All the basics of tongue covered in one presentation

2.  Dr. Muhammad Ahsan Kaleem
Subject: Oral
Biology

4.  Covered by mucus membrane.
 Oral part faces toward the hard palate.
 Pharyngeal part facing toward the
ororpharynx.
 Lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
 Keratinized on the oral part.
 Non keratinized on the pharyngeal part.

5.  Partly in the Oral cavity and partly in the
oropharynxy

6.  Tongue develops from two
swellings:
 Two lateral mesenchymal swellings called the
lateral lingual swellings.
 Another small median elevation named
tuberculum impar develops from the endoderm
of the pharynx at the region just posterior to
the lateral lingual swellings.
 By the rapid growth of the lingual swellings,
they grow backward to cover the tuberculum
impar and also grow forward and medially to
fuse with each other and give rise to the
anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
 The posterior 1/3 of the tongue has a median end
of the 2nd 3rd and 4th branchial arches at the
region of the hypobranchial eminence, copula of
His proliferates rapidly.

7.  Taste: The taste buds, the sensory receptors
for taste, are located on the tongue.
 Speech: The movements of the tongue are
crucial for articulation.
 Chewing and swallowing: The tongue
helps the teeth and other parts of the mouth
with chewing food and passing it down the
throat as the first part of the swallowing
process.
 Cleaning: The movements of the tongue
dislodge food particles stuck between the
teeth, gum and cheek so that it can be spat
out or swallowed.

9.  Recognized by the roughness due the
presence of four types of papilla.
 The papillas are Filiform ,foliate ,
fungiform, vallate.
 Filiform Papilla:
• Located along the entire dorsum.
• Give tongue a valvety appearance.
• Not involved in taste sensation.
 Foliate papilla:
• Small folds of mucosa.
• Located along the lateral surface.

10.  Fungiform papillae:
• Visible as discrete pink heads.
• More numerous towards the edge of the
tongue.
• Each bears a few taste buds.
 Vallte papillae:
• Arranged in a form of V.
• Apex pointing backwards.
• Each is a cylindrical projection surrounded by a
circular sulcus and a raised outer wall.
• There are many taste buds and serous glands in the
sulcus that surround vallate Papillae.

11.  Is the anterior wall of oropharynx
 Extends from sulcus terminalis and epiglottis
 Smooth mucous membrane present which
have a nodular appearance-constitute the
lingual tonsil, part of waldeyer’s ring
 Median glossoepiglottic fold present between
tongue and epiglottis

12.  Lingual frenulum present
 Lateral to this deep lingual vein,
lingual artery and nerve are
present
 Farther laterally is another fold
of mucosa

14.  Intrinsic: Not attached to the bone
 Superior longitudinal
 Inferior longitudnial
 Transverse
 Vertical
 Extrinsic:
 Genioglossus
 Hyoglossus
 Styloglossus
 Palatoglossus

15.  Tongue is supplied by the lingual artery
 Runs above the hyoid bone deep to the
hyoglossus muscle
 Passes forward to the tip
 Beneath hyoglossus it gives off dorsal lingual
branches in to the posterior part
 At the anterior border of hyoglossus it gives
abranch to the sublingual gland and the floor of
the mouth

17.  Accompany the lingual artery
 Its dorsal branches form the lingual vein
 Form the tip by deep lingual vein
 It runs back superficial to hyoglossus and is joined at
the anterior border of the muscle by the sub lingual
vein(from the sub lingual gland) to form Vena Comitans
of the hypoglossal nerve
 Lingual vein usually joins the Internal jugular vein at
the greater horn of the hyoid bone

19. o All muscles supplied by hypoglossal nerve
o Platoglossas muscle is an exception which is
supplied by the pharyngeal plexus
oAnterior 2/3rd supplied by mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
oPosterior 1/3rd supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve
oPosterior most part innervated by the vagus nerve through
internal laryngeal branch

20.  Tip: Drain to submental
nodes or directly to
deep cervical nodes
 Central lymphatics:
Drain to deep cervical
nodes
 Posterior part: drains
directly and bilaterally
to deep cervical nodes

21.  Microglossia
 Macroglossia
 Ankyloglossia
 Fissured tongue
 Median rhomboid glosittis
 Lingual varices

22.  Rare congenital anomaly manifested by rudimentary or small
tongue
 Patients find difficulties when eating or swallowing

24.  Characterised by an enlarged tongue
 Maybe congenital or acquired

25.  Discoloration of the tongue making it look like a
map, hence “Geographic Tongue“ disease.
 On an affected tongue, red patches appear that
are bordered by grayish white. On these red
surfaces, the papillae are missing.
 Although it does not cause pain , it does
contribute to feelings of numbness and tingling
on the tongue.
cont…

26.  Geographic tongue is asymptomatic . It shows
no symptoms of the disease .
 The manifestation, or creation of Geographic
tongue starts with a decrease in the filiform
papillae located in the centre of your tongue .
 It is then surrounded by a serpiginous , white ,
hyperkeratotic border . This is a white
spreading border that is decreasing in cell
production. This gives the tongue a geographic
look .

30. Researchers claim people have 'sense of carbs' -
and it triggers the brain's pleasure centre
•New sense in addition to recognizing sweet, sour,
salty, savory, and bitter tastes
•Researchers found reward system in brain was
activated when carbs were present
•May explain both why diet products are often
viewed as unsatisfying
Does the human tongue have a
SIXTH sense?
Latest Researches

31. In addition to recognizing sweet, sour,
salty, savory, and bitter tastes, our
tongues can also pick up on
carbohydrates, the nutrients that break
down into sugar and form our main
source of energy.
Researchers say the 'sense of carbs'
also triggers the brain's pleasure centre
- and could explain why diet foods are
often unsatisfying
Latest Researches

32. Carbs activate brain regions that are not affected by artificial
sweeteners, even when they’re only tasted but not swallowed,
according to new study from New Zealand.
The mouth is a more capable sensory organ than we currently
appreciate, able to distinguish carbohydrates from artificial
sweeteners when both taste identical, Carbohydrates are
extremely powerful stimuli that have profound and immediate
effects on the brain and the systems it controls.
A sixth sense in the mouth for carbohydrates could explain
why athletes respond immediately to carbs, as well as some
aspects of uncontrolled eating disorders,
Credits: Journal Apetite.
Latest Researches