Diagrammatic Presentation
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The document discusses the utility and limitations of diagrams. It notes that diagrams are an attractive and effective means of presentation that make data simple and intelligible, facilitate comparison, and save time and labor. However, diagrams are complementary to tables and not substitutes, have difficulty showing very minute differences, and only allow for comparative study if the data is similar. The document also categorizes diagrams as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional, or pictograms/maps and provides examples of types within each category.
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The document provides information about reading maps, including the components of topographic maps such as contour lines and UTM grids. It explains that contour lines represent elevation, with closer lines indicating steeper slopes. The UTM grid allows users to accurately plot points on a map and locate positions using easting and northing numbers. Determining coordinates involves finding the easting first by moving left to right across the map, then finding the northing by moving up the map.
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This document discusses different types of distribution maps, including dot maps, choropleth maps, proportional circle maps, and isoline maps. Dot maps represent values using dots, with dot density corresponding to measurement levels. Choropleth maps use color shades to show measurement variations across areas. Proportional circle maps represent data at points using circle areas scaled to values. Isoline maps show quantities that vary smoothly using lines or colors of equal value. Each map type has advantages like ease of use but also disadvantages like difficulty showing some relationships.
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The document provides instructions for finding the perimeter and area of different shapes using formulas from a formula chart. It asks students to find the perimeter and area of rectangles with given side lengths in millimeters and centimeters. It also notes that a parallelogram can be formed by cutting off one triangle and attaching it to the other side of a rectangle. Students are assigned homework to find the perimeter and area of additional shapes by showing the formula, substituting values, and providing the final answer with units.
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This document discusses the key components and procedures of cadastre. It outlines that cadastre involves cadastral surveying and mapping to provide information for cadastral maps, as well as land registration and title certification to improve land management and reduce boundary disputes. It also notes that property taxation supports municipal governments and is a major source of revenue. The roles of surveyors include creating, re-establishing and determining land boundaries to define parcels and create accurate cadastral maps and records. The procedures for cadastral surveying involve survey planning, boundary confirmation, surveying boundaries, making cadastral records and maps, and submitting the final products to the land registry office.
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1. Production is the process of adding value to goods and services for earning a motive through transforming inputs into outputs over time using technology.
2. According to Hicks, production is any physical or mental activity directed towards satisfying other people's wants through exchange.
3. The four factors of production that help convert raw materials into final outputs are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
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The Law of Equi-marginal Utility, also known as Gossen's Second Law, states that consumers will allocate their budget in a way that equalizes the marginal utility per rupee spent across different goods. When making purchasing decisions, consumers will continue to buy more units of a good until the last rupee spent on that good yields the same marginal utility as a rupee spent on any other good. This ensures consumers reach the highest possible total utility from their budget.
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The document discusses the law of diminishing marginal utility, which states that as consumption of a good increases, the additional utility from each additional unit decreases. It provides an example showing how the total utility from consuming mangoes increases at a diminishing rate as the quantity consumed rises from 1 to 10 units. The marginal utility is calculated as the change in total utility from each additional unit. The law of diminishing marginal utility only applies under certain assumptions, such as consumption occurring continuously and consumers having constant preferences. It is theoretically important as the basis for concepts like the downward sloping demand curve and the law of equi-marginal utility. Practically, it provides the basis for policies like progressive taxation and diversity in production.
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1. Utility is a psychological concept that refers to the power of goods and services to satisfy human wants. It is subjective rather than objective.
2. There are two approaches to analyzing utility - the cardinal approach which views utility as quantifiable, and the ordinal approach which views utility as only able to be ranked and not measured.
3. Total utility is the total satisfaction derived from consuming a good, while marginal utility is the change in total utility from consuming an additional unit of that good.
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This document defines and explains the concept of elasticity of demand. It discusses price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, cross elasticity of demand, advertising elasticity of demand, and elasticity of substitution. It provides formulas for calculating each type and discusses factors that affect elasticity. Price elasticity measures responsiveness of demand to price changes. Income elasticity measures responsiveness of demand to changes in consumer income. Cross elasticity measures responsiveness of one good's demand to price changes in another good. Advertising elasticity measures responsiveness of demand to changes in advertising expenditures. Elasticity of substitution measures how easily one good can be substituted for another.
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Consideration is an essential element of a valid contract. It refers to something of value that is exchanged between parties to a contract in order to make the promise or promises in the contract legally enforceable. Consideration can be in the form of an act, forbearance, or a return promise. It must be something of value that is offered willingly. Common examples of consideration include payment of money, provision of goods or services, a promise to do or refrain from doing something. For a contract to be valid, consideration typically must be present and pass from one party to the other at the time the contract is formed.
Acceptance
The document defines acceptance under Indian contract law and lists the essentials of a valid acceptance. It states that acceptance must be absolute and unconditional, communicated to the offeror, given by the party to whom the offer was made, within a reasonable or prescribed time, in the prescribed manner, before the offer is revoked or lapsed, with the acceptor aware of the offer. Mere silence is not generally considered acceptance unless agreed or customary. An offer can end through revocation, lapse of time, failure to meet conditions, death or insanity of the offeror, counteroffer, rejection, or changes in law.
Offer
This document defines an offer and lists the essential elements of a valid offer according to Indian contract law. It provides 9 types of offers:
1. Express and implied offers - Express offers are directly communicated while implied offers are inferred from conduct or circumstances.
2. Specific and general offers - Specific offers are made to individuals while general offers are made to the public.
3. Cross offers occur when two parties make identical offers unaware of each other.
4. A counter offer rejects the original offer and amounts to a new offer with modified terms.
5. Standing offers remain open for a period of time like tenders. Positive offers are to do something, while negative offers are to not do something
Classification of Data
This document discusses classification and statistical series. It describes classification as organizing data into groups based on similarities. The objectives of classification are to simplify complexity, identify similarities and differences, and enable comparative study. Good classification is clear, complete, stable, flexible, homogeneous, and favorable. Classification can be done according to attributes/qualities or class intervals. Statistical series arrange variable quantities side by side so measurable differences in one correspond to the other. Statistical series are categorized based on time, space, conditions or how they are constructed.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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- 2. UTILITY OF DIAGRAMS 1. ATTRACTIVE & EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PRESENTATION 2. TO MAKE DATA SIMPLE & INTELLIGIBLE 3. TO FACILITATE COMPARISON 4. SAVING OF TIME & LABOUR 5. UNIVERSAL UTILITY
- 3. LIMITATIONS OF DIAGRAMS 1. DIAGRAMS ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO TABLE & NOT SUBSTITUTES 2. DIFFICULT TO SHOW VERY MINUTE DIFFERENCE 3. COMPARATIVE STUDY POSSIBLE ONLY IF DATA IS SIMILAR 4. DATA TO BE SHOWN TO THE NEAREST VALUEUSEFUL FOR ONLY COMMON MAN
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- 5. ONE- DIMENSIONAL LINE DIAGRAM SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM SUB-DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM PERCENTAGE SUB- DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM DUO-DIRECTIONAL BAR DIAGRAM