Diagnostic tests for GI disorders- include physical evaluation, blood tests, imaging techniques. Learn the methods of diagnosis in detail, for gastrointestinal disorders.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.
A chronic, progressive disease characterized by widespread fibrosis(scarring) and nodule formation.
The development of cirrhosis is an insidious, prolonged course, usually after decades of chronic liver disease.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from an increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue and developing upward into the bladder and obstructing the outflow of urine.
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
This PPT provides different types of tests and procedure to identify problem in GI track which may help to understand of what procedure is specialized for
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.
A chronic, progressive disease characterized by widespread fibrosis(scarring) and nodule formation.
The development of cirrhosis is an insidious, prolonged course, usually after decades of chronic liver disease.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from an increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue and developing upward into the bladder and obstructing the outflow of urine.
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
This PPT provides different types of tests and procedure to identify problem in GI track which may help to understand of what procedure is specialized for
This presention is about gastroscopy and colonoscopy. Detailed explanations are give along with two videos that shows the procedure. The slide also explains about how the procedure is done and for who it is done.
A colonoscopy is an exam used to look for changes — such as swollen, irritated tissues, polyps or cancer — in the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum. A tiny video camera at the tip of the tube allows the doctor to view the inside of the entire colon.
If necessary, polyps or other types of abnormal tissue can be removed through the scope during a colonoscopy. Tissue samples (biopsies) can be taken during a colonoscopy as well
Endoscopy: Types, Preparation, Diagnosis, Procedure and RisksYashodaHospitals
An endoscopy is a diagnostic tool. Find out what it is used for, what happens during an endoscopy, various types of procedure available and endoscopy risks.
The basic metabolic defect in type 2 DM is either a delayed insulin secretion relative to glucose load (impaired insulin secretion), or the peripheral tissues are unable to respond to insulin (insulin resistance).
Anatomy & Physiology of GIT: It covers Organs of the Digestive system, Structure of the Alimentary canal, Mouth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum & Anal canal, Pancreas, Liver, Biliary tract
Rheumatoid arthritis- diagnosis and treatment pharmacampus
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more than just your joints. The condition can damage various body systems, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels.
ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting enzyme found throughout vascular tissue that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Let us know how do ACE Inhibitors work?
Bioavailability studies are designed to determine either an absolute BA or relative BA.
They can be used to compare different routes of administration.
Methods for Measurement of bioavailability pharmacampus
Which are the Methods for Measurement of bioavailability?- Pharmacokinetic method- Plasma level time studies, Urinary excretion studies.
Pharmacodynamic method: Acute pharmacologic response, Therapeutic response.
Which are the Factors affecting bioavailability?pharmacampus
Factors affecting bioavailability: The dosage form factors, food effects, cellular structure, pH environment, GI transit time, physiology-related factors, etc.
What are the applications of Biostatistics in Pharmacy?pharmacampus
Biostatistics broadly deals with statistical applications in the context of biological problems, including medicine, pharmacy, and public health. Government organizations, research institutes and industry have been extensively using statistics and biostatistics
Bio-equivalence study of drugs: Let us know the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, why do we require a Bioequivalence study, and regulatory requirements.
Introduction to Bio-availability study pharmacampus
Bioavailability studies are done in clinical, academic, and regulatory interest. Objectives could be developing a new drug entity, Determination of the influence of Excipients, Patient-related factors.
Introduction to indian pharma industriespharmacampus
Introduction to Indian Pharma Industries: this highlights leading pharma producers, details of exports of medicines, growth statistics, and high potential generic market.
Growth drivers in Indian Pharma Industry pharmacampus
Indian pharma industry growth is driven by Supply Side Drivers, demand-side drivers, and government policy support.
References:
https://www.ibef.org/industry/pharmaceutical-india.aspx
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. Physical Evaluation
• Observation: - Fever, Dehydration, Skin rashes.
• Examination of Nutritional Status – Signs of Weight Loss.
• Examination of Hands – Clubbing of fingers(sign of heart or lung disease),
Koilonychia (spoon nails, a sign of anaemia), etc.
