Difference between organelle and inclusion
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Recommended
Basic cytology
- Histology is the study of tissues and how they form organs. It examines tissues at a microscopic level.
- Cytology is the study of cells. There are two main cell types - prokaryotic cells which are small and lack organelles, and eukaryotic cells which exist primarily in multicellular organisms and have organelles.
- The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits. It contains proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It performs important functions like acting as a barrier, having receptor sites, and facilitating transport processes into and out of the cell.
macromolecule & micromolecule
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by polymerizing smaller subunits, including nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates in biochemistry. Micromolecules are relatively small molecules like monomers, water, minerals, and vitamins. The document discusses various foods like oranges, pulses, milk, and wood that are good sources of important macromolecules and micromolecules that perform essential functions in the body.
Microbodies
Microbodies, also called peroxisomes, are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are bound by a single membrane and contain proteins that are critical for various functions. Peroxisomes participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites, and harbor enzymes that break down toxic peroxides. They also play a role in the production of bile acids and proteins. Certain diseases, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome, can result from malfunctions of peroxisomes.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that was discovered in 1897 by Camillo Golgi. It is composed of stacked flattened disks called cisternae that have three compartments - a cis face that receives vesicles from the ER, a lumen that modifies proteins, and a trans face that exports vesicles. The main functions of the Golgi apparatus are to modify, sort, and package macromolecules synthesized by the cell for transport within the cell.
Ecm
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an organized network of extracellular materials that surrounds cells. One type of ECM is the basement membrane, a thin sheet that underlies epithelial tissues. The ECM is composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and structural glycoproteins. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the ECM and forms fibrils that provide structural support and determine the shape of tissues. Collagen molecules assemble into fibrils outside of cells through a process involving post-translational modifications.
Ecm final
The document defines and discusses the extracellular matrix (ECM). It notes that the ECM provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells and includes interstitial matrix and basement membrane. The ECM is composed of proteoglycans, non-proteoglycan polysaccharides, fibres, and other components that form an interlocking mesh. The ECM serves functions like tissue growth and healing, cell culture support, and injury repair.
Cell Nucleus
The document discusses the nucleus, including its history, composition, functions, and recent discoveries. It was first discovered by Leeuwenhoek and later described in more detail by Robert Brown. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and regulates cellular activity through gene expression. It is composed of a double membrane, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus, and other subnuclear bodies. The nucleus plays important roles in gene expression, RNA synthesis, and providing structural support through its lamina. Recent research has linked mutations in lamin genes to premature aging disorders and identified proteins involved in cancer amplification and RNA interference.
L3.cell organelle
The document discusses the main organelles found within eukaryotic cells. It describes the nucleus as the control center that contains DNA. The cell membrane forms the boundary around the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer. Mitochondria are described as the powerhouses of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs to produce energy. Three other key organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, which acts as a highway within the cell, the golgi apparatus, which packages and stores proteins, and lysosomes, which act as the cell's garbage disposal.
Recommended
Basic cytology
- Histology is the study of tissues and how they form organs. It examines tissues at a microscopic level.
- Cytology is the study of cells. There are two main cell types - prokaryotic cells which are small and lack organelles, and eukaryotic cells which exist primarily in multicellular organisms and have organelles.
- The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits. It contains proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It performs important functions like acting as a barrier, having receptor sites, and facilitating transport processes into and out of the cell.
macromolecule & micromolecule
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by polymerizing smaller subunits, including nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates in biochemistry. Micromolecules are relatively small molecules like monomers, water, minerals, and vitamins. The document discusses various foods like oranges, pulses, milk, and wood that are good sources of important macromolecules and micromolecules that perform essential functions in the body.
Microbodies
Microbodies, also called peroxisomes, are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are bound by a single membrane and contain proteins that are critical for various functions. Peroxisomes participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites, and harbor enzymes that break down toxic peroxides. They also play a role in the production of bile acids and proteins. Certain diseases, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome, can result from malfunctions of peroxisomes.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that was discovered in 1897 by Camillo Golgi. It is composed of stacked flattened disks called cisternae that have three compartments - a cis face that receives vesicles from the ER, a lumen that modifies proteins, and a trans face that exports vesicles. The main functions of the Golgi apparatus are to modify, sort, and package macromolecules synthesized by the cell for transport within the cell.
