Is defined as diarrhea with visible blood in
stools.
The most important and frequent cause of
acute dysentery is Shigella. Other causes
include Campylobacter jujeni, Salmonella,
and enteroinvasive E. coli.
Entameba histolytica causes dysentery in
older children but rarely in children under 5
years of age
Dysentery is specially sever in :-
1. Malnourished infants and children.
2.Those who develop clinically evident
dehydration during their illness. 3. Those who
are not breast fed. 4. Children with measles
or had measles in the preceding month.
5. Those who present with convulsion or
develop coma.
Diarrhea and vomiting in children
Vomiting (throwing up) and diarrhea (frequent, watery bowel movements) can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, foods that are hard to digest (such as too many sweets) and other things.
Diarrhea and vomiting in children
Vomiting (throwing up) and diarrhea (frequent, watery bowel movements) can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, foods that are hard to digest (such as too many sweets) and other things.
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
Defined as inflammation of the mucous membrane of stomach and intestine usually causing nausea ,vomiting and diarrhea.
Gastro-intestinal infections represent a major public health and clinical problem worldwide. Many species of bacteria, viruses and protozoa cause gastro-intestinal infection.
Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. Having
diarrhea means passing loose stools three or more times a day. Acute diarrhea
is a common problem that usually lasts 1 or 2 days and goes away on its own.
Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days may be a
sign of a more serious problem. Chronic diarrhea—diarrhea that lasts at least 4
weeks—may be a symptom of a chronic disease. Chronic diarrhea symptoms may be
continual or they may come and go.
Diarrhea of any duration may cause
dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid and electrolytes—chemicals
in salts, including sodium, potassium, and chloride—to function properly. Loose
stools contain more fluid and electrolytes and weigh more than solid stools.
People of all ages can get diarrhea. In the
United States, adults average one bout of acute diarrhea each year, and young
children have an average of two episodes of acute diarrhea each year.
Image result for ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly.
ANTIDIARREHAL AGENTS, therapy,ORS, DRUGS used ,
IBD DRUGS, loperamide, probiotics,antisecreatory drugs, antimotility
mechanism of each drugs used in diarrhea
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
Defined as inflammation of the mucous membrane of stomach and intestine usually causing nausea ,vomiting and diarrhea.
Gastro-intestinal infections represent a major public health and clinical problem worldwide. Many species of bacteria, viruses and protozoa cause gastro-intestinal infection.
Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. Having
diarrhea means passing loose stools three or more times a day. Acute diarrhea
is a common problem that usually lasts 1 or 2 days and goes away on its own.
Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days may be a
sign of a more serious problem. Chronic diarrhea—diarrhea that lasts at least 4
weeks—may be a symptom of a chronic disease. Chronic diarrhea symptoms may be
continual or they may come and go.
Diarrhea of any duration may cause
dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid and electrolytes—chemicals
in salts, including sodium, potassium, and chloride—to function properly. Loose
stools contain more fluid and electrolytes and weigh more than solid stools.
People of all ages can get diarrhea. In the
United States, adults average one bout of acute diarrhea each year, and young
children have an average of two episodes of acute diarrhea each year.
Image result for ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly.
ANTIDIARREHAL AGENTS, therapy,ORS, DRUGS used ,
IBD DRUGS, loperamide, probiotics,antisecreatory drugs, antimotility
mechanism of each drugs used in diarrhea
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. Dysentery
Is defined as diarrhea with visible blood in
stools.
The most important and frequent cause of
acute dysentery is Shigella. Other causes
include Campylobacter jujeni, Salmonella,
and enteroinvasive E. coli.
Entameba histolytica causes dysentery in
older children but rarely in children under 5
years of age.
3. Dysentery
Dysentery is specially sever in :-
1. Malnourished infants and children.
2.Those who develop clinically evident
dehydration during their illness. 3. Those who
are not breast fed. 4. Children with measles
or had measles in the preceding month.
5. Those who present with convulsion or
develop coma.
4. Dysentery
Clinical features and diagnosis
The clinical diagnosis of dysentery is based
solely on the presence of visible blood in the
diarrheal stool. The stool will also contain pus
cells which are visible microscopically, and it
may contain large amounts of mucus, the
later features suggest infection with an
invasive microorganism, but alone are not
sufficient to diagnose dysentery.
5. Dysentery
Clinical features and diagnosis
Patients frequently have fever, cramping
abdominal pain and tenesmus.
The cause is identified by stool culture.
Stool microscopy may help in differentiating
E.histolytica which can only be diagnosed
with certainty when trophozoites containing
RBCs are seen in fresh stools or in mucus
from rectal ulcers obtained during
colonoscopy.
7. Dysentery
Management
Children with dysentery should be presumed
to have Shigellosis and treated accordingly.
This is because Shigellae cause 60% of
dysentery cases seen at health facilities and
nearly all cases of sever life threatening
disease.
1. Antimicrobial therapy:
Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole is the usual
choice for five days.
8. Dysentery
Management
There should be substantial improvement
after 2 days i.e. reduced fever, less pain and
fecal blood, and fewer loose stools. If this
does not occur the antimicrobial should be
stopped and a different one used like
Naladixic acid, Cefixime, or Ceftriaxone
according to the local culture and sensitivity.
2. Fluid: Assess and correct any dehydration.
3. Feeding: Continue feeding.
9. Persistent diarrhea
Is a diarrheal episode that last for 14 days or
longer. About 10% of acute diarrheal
episodes become persistent.
Persistent diarrhea is largely a nutritional
disease, it occur more frequently in children
who are already malnourished and is itself an
important cause of malnutrition. It is
associated with increased mortality causing
about 30% of all diarrhea associated death.
10. Persistent diarrhea
There is no single microbial cause although
Shigella, Salmonella, Enteroinvasive E.coli
and Cryptosporidium play a greater role than
other agents. Irrespective of the cause,
persistent diarrhea is associated with
extensive changes in the bowel mucosa,
specially flattening of the villi and reduced
production of disaccharidase enzymes; these
cause reduced absorption of nutrients and
11. Persistent diarrhea
perpetuate the illness after the original
infectious cause has been eliminated.
Risk factors:
1. Malnutrition.
2. Young age.
3. Recent introduction of animal milk(formula
4. Immunological impairment.
5. Recent diarrhea.
12. Persistent diarrhea
Management
Fluid and electrolyte replacement.
Nutritional therapy: the goals are
1. Reduce temporarily the amount of animal
milk or lactose in the diet. 2. Provide a
sufficient amount of energy, protein, vitamins
and minerals. 3. Avoid foods or drinks that
may aggravate diarrhea. 4. Ensure adequate
food intake during convalescence to correct
malnutrition.
13. Persistent diarrhea
Management
Drug therapy:
Antimicrobials and antiprotozoal agents
should be given only when indicated and
according to culture and sensitivity. However,
blind use of these drugs is not effective and
should not be given as they may make the
illness worse. Likewise antidiarrheal drugs
has no proven value and should not be
given.