• Examination of Mouth, Head and Neck – Mouth ulcers, Dentition,
Lymphadenopathy, Angular stomatitis, Glossitis, etc.
• Abdominal Examination – Distention, Respiratory movements, Scars, Lesions,
Colour, Bowel sounds, Ascites, etc.
• Examination of Groin – Hernias, Lymph nodes.
• Rectal Examination – Fistulae, Haemorrhoids, Masses, etc.
4. Lab Tests
- Lab tests may include a number of tests like – Blood tests, Breath tests, Faecal occult blood
test, Stool culture, etc. depending on the suspicion of the physician.
A. Blood Tests
- In laboratory analysis of blood, specific blood factors are looked at.
- The time for the results to come vary from test to test.
Examples:
- Celiac disease – blood test results will show higher than normal levels of certain antibodies
against a protein called gluten, which are found in wheat, barley, and other grains.
- Inflammatory bowel disease – blood test will show an increased white blood cell count, which
may indicate inflammation.
- Allergies – presence of IgE antibodies, which are made when a food is misidentified as a threat
by the immune system.
- Ulcers (H. pylori infection) – blood test can reveal if a person has a Helicobacter Pylori infection,
which is an indicator of stomach ulcers and could put a person at greater risk of stomach cancer
– which is determined by looking for anemia — a low amount of white blood cells — which can
be found by a complete blood count (CBC) test.
5. - In certain cases, antigens may be detected in blood upon infection by a virus or
bacteria.
- Example of such a case is Hepatitis:
Hepatitis Marker detected in blood test
Hepatitis A Blood test determines IgM antibody to the
hepatitis A virus.
Hepatitis B Blood test determines HBsAg, HBcAb,
HBeAg, IgM anti-HBc, Hepatitis B DNA.
Hepatitis C Blood test determines antibodies to HCV,
Hepatitis C RNA.
Hepatitis D Blood test determines antibodies to HDV.
Hepatitis E Blood test determines antibodies to HEV.
6. B. Breath Tests
- Hydrogen breath test – Hydrogen breath tests are widely
used to explore pathophysiology of functional
gastrointestinal (GI) disorders.
- Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and
carbohydrate malabsorption are disorders detected by
these tests that have been proposed to be of great
importance for symptoms of GI diseases.
- Glucose hydrogen breath test is more acceptable for
diagnosis of SIBO.
- Lactose and fructose hydrogen breath tests are used for
detection of lactose and fructose maldigestion respectively.
7. C. Faecal occult blood test
- A fecal occult blood test checks for hidden (occult) blood in
the stool.
- It involves placing a very small amount of stool on a special
card.
- The stool sample is collected and sent to a lab for testing.
- Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other
problems, such as ulcers or polyps.
8. D. Stool culture
- A stool culture checks for the presence of abnormal bacteria in the
digestive tract that may cause diarrhea and other problems.
- The test helps in diagnosing medical conditions, such as
inflammatory bowel disease, gastric or colon cancer, anal fissures,
H. pylori infection, haemorrhoids, as well as to detect the presence
of blood in your stool sample.
- A small sample of stool is collected and sent to the lab.
- Results come in 2-3 days and the test will show whether abnormal
bacteria are present or not.
Fig: Stool Culture
9. Endoscopic procedures
- Endoscopy is a procedure that allows a doctor to view the inside of a person's body.
- Doctors use it to diagnose diseases in the following parts of the body : Esophagus,
Stomach, Colon, Ears, Nose, Throat, Heart, Urinary tract, Joints, Abdomen.
- During an endoscopy, the doctor inserts a tool called an endoscope into a person’s body.
Most endoscopes are thin tubes with a powerful light and tiny camera at the end.
- The endoscope's length and flexibility depend on the part of the body the doctor needs to
see.
- For example, a straight endoscope helps a doctor look at joints, whereas a flexible one
helps a doctor view the inside of the colon.
10. Types of Endoscopic procedures:
1. Colonoscopy
- Used to view the whole length of the large intestine (colon).
- It can help to find abnormal growths, inflamed tissue, ulcers, and
bleeding.
- A colonoscope is put into the rectum and moved up into the colon.