Ecm
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an organized network of extracellular materials that surrounds cells. One type of ECM is the basement membrane, a thin sheet that underlies epithelial tissues. The ECM is composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and structural glycoproteins. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the ECM and forms fibrils that provide structural support and determine the shape of tissues. Collagen molecules assemble into fibrils outside of cells through a process involving post-translational modifications.
Ecm final
The document defines and discusses the extracellular matrix (ECM). It notes that the ECM provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells and includes interstitial matrix and basement membrane. The ECM is composed of proteoglycans, non-proteoglycan polysaccharides, fibres, and other components that form an interlocking mesh. The ECM serves functions like tissue growth and healing, cell culture support, and injury repair.
Cell Nucleus
The document discusses the nucleus, including its history, composition, functions, and recent discoveries. It was first discovered by Leeuwenhoek and later described in more detail by Robert Brown. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and regulates cellular activity through gene expression. It is composed of a double membrane, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus, and other subnuclear bodies. The nucleus plays important roles in gene expression, RNA synthesis, and providing structural support through its lamina. Recent research has linked mutations in lamin genes to premature aging disorders and identified proteins involved in cancer amplification and RNA interference.
L3.cell organelle
The document discusses the main organelles found within eukaryotic cells. It describes the nucleus as the control center that contains DNA. The cell membrane forms the boundary around the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer. Mitochondria are described as the powerhouses of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs to produce energy. Three other key organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, which acts as a highway within the cell, the golgi apparatus, which packages and stores proteins, and lysosomes, which act as the cell's garbage disposal.
2.3 eukaryotic cells
The document outlines the key structures and functions of eukaryotic cells including animal cells, plant cells, and comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes how to draw and label a diagram of a liver cell, identify organelles in electron micrographs, compare differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, state differences between plant and animal cells, and outline the roles of extracellular components in plants and animals.
Ecm
Dr. Mina Bissell gave a presentation on extracellular matrices. She discussed how ECMs are composed of fibrous proteins and glycosaminoglycans that form an interlocking mesh. ECMs perform important functions such as providing structural support and compartmentalizing tissues. They also present signals to cells and serve as highways for cell migration. Basement membranes are a specialized ECM layer that surround epithelia and other cell types. Collagen and laminins are major ECM proteins that form intricate structures and provide strength. Mutations in these proteins can lead to diseases like osteogenesis imperfecta and muscular dystrophies.
Golgi complex or golgi bodies
The document summarizes key aspects of the Golgi complex. It describes its discovery by Camillo Golgi in 1898. The Golgi complex is composed of stacked flattened sacs called cisternae, which have cis and trans faces. Newly synthesized proteins enter at the cis face from the ER and are modified as they move through cisternae towards the trans face. At the trans face, proteins are sorted and packaged into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell. The Golgi complex plays important roles in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules and transports lipids and creates lysosomes.
Golgi complex
The Golgi complex is a cytoplasmic organelle found in eukaryotic cells composed of stacked flattened sacs called cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. It is responsible for processing and packaging macromolecules and lipids synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum. As molecules pass through the cisternae, they undergo post-translational modifications like glycosylation. The Golgi complex packages molecules into vesicles which are then transported for secretion or to lysosomes. It was first observed in 1898 by Camillo Golgi but its functions in membrane trafficking and protein modification were elucidated later with electron microscopy.
RIBOSOMES SMG
Ribosomes are small organelles found in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that are the sites of protein synthesis. They are composed of RNA and protein and exist in two subunits - a small subunit that binds to the mRNA and a large subunit where protein synthesis occurs. In prokaryotes, 70S ribosomes freely float in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes 80S ribosomes are either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes bring together mRNA and tRNA to translate the genetic code and synthesize polypeptide chains.
