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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Development of tongue
Anatomy of tongue
Parts and surfaces of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue
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Lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Innervation of the tongue
Examination of the tongue
Clinical considerations and diseases of the tongue
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Development of tongue
Anatomy of tongue
Parts and surfaces of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue
Vascular supply of the tongue
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Innervation of the tongue
Examination of the tongue
Clinical considerations and diseases of the tongue
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Development of tongue and its salivary glands/prosthodontic courses
1. GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
AND SALIVARY GLANDS
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
ANOMALIES OF TONGUE
DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLANDS
ANOMALIES OF SALIVARY GLANDS
PROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATATIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Introduction
Tongue is a muscular organ in the floor of the
mouth associated with a function of taste,
speech, mastication and deglutition.
The tongue also influence the path of eruption of
teeth.
The salivary glands are important organs of oral
cavity which produces saliva, essential fluid
required for normal mastication, swallowing and
digestion.
Hence it is essential to study the growth and
development of tongue and salivary gland.
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4. Definition of growth:
Krogman : Increase in size, change in proportion
and progressive complexity.
Todd: An increase in size.
Moyers: Quantitative aspect of biological
development per unit time.
Definitions of development:
Todd: Development is progress towards maturity.
Moyers: Development refers to all the naturally
occurring unidirectional changes in the life of an
individual from its existence as a single cell to its
eloboration as a multifactorial unit terminating in
death. Thus, it encompasses the normal sequential
events between fertilization and death.
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6. During the early 4th
week of I.U.L. the lateral part
of mesoderm of ventral foregut region becomes
segmented to form a series of 5 distinct bilateral
mesenchymal swellings called as pharyngeal
arches.
Pharyngeal clefts: Arches are seperated by
deep grooves called pharyngeal clefts.
Pharyngeal pouch: are outpocketings appearing
along the most cranial part of foregut.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
Tongue arises from the ventromedial wall of the
primitive oropharynx from the inner lining of the
first four branchial arches.
Development of tongue can be studied under
the following headings
Anterior 2/3rd
(or the body of tongue)
Posterior 1/3rd
(base of the tongue)
Musculature and connective tissue
Papillae and taste buds.
The nerve supply
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Anterior 2/3rd
of the tongue
During the 4th
week of IUL, paired lateral swellings
appear on the internal aspect of the 1st
brachial arches
Tuberculum impar is a median
eminence whose caudal end has a pit called the
foremen caecum
These lateral swellings rapidly enlarge, merge with each
other and overgrow the tuberculum impar to form the
body of the tongue
A U shaped sulcus, the linguogingival groove develops in
front of the oral part, which allows it to be free and highly
mobile except at the region of the lingual frenum where
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12. Posterior 1/3rd
of the tongue
The base of the tongue is initially indicated by two
midline elevations that develop caudal to the foremen
caecum
The copula
The hypobrachial eminence
As the tongue develops, the hypobranchial
eminence,overgrows the second branchial arch to
become continous with the body of the tongue. The
site of union b/w the the body and base of the tongue is
delineated by a V shaped groove, called the sulcus
terminalis.
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13. Musculature and connective tissue
Branchial arch mesenchyme forms the
connective tissue and the lymphatic and
the blood vessels of the tongue
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14. Tongue musculature`
During the 5th
to 7th
week of the IUL, 3-4
occipital myotomes,
migrate anteriorly to
form the musculature
of the tongue.
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15. Papillae of the tongue
Papillae are projections of mucous membrane
on the dorsum of the tongue
Circumvalate papillae
Fungiform papillae
Filliform papillae
Foliate papillae
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16. Taste buds
Taste buds are located on the dorsum of
the tongue and are associated with the
papillae
Taste buds appear around 8th
week of IUL
Taste buds arise by inductive interaction
b/w the epithelial cells and the invading
gustatory nerve cells
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17. Nerve supply of the tongue
Development of tongue from the branchial arch explains
its nerve supply
Sensory supply
Ant 2/3rd
-Lingual nerve for general sensation.chorda
tympani for the special sensation
Post 1/3r
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Posterior most part -vagus nerve
Motor supply
All the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except the
palatoglossus are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve.
Palatoglossus –pharyngeal plexus
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19. Arterial supply:
It is chiefly derived from the lingual artery a branch of
external carotid artery. The root of the tongue is also
supplied by tonsillar and ascending pharyngeal artery.
Venous drainage:
The deep lingual vein is the principal vein of the tongue.