- A colonoscope is a long, flexible tube with a light on it that allows the
healthcare provider to see the lining of the colon and remove tissue
for further study (biopsy), if needed.
- A virtual colonoscopy is available that uses CT imaging to look at the
colon.
Fig: Colonoscopy
11. 2. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP)
- Allows to diagnose and treat problems in the liver,
gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas.
- It combines X-ray and the use of an endoscope.
- The scope is guided through your mouth and throat and
then through the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
- The physician can look at the inside of these organs and
diagnose problems, if any.
- A tube is then passed through the scope and a dye
substance is injected that allows the internal organs to
appear on an X-ray.
Fig: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
12. 3. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD or upper
endoscopy)
- An EGD allows the physician to look inside the esophagus,
stomach, and duodenum with an endoscope.
- This scope is guided into the mouth and throat and then
into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
- He or she can also insert instruments through the scope to
remove a sample of tissue for biopsy or for surgical removal
of a tissue mass.
- When an ultrasound probe is attached to a scope, an
internal ultrasound can be done – process known as
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).
Fig: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
13. 4. Sigmoidoscopy
- A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows
the physician to examine the inside of a portion of the
large intestine, and is helpful in identifying the causes
of diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation, abnormal
growths, and bleeding.
- A short, flexible, lighted tube, called a sigmoidoscope,
is inserted into the intestine through the rectum.
- The scope blows air into the intestine to inflate it and
make viewing the inside easier.
- A sigmoidoscopy is one type of test used to screen for
colon and rectal cancers.
Fig: Sigmoidoscopy
14. Imaging Tests
1. Barium beefsteak meal
- During this test, the patient eats a meal containing barium (a
metallic, chalky liquid used to coat the inside of organs so that they
will show up on an X-ray).
- This allows the radiologist to watch the stomach as it digests the
meal.
- The amount of time it takes for the barium meal to be digested and
leave the stomach gives the physician an idea of how well the
stomach is working and helps to find emptying problems that may
not show up on the liquid barium X-ray.
- Barium meal examination is usually performed to help diseases of
GIT like constrictions, hernias, obstructions or masses in the
esophagus or stomach, and inflammatory or other diseases of the
intestines.
- A barium swallow test may be done to diagnose problems in the
pharynx and esophagus, cancer of the head and neck, pharynx, or
esophagus, hiatal hernia, etc.
Fig: Barium beefsteak meal
15. 2. Colorectal transit study
- This test shows how well food moves through the colon.
- The patient swallows capsules containing small markers which are
visible on X-ray.
- The patient follows a high-fiber diet during the course of the test.
- The movement of the markers through the colon is monitored with
abdominal X-rays taken several times 3 to 7 days after the capsule is
swallowed.
- This test is most often used in patients who are suffering from
chronic constipation.
Fig: Colorectal transit study
16. 3. Computed Tomography scan (CT scan)
- It is an imaging test that uses X-rays and a computer to make
detailed images of the body.
- A CT scan shows details of the bones, muscles, fat, and organs.
- A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray
images taken from different angles around your body and uses
computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the
bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body.
- CT scan images provide more-detailed information than plain X-rays
do.
- A CT scan has many uses, but it's particularly well-suited to quickly
examine people who may have internal injuries from car accidents or
other types of trauma.
- It can be used to visualize nearly all parts of the body and is used to
diagnose disease or injury as well as to plan medical, surgical or
radiation treatment.
Fig: CT scan
17. 4. Defecography
- Defecography is an X-ray of the anorectal area that evaluates
completeness of stool elimination, identifies anorectal abnormalities,
and evaluates rectal muscle contractions and relaxation.
- During the exam, the patient's rectum is filled with a soft paste that is
the same consistency as stool.
- The patient then sits on a toilet positioned inside an X-ray machine, and
squeezes and relaxes the anus to expel the solution.
- The radiologist studies the X-rays to determine if anorectal problems
happened while the patient was emptying the paste from the rectum.
- The technique traditionally involves fluoroscopy and barium, but an
analogous MRI technique has also been developed MRI defecography).
- This test is used to evaluate disorders of the lower bowel that are not
diagnosed by tests such as colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.