Chemical composition of plasma membrane
The plasma membrane consists of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates. It selectively permits the passage of ions and molecules in and out of the cell. The major components of the membrane are lipids including phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and archaebacterial ether lipids. Membrane proteins come in integral, peripheral, and anchored forms and perform many functions. Carbohydrates attached to lipids and proteins form glycoproteins and glycolipids that serve important roles in cell recognition.
Cell
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular organization and structure. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. It then discusses the structures and functions of key cellular components in plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, and vacuoles. Finally, it compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting things like size, presence of membrane-bound organelles, and cell division mechanisms.
Structure & Function of neutrophils by Thirumurugan.docx
Structure & Function of neutrophils
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell with multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules.
These are the most abundant granulocytes, occupying about 40-60% of the total number of white blood cells in the blood.
Neutrophils, like all other blood cells, are formed from the stem cells in the bone marrow.
After differentiation in the bone marrow, neutrophils are released into the peripheral blood and circulate for 7 to 10 hours before migrating into the tissues, where they have a life span of only a few days.
These are highly motile, allowing them to move in and out of the cells and tissue during infection quickly.
The neutrophils are divided into two groups; neutrophils - killers and neutrophils - cagers.
Neutrophils are at the front lines of attack during an immune response and are considered part of the innate immune system.
Neutrophil Structure
Neutrophils are mostly circular ranging in size from 12-15 µm (in humans, the average size is 8 µm).
Their shape changes into amoeboid once they are activated so that they can extend to attack invaders.
These are the smallest of all granulocytes with a characteristic multi-lobed nucleus with 3-5 lobes joined by a slender strand of genetic material.
The nucleolus is present in young neutrophils but is lost as the neutrophil matures.
The cytoplasm of the neutrophils has a large number of purple-colored granules, termed azurophilic or primary granules that have microbicidal activity.
Additionally, secondary granules are also found in cytoplasm that contains lysozyme, collagenase, and other enzymes.
Other cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Golgi complex appear sparingly, and the endoplasmic reticulum is entirely absent.
Neutrophils test/ Absolute Neutrophil Count
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) is the test to measure the number of neutrophils and other granulocytes (collectively termed polymorph nuclear cells) present in a blood sample.
This test usually detects the total number of white blood cells which includes both mature and immature neutrophils.
The neutrophil blood count breakdown neutrophils into two categories as segmented or mature neutrophils and immature neutrophils or bands.
The neutrophil count is commonly conducted to detect abnormalities related to the increase or decrease in the number of neutrophils.
This test is performed to detect the presence of different organisms in the bloodstream and also to detect if the immune system is working correctly.
ANC is usually performed as a part of the complete blood count to measure the count of different blood cells.
Neutrophils normal range
o The number of neutrophils in the blood might differ from person to person as it is affected by various factors like age and the environment. However, the following is considered to the normal range of neutrophil count.
o In terms of cell count: The normal range count in adults: 1500-8000 cells/mm3.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and microtubules that provides the cell with structure and helps with functions like cell motility, regulation, and transport. It has three main components: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments are made of actin and resist tension, microtubules are hollow tubes made of tubulin, and intermediate filaments are for bearing tension and consist of keratin. Together these components form a structural framework within the cell and allow it to carry out essential activities.
Connective tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Consists of living cells surrounded by a matrix
Type of fiber and the amount of fibers in the matrix determines the different types
Connective tissue
Dense
Collagen fibers main element in matrix
Fibroblasts
Forms strong rope like structures
Found in tendons, and ligaments
Makes up dermis
Loose
Has more cells and less fibers
Supports epithelial tissue, organs, blood vessels
Connective tissue cells
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Adipocytes
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
AREOLAR TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BLOOD
BONE
AREOLAR TISSUE
Most widely distributed connective tissue
mostly water
universal packing material between other tissues
wraps small blood vessels and nerves
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Stores body fat
Insulation
Organ protection
Found beneath the skin – subcutaneous
Reticular tissue
Delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers
Also called lymphoid tissue
Found in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
Produce all blood cells
BLOOD
A typical connective tissue
Transportation system
Plasma is the matrix
Fibers are soluble proteins
BONE
Rigid
Protection
Support
Matrix 2 types : compact , spongy
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filaments
The cytoskeleton is made up of three main filament systems - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the thickest and made of tubulin, forming hollow tubes that help transport cellular cargo and separate chromosomes during cell division. Microfilaments are the thinnest and made of actin, enabling cell movement and shape changes. Intermediate filaments are in between the other two in diameter and made of various proteins, maintaining cell shape. Collectively, the cytoskeleton gives cells their structure, allows movement, and aids transport within cells.