Lymphatic drainage:
The tip of the tongue drains into submental nodes. The
remaining part of the anterior 2/3rd
drains into the
submandibular nodes. The posterior 1/3rd
of the tongue
drains into jugulo-omohyoid nodes
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21. Structure of the tongue
The bulk of the
tongue is made of
muscles
Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles
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22. The oral part of the
dorsum of the tongue has
numerous papillae
associated with the taste
buds.
The pharyngeal part of
the dorsum of the tongue
is rich in lymphoid
follicles that is collectively
called the lingual tonsil.
Mucous glands are also
present.
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23. The inferior surface of the
tongue shows the
frenulum linguae,deep
lingual veins and the plica
fimbriata
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24. The entire tongue is in the mouth at birth .Its
post 1/3rd
desends into the pharynx by the age of
4yrs. The tongue normally doubles in
length,breadth and thickness from birth to
adolesence reaching maximal size at about
8yrs.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. ANOMILIES OF THE TONGUE
Aglossia
Microglossia
Macroglossia
Bifid tongue
Ankyloglossia
Lingual thyroid
Fissured tongue
Median rhomboid glossitis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLAND
All salivary glands show a similar pattern of development
They originate from oral epithelial buds invading the
underlying mesenchyme.
The origin of epithelial bud is belived to be ectodermal in
parotid and minor saliavary gland and endodermal in
submandibular and sublingual glands.
The connective tissue stroma and blood vessels form
from the mesenchyme
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. GLAND ORIGIN I.U.LIFE
PAROTID GLAND CORNERS OF THE
STOMODEUM
6TH
WEEK
SUBMANDIBULAR
GLAND
FLOOR OF THE
MOUTH
END OF 6TH
WEEK
SUB LINGUAL
GLAND
LATERAL TO
SUBMANDIBULAR
PRIMORDIUM
8TH
WEEK
MINOR SALIVARY
GLAND
BUCCAL
EPITHELIUM
12TH
WEEK
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36. STAGE III: Initiation
of branching in
terminal parts of
epithelial cord and
continuation of
glandular
differentiation
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41. Terminal tubules – intercalated ducts
Striated ducts
Intracalated ducts
Myoepithelial cells
Full differentiation of functional secretory
components is apparent at birth but its not
complete until the onset of solid diet and the
presence of masticatory stimuli
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. GLAND LOCATION DUCT SECRETION
Parotid Ant to the
external acoustic
meatus
Stensons duct Purely serous
Submandibular Submandibular
triangle
Whartons duct Predominantly
serous
Sublingual Floor of the
mouth
Bartholins duct Predominantly
mucous
Minor salivary
glands
Beneath the
epithelium
Directly into the
mouth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Prosthodontic considerations
Tongue plays an important role in the stability of lower
denture.
Macroglossia – Stability of the denture is
reduced,hence Surgical
trimming is indicated Microglossia –
Inadequate lingual seal. Bifid tongue
- Surgical reconstruction is required.
Ankyloglossia – Poor registration of the lingual
seal. Frenectomy is indicated.
Aplasia - Denture produces
soreness and irritation Lack
of retention of the denture www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. Tongue position is important to the prognosis of
mandibular denture:
Wright classification of tongue position:
Class I : The tongue lies in the floor of the mouth with
the tip forward and slightly below the incisal edges of the
mandibular anterior teeth. Class I position is ideal for
construction of mandibular denture.
Class II: The tongue is flattened and broadened but the
tip is in a normal position.
Class III: The tongue is retracted and depressed into the
floor of the mouth with the tip curled upward, downward
or assimilated into the body of the tongue.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. SUMMARY
The tongue develops from the first 4
branchial arches.
Salivary gland originate from the oral
epithelial buds invading the underlying
mesenchyme.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. REFERENCES
Chaurasia B.D. – Human Anatomy, 3rd Edition, 1996
James K.Avery, ‘Oral Development and Histology’, ed.1,Balteimor,
1990, B.C.Decker.
Keith L. Moore – Clinically oriented anatomy. 3rd
edition.
Moore & Persaud – The Developing Human, Clinically Oriented
Embryology, 5th Edition, 1993.
Murray Brooker – Clinical embryology: A color atlas and text.
Shafer W.G. – Text Book of Oral Pathology, 4th
Edition, 1983
Sperber G.H. – Craniofacial Embryology, 4th Edition, 1989.
Tencate A.R. – Oral Histology, 3rd Edition, 1989
Sheldon Winkler – Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics.
2nd
edition.
www.indiandentalacademy.com