlberg believe that social
Interaction and experience are the major
determinants of how the child progresses
from one stage to another in moral
development

15. Psychosexual development
 According to Sigmund Freud the development of
sexuality proceeds in different stages that is oral,
anal, phallic, latency, puberty and geniality.
 The greatest sensual satisfaction is obtained
through stimulation of oral region or sensory area
of mouth as in breast feeding and sucking.
 If successful, feelings of security result and
unsuccessful an oral dependent character results.

16. Spiritual development
• Fowler describes spiritual development during
period of infancy as Stage I, Primal Faith,
During the early years, the infant forms a
attachment for parents that develops trust,
hope, and autonomy as a result of the give-
and -take relationship.

17. PLAY AND STIMULATION
• Both gross and fine motor activity are honed,
and the senses exercised.
• muscular movements become
coordinated through batting
at a crib mobile.

18. Factors influencing growth and
development
• Heredity or genetic factors
• Prenatal factors
Maternal malnutrition
Research conducted by Adu-Afarwuah
S, Lartey A in GHANA founded that Prenatal
Lipid-based nutrient supplementation can
improve fetal growth among vulnerable
women particularly primiparous women

19. Maternal infections.
Maternal substance abuse or drugs
A systemic review conducted by Giovanni
Previti and Susan Pawlby found that
antidepressant treatment may be associated
with some neurodevelopment changes in
fetus.

20. • Postnatal factors
Childhood illness.
Nutrition

21. Common problems of a new born
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Excessive crying

22. Precautions
• Never give very small things to the child.
• Never feed solids which are difficult to chew.
• Never leave the infant near water tub .

23. NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES

24. Conclusion

25. Bibliography
• Parul Datta.” Pediatric nursing”. 2nd ED. Jaypee brother’s medical
publishers; 116-129.
• NP Pahuja.” Psychology of learning and development”. Anmol
publications private LTD; 81-9.
• Assuma Beevi TM. “A text book of pediatric nursing”. ELSEVIER India
private LMT; 163-5.
• Navdeep Kaur Brar, HC Rawat. “Text book of advanced nursing
practice”. Jaypee brother’s medical publishers; 765-780.
• Shebeer P Basheer, S Yaseen Khan. “A concise textbook of advanced
nursing practice”. Emmess medical publishers; 570-586.

26. • Marzia Giribaldi, Laura Cavallarin, Cristina
Baro, ‘et al’. Biological and Nutritional Aspects
of Human Milk in Feeding of Preterm Infants
[Internet]. Food and Nutrition Sciences 2012
Dec; Vol.3 No.12[about 1p.] [cited 2016 Sep
28 at 10 pm] .Available from:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformat
ion.aspx?PaperID=25294

27. • Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Okronipa H, ‘et al’.
Lipid-based nutrient supplement increases the
birth size of infants of primiparous women in
Ghana[Internet].American journal of clinical
malnutrition 2015 Apr1(4):835-46. [cited 2016
sep 28at 10.30 pm]Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC42
• http://www.parents.com/baby/development/
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