Microtubules Structure and Function
Microtubules are thick protein tubes composed of subunits called tubulin. They function to transport vesicles and organelles within cells, assist in cell division and motility, and help maintain intracellular structure. Microtubules are essential components of eukaryotic cells that participate in nucleic and cell division, organization of intracellular structure, and transport, as well as cell motility.
corbohydrates chemistry structure of isomerism
• The compounds possessing identical
molecular formula but different structures are
called isomers.
Various types of isomerism
1. Structural isomerism
2. Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism
• Same molecular formula and same structure
but they differ in configuration.
• That is arrangement of their atoms in space.
• Presence of asymmetric carbon atoms allow
the formation of stereoisomerism
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down further, and include trioses, tetroses, pentoses like ribulose, and hexoses like glucose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharide units bonded together, such as maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides with many units, consisting of either homopolysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose, or heteropolysaccharides such as mucopolysaccharides. Carbohydrates serve important roles as energy sources, stores
Nucleus and nucleolar
The nucleus and nucleolus are organelles found within eukaryotic cells. The nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material and is surrounded by a double nuclear membrane. It functions as the control center of the cell. The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA transcription. It has three main components - fibrillar center, dense fibrillar component, and granular component. The nucleolus is made up of proteins and RNA and its main function is to produce ribosomal RNA.
cellthefundamentalunitoflife-180820182355 (1)_1.pptx
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles that allow them to carry out functions necessary for life.
3. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack these structures.
Extra cellular matrix
Overall description of the extracellular matrix. Different proteins and polysaccharides involved are discussed. Their structures are also discussed.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles inside eukaryotic cells. It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi and plays an important role in processing proteins for secretion. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies and packages them into vesicles which are then transported throughout the cell. It is made up of a series of stacked compartments that progressively modify cargo proteins as they pass through.
Structure and functions of Mitochondria
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Fructose
This document provides information about various sugars and carbohydrates. It discusses fructose, a simple sugar found in plants that is absorbed directly into the blood. Sucrose, or table sugar, is introduced as a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose. Starch is described as a glucan made of glucose molecules linked together in plants. The document also examines the structures of fructose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose, including their cyclic formations and glycosidic linkages.
Muhammad danish
This document provides an outline of various cell organelles including the Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and centriole. It describes the structure, composition, functions, and key discoveries of each organelle. The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids, the cytoskeleton provides structure and transport, smooth ER is involved in lipid and hormone synthesis, lysosomes digest molecules, and centrioles form spindles during cell division.
AnimalCell.pptx
This document defines an animal cell and describes its main parts. It begins by defining an animal cell as a eukaryotic cell found in animals that contains various organelles. It then discusses each of the major organelles found in animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. For each organelle, it provides a brief description of its structure and main functions. The document aims to provide an overview of the key components that make up the structure and organization of an animal cell.
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2.3 eukaryotic cells
The document outlines the key structures and functions of eukaryotic cells including animal cells, plant cells, and comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes how to draw and label a diagram of a liver cell, identify organelles in electron micrographs, compare differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, state differences between plant and animal cells, and outline the roles of extracellular components in plants and animals.