Fig: Defecography
18. 5. Lower GI barium enema
- It is also called lower gastrointestinal series.
- A lower GI series is a test that examines the rectum, the
large intestine, and the lower part of the small intestine.
- Barium in the form of Barium sulfate is given into the
rectum as an enema.
- An X-ray of the abdomen shows strictures (narrowed
areas), obstructions (blockages), and other problems.
- A barium enema helps doctors find health conditions in the
colon and rectum, such as inflammation, polyps, and
cancer. Fig: Lower GI barium enema
19. 6. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- MRI is a diagnostic test that uses a combination of large magnets,
radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs
and structures within the body.
- The patient lies on a bed that moves into the cylindrical MRI machine
where it takes a series of pictures of the inside of the body using a
magnetic field and radio waves and the computer enhances the pictures
produced.
- The test is painless, and does not involve exposure to radiation.
- Because the MRI machine is like a tunnel, some people are claustrophobic
or unable to hold still during the test to whom a sedative may be given to
help them relax.
- Metal objects cannot be present in the MRI room, so people with
pacemakers or metal clips or rods inside the body cannot have this test
done.
- It can be used to diagnose tumors of the abdomen or pelvis. diseases of
the liver, such as cirrhosis, and abnormalities of the bile ducts and
pancreas. inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease and
ulcerative colitis, etc.
Fig: MRI of abdomen
Fig: MRI machine
20. 7. Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
- The technique uses MRI to visualize the biliary and
pancreatic ducts non-invasively.
- The machine uses radio waves and magnets to scan
internal tissues and organs.
- This procedure can be used to determine whether
gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding
the gallbladder.
- Indications for the use of MRCP include – unsuccessful
or contraindicated ERCP, patient preference for non-
invasive imaging, patients considered to be at low risk
of having pancreatic or biliary disease and those with a
suspected neoplastic cause for pancreatic or biliary
obstruction
Fig: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
21. 8. Oropharyngeal motility (swallowing) study
- Also called a modified barium swallow test.
- This is a study in which the patient is given small
amounts of a liquid containing barium to drink with a
bottle, spoon, or cup.
- A series of X-rays is taken to evaluate what happens as
the liquid is swallowed.
- It could be used to diagnose diseases like dysphagia,
sphincter motility issues, etc.
Fig: Oropharyngeal motility study
22. 9. Radioisotope gastric-emptying scan
- During this test, the patient eats food containing a
radioisotope, which is a slightly radioactive substance that
will show up on a scan.
- The dosage of radiation from the radioisotope is very small
and not harmful, but allows the radiologist to see the food
in the stomach and how quickly it leaves the stomach, while
the patient lies under a machine.
- A Gastric Emptying Study is a test to determine the time is
takes a meal to move through a person's stomach (Gastric
emptying time).
- The technique is used to diagnose gastroparesis, a condition
in which the stomach's muscles don't work properly.
- Typically Tc-99m sulphur colloid or Tc-99m DTPA is the
radioisotope used.
Fig: Radioisotope gastric-emptying scan
23. 10. Ultrasound
- Ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses high-frequency
sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues,
and organs.
- They are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess
blood flow through various vessels.
- Gel is applied to the area of the body being studied, such as the
abdomen, and a wand called a transducer is placed on the skin.
- The transducer sends sound waves into the body that bounce off
organs and return to the ultrasound machine, producing an image on
the monitor.
- Intestinal ultrasound is a safe and inexpensive method that allows
visualization of the gastrointestinal tract and detection of
abnormalities.
- This examination involves the use of two different ultrasound
transducers: a low-frequency convex probe and high-frequency linear
probe.
Fig: Ultrasound
24. 11. Upper GI barium swallow
- It is also called upper gastrointestinal series.
- Upper GI series is a diagnostic test that examines the
organs of the upper part of the digestive system: the
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
- Barium is swallowed and X-rays are then taken to
evaluate the digestive organs.
- The technique is used for the diagnosis of upper GI
tract diseases like tumors, ulcers, hernias, diverticula
(pouches), strictures (narrowing), inflammation, and
swallowing difficulties.
Fig: Upper GI series in infants