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1. Embryology
 In humans 5 pairs of pharyngeal arches form on
either side of pharyngeal foregut from day 22.
 Each arch contains an cartilaginous supporting
element , an aortic arch artery and an arch
associated cranial nerve (V,VII,IX,X) .
 In mammals the 1st
pharyngeal arch gives rise to
incus, malleus of middle ear and endochondral
and dermal bones of upper and lower jaw
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2.  As the 1st arch develops it is remodeled to
form a cranial Maxillary swelling and a
caudal Mandibular swelling.
 Each process contains a central
cartilaginous element produced by neural
crest cells arising in region of embryonic
midbrain (mesencephalon) and cranial
portion o hindbrain
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4.  The central cartilage of Maxillary swellings
are called
PALATOPTERYGOQUADRATE BARS
 The cartilage of Mandibular swellings is
called MECKEL’S cartilage
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5. Maxilla and Mandible
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8.  Maxillary processes (outgrowths of arch)-
surround future oral cavity and eventually fuse
with lateral nasal process and globular process.,
also give rise to palatal process
 The facial process fuse together with to form
the maxilla, mandible and face in the midline
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10. Development of palate
 6 weeks
o Maxillary process
o Lateral nasal process
o Median nasal process
 These three processes join and fuse to form the
primary palate
 7 weeks
o Median nasal process and maxillary process have
fused creating upper lip and anterior maxillary
alveolus
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11. Palate
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12.  8 weeks
o Complex totally fused and mesodermal
migration completed
o Tongue, which has been postured
superiorly between lateral palatal
shelves of maxilla, moves inferiorly
allowing palatal processes to grow
toward midline and fuse, form
nasopalatine foramen to uvula
 11 weeks
o Total palatal closure
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14.  any site where merging or
fusion occurs during the
development of the face and
palate is a potential site for a
facial/palatal cleft
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15. Development of