Ecm
Dr. Mina Bissell gave a presentation on extracellular matrices. She discussed how ECMs are composed of fibrous proteins and glycosaminoglycans that form an interlocking mesh. ECMs perform important functions such as providing structural support and compartmentalizing tissues. They also present signals to cells and serve as highways for cell migration. Basement membranes are a specialized ECM layer that surround epithelia and other cell types. Collagen and laminins are major ECM proteins that form intricate structures and provide strength. Mutations in these proteins can lead to diseases like osteogenesis imperfecta and muscular dystrophies.
Golgi complex or golgi bodies
The document summarizes key aspects of the Golgi complex. It describes its discovery by Camillo Golgi in 1898. The Golgi complex is composed of stacked flattened sacs called cisternae, which have cis and trans faces. Newly synthesized proteins enter at the cis face from the ER and are modified as they move through cisternae towards the trans face. At the trans face, proteins are sorted and packaged into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell. The Golgi complex plays important roles in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules and transports lipids and creates lysosomes.
Golgi complex
The Golgi complex is a cytoplasmic organelle found in eukaryotic cells composed of stacked flattened sacs called cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. It is responsible for processing and packaging macromolecules and lipids synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum. As molecules pass through the cisternae, they undergo post-translational modifications like glycosylation. The Golgi complex packages molecules into vesicles which are then transported for secretion or to lysosomes. It was first observed in 1898 by Camillo Golgi but its functions in membrane trafficking and protein modification were elucidated later with electron microscopy.
RIBOSOMES SMG
Ribosomes are small organelles found in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that are the sites of protein synthesis. They are composed of RNA and protein and exist in two subunits - a small subunit that binds to the mRNA and a large subunit where protein synthesis occurs. In prokaryotes, 70S ribosomes freely float in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes 80S ribosomes are either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes bring together mRNA and tRNA to translate the genetic code and synthesize polypeptide chains.
Chemical composition of plasma membrane
The plasma membrane consists of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates. It selectively permits the passage of ions and molecules in and out of the cell. The major components of the membrane are lipids including phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and archaebacterial ether lipids. Membrane proteins come in integral, peripheral, and anchored forms and perform many functions. Carbohydrates attached to lipids and proteins form glycoproteins and glycolipids that serve important roles in cell recognition.
Cell
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular organization and structure. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. It then discusses the structures and functions of key cellular components in plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, and vacuoles. Finally, it compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting things like size, presence of membrane-bound organelles, and cell division mechanisms.
Structure & Function of neutrophils by Thirumurugan.docx
Structure & Function of neutrophils
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell with multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules.
These are the most abundant granulocytes, occupying about 40-60% of the total number of white blood cells in the blood.
Neutrophils, like all other blood cells, are formed from the stem cells in the bone marrow.
After differentiation in the bone marrow, neutrophils are released into the peripheral blood and circulate for 7 to 10 hours before migrating into the tissues, where they have a life span of only a few days.
These are highly motile, allowing them to move in and out of the cells and tissue during infection quickly.
The neutrophils are divided into two groups; neutrophils - killers and neutrophils - cagers.
Neutrophils are at the front lines of attack during an immune response and are considered part of the innate immune system.
Neutrophil Structure
Neutrophils are mostly circular ranging in size from 12-15 µm (in humans, the average size is 8 µm).
Their shape changes into amoeboid once they are activated so that they can extend to attack invaders.
These are the smallest of all granulocytes with a characteristic multi-lobed nucleus with 3-5 lobes joined by a slender strand of genetic material.
The nucleolus is present in young neutrophils but is lost as the neutrophil matures.
The cytoplasm of the neutrophils has a large number of purple-colored granules, termed azurophilic or primary granules that have microbicidal activity.
Additionally, secondary granules are also found in cytoplasm that contains lysozyme, collagenase, and other enzymes.
Other cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Golgi complex appear sparingly, and the endoplasmic reticulum is entirely absent.
Neutrophils test/ Absolute Neutrophil Count
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) is the test to measure the number of neutrophils and other granulocytes (collectively termed polymorph nuclear cells) present in a blood sample.
This test usually detects the total number of white blood cells which includes both mature and immature neutrophils.
The neutrophil blood count breakdown neutrophils into two categories as segmented or mature neutrophils and immature neutrophils or bands.
The neutrophil count is commonly conducted to detect abnormalities related to the increase or decrease in the number of neutrophils.
This test is performed to detect the presence of different organisms in the bloodstream and also to detect if the immune system is working correctly.
ANC is usually performed as a part of the complete blood count to measure the count of different blood cells.
Neutrophils normal range
o The number of neutrophils in the blood might differ from person to person as it is affected by various factors like age and the environment. However, the following is considered to the normal range of neutrophil count.
o In terms of cell count: The normal range count in adults: 1500-8000 cells/mm3.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and microtubules that provides the cell with structure and helps with functions like cell motility, regulation, and transport. It has three main components: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments are made of actin and resist tension, microtubules are hollow tubes made of tubulin, and intermediate filaments are for bearing tension and consist of keratin. Together these components form a structural framework within the cell and allow it to carry out essential activities.
Connective tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Consists of living cells surrounded by a matrix
Type of fiber and the amount of fibers in the matrix determines the different types
Connective tissue
Dense
Collagen fibers main element in matrix
Fibroblasts
Forms strong rope like structures
Found in tendons, and ligaments
Makes up dermis
Loose
Has more cells and less fibers
Supports epithelial tissue, organs, blood vessels
Connective tissue cells
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Adipocytes
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
AREOLAR TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BLOOD
BONE
AREOLAR TISSUE
Most widely distributed connective tissue
mostly water
universal packing material between other tissues
wraps small blood vessels and nerves
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Stores body fat
Insulation
Organ protection
Found beneath the skin – subcutaneous
Reticular tissue
Delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers
Also called lymphoid tissue
Found in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
Produce all blood cells
BLOOD
A typical connective tissue
Transportation system
Plasma is the matrix
Fibers are soluble proteins
BONE
Rigid
Protection
Support
Matrix 2 types : compact , spongy
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filaments
The cytoskeleton is made up of three main filament systems - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the thickest and made of tubulin, forming hollow tubes that help transport cellular cargo and separate chromosomes during cell division. Microfilaments are the thinnest and made of actin, enabling cell movement and shape changes. Intermediate filaments are in between the other two in diameter and made of various proteins, maintaining cell shape. Collectively, the cytoskeleton gives cells their structure, allows movement, and aids transport within cells.
Microtubules Structure and Function
Microtubules are thick protein tubes composed of subunits called tubulin. They function to transport vesicles and organelles within cells, assist in cell division and motility, and help maintain intracellular structure. Microtubules are essential components of eukaryotic cells that participate in nucleic and cell division, organization of intracellular structure, and transport, as well as cell motility.
corbohydrates chemistry structure of isomerism
• The compounds possessing identical
molecular formula but different structures are
called isomers.
Various types of isomerism
1. Structural isomerism
2. Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism
• Same molecular formula and same structure
but they differ in configuration.
• That is arrangement of their atoms in space.
• Presence of asymmetric carbon atoms allow
the formation of stereoisomerism
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down further, and include trioses, tetroses, pentoses like ribulose, and hexoses like glucose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharide units bonded together, such as maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides with many units, consisting of either homopolysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose, or heteropolysaccharides such as mucopolysaccharides. Carbohydrates serve important roles as energy sources, stores
Nucleus and nucleolar
The nucleus and nucleolus are organelles found within eukaryotic cells. The nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material and is surrounded by a double nuclear membrane. It functions as the control center of the cell. The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA transcription. It has three main components - fibrillar center, dense fibrillar component, and granular component. The nucleolus is made up of proteins and RNA and its main function is to produce ribosomal RNA.
cellthefundamentalunitoflife-180820182355 (1)_1.pptx
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles that allow them to carry out functions necessary for life.
3. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack these structures.
Extra cellular matrix
Overall description of the extracellular matrix. Different proteins and polysaccharides involved are discussed. Their structures are also discussed.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles inside eukaryotic cells. It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi and plays an important role in processing proteins for secretion. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies and packages them into vesicles which are then transported throughout the cell. It is made up of a series of stacked compartments that progressively modify cargo proteins as they pass through.
Structure and functions of Mitochondria
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Fructose
This document provides information about various sugars and carbohydrates. It discusses fructose, a simple sugar found in plants that is absorbed directly into the blood. Sucrose, or table sugar, is introduced as a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose. Starch is described as a glucan made of glucose molecules linked together in plants. The document also examines the structures of fructose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose, including their cyclic formations and glycosidic linkages.
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Structure & Function of neutrophils by Thirumurugan.docx
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Muhammad danish
This document provides an outline of various cell organelles including the Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and centriole. It describes the structure, composition, functions, and key discoveries of each organelle. The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids, the cytoskeleton provides structure and transport, smooth ER is involved in lipid and hormone synthesis, lysosomes digest molecules, and centrioles form spindles during cell division.
AnimalCell.pptx
This document defines an animal cell and describes its main parts. It begins by defining an animal cell as a eukaryotic cell found in animals that contains various organelles. It then discusses each of the major organelles found in animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. For each organelle, it provides a brief description of its structure and main functions. The document aims to provide an overview of the key components that make up the structure and organization of an animal cell.
Cytoplasm ppt (introduction structure & function)
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.
CELL AND ITS INCUSIONS BY PULKIT SHARMA
HELLO EVERYONE, I AM PULKIT SHARMA, A STUDENT OF CLASS 9TH B OF S.N.D PUBLIC SCHOOL. I CREATED THIS PRESENTATION BY MY OWN AS MY HOLIDAY HOMEWORK.
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Cell organelles
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CELL Biochemistry - new.ppt
This document discusses cell membranes and transport mechanisms. It describes the four main mechanisms of transport through cell membranes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion utilizes membrane proteins to transport specific molecules. Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a membrane, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to higher. Active transport requires energy and transports molecules against a concentration gradient using membrane proteins like pumps and channels.
human cell anatomy and function
1. The document describes the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells and their organelles. It discusses the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles found within cells like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
2. The cell membrane forms the protective outer layer of the cell and regulates what passes in and out through selective permeability. The cytoplasm contains organelles suspended in cytosol and encloses the cell's genetic material in the nucleus.
3. Organelles perform specialized functions like protein transport (ER and Golgi), waste disposal (lysosomes), energy production (mitochondria), and protein synthesis (ribosomes). Together
Animal cell
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells that contain a nucleus which houses DNA. Unlike prokaryotic cells, animal cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions. Organelles in animal cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles. Each organelle performs important roles for normal cell functioning such as transport, metabolism, and waste removal.
CELL Biochemistry.ppt
The document discusses various types of transport through cell membranes. It begins by explaining the four main mechanisms of transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is described as the passive, random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion utilizes membrane proteins to transport specific molecules. Osmosis involves the diffusion of water across the semi-permeable cell membrane. Active transport transports molecules against a concentration gradient by using energy in the form of ATP.
Functions of cell organells nursery
The document provides information on the structure and functions of various cell organelles. It discusses the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Within the cytoplasm, it describes the organelles with limiting membranes like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, mitochondria and those without limiting membranes like ribosomes and cytoskeleton. Each organelle is described in terms of its structure, composition, location within the cell and specific functions. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to the essential components within the cell and their roles in maintaining cellular activities.
CELL BIOLOGY
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. Cells take in nutrients, perform metabolic functions, and reproduce. There are two main types of cells - eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes that allow specialization of function. The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits. Within the cell membrane is the cytoplasm, which contains organelles and allows chemical reactions to take place.
Cell hap
The document summarizes the structure and function of the cell and its organelles. It discusses that the cell is the basic unit of life and contains a cell membrane and cytoplasm. It then describes the structure and functions of the cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, and microtubules. The key roles of these organelles in protein synthesis, energy production, waste disposal, and cell division are highlighted.
The cell its organells and their functions
The document provides information on the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells and their organelles. It discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and describes the major organelles found in animal and plant cells - including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, and ribosomes. Each organelle is described in terms of its location, structure, and specific functions within the cell.
human cell and function
This document summarizes the structure and functions of the cell and its organelles. It begins by stating that all living things are composed of cells, and that cells are the basic structural and functional units of living bodies. It then describes the general characteristics of cells and the structures of the cell, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Specific organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria and ribosomes are then explained in more detail. The functions of these various cell structures are also outlined.
structure of cell membrane.pptx
This document summarizes the structure and functions of cell membranes. It describes the main components of cell membranes as lipids (54%), proteins (46%), and carbohydrates (5-10%). The main lipids include glycerophospholipids, sphingophospholipids, glycosphingolipids, galactolipids, sterols like cholesterol. Membrane proteins can be integral or peripheral and perform functions like selective transport, enzymatic reactions, cell signaling, cell recognition and adhesion. The fluid mosaic model proposes lipids and proteins move laterally within the membrane. Overall, the cell membrane outlines the cell, maintains its shape and integrity, controls transport across it, and allows various cellular functions.
Animal cell
The document discusses the structure and components of an animal cell. An animal cell contains a nucleus that controls cell functions and contains DNA. It also contains organelles such as mitochondria that produce energy, ribosomes that produce proteins, lysosomes for digestion, and the Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum that transport materials. The plasma cell membrane surrounds the cell and is semi-permeable, regulating what passes in and out. Animal cells have these internal structures and lack a cell wall, and may contain vacuoles, centrioles and centrosomes.
Lecture 2 (cell and it's function)
Cells are the basic building blocks of the body and contain organelles that allow them to perform specialized functions. The major parts of the cell are the nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes that help transport molecules, synthesize proteins, produce energy, and digest waste. The cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates what enters and exits using integral and peripheral proteins and transports molecules through channels and carrier proteins.
Organization of cells notes
Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells that contain membrane-bound organelles. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells lack these features. The key components of plant cells include the cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplasts, vacuoles, nucleus, and mitochondria. Plant cells vary in shape but are generally cube-shaped. Animal cells come in various irregular shapes and sizes, and their organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and ribosomes. Both plant and animal cells work together through their specialized organelles to carry out functions necessary for survival.
Cellular level of organization
Introduction
Structure of Plasma Membranes
Functions of Plasma Membranes
Cytoplasm: Cytosol, Organelles
Functions of Cytoplasm
Ribosome, Functions of Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Functions
b. Smooth ER and its Functions
3. Golgi complex and its Functions
4.Lysosomes and its Functions
5. Peroxisomes and its Functions
6. Proteasomes and its Functions
7.Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Cytoskeletal
a. Microfilaments and its Functions
b. Intermediate filaments and its Functions
c. Microtubules and its Functions
9. Centrosome and its Functions
10. Cilia and Flagella and its Functions
11. Nucleus and its Functions
a. Nuclear Membrane and its Functions
b. Nucleoplasm and its Functions
c. Chromosomes and its Functions
d. Nucleolus and its Functions
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Difference between organelle and inclusion
- 2. Organelle Inclusion They are living They are lifeless
- 3. Organelle Inclusion it is a structure within the cytoplasm that has a specific function . They are stored nutrients secretory product & pigment granules Ex: Lipid droplets in fat cells, Pigment granules in certain cells of skin and hair, Glycogen granules in the liver and muscle cells
- 4. Organelle Inclusion it is more organized at eukaryotic cell it is found in both eukaryotic & prokaryotic cell
- 5. Organelle Inclusion it is metabolically active it is metabolically inactive
- 6. Organelle Inclusion they are permanent structure of cell they are temporary or permanent structure of cell
- 7. Organelle Inclusion they are cytoplasmic structure they are cytoplasmic or nuclear structures
- 8. Organelle Inclusion Membranous organelles are separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers. Non membranous organelles are not covered by lipid bilayers. some of inclusion such as pigment granules are surrounded by a plasma membrane but lipid droplets and glycogens are not surrounded by a plasma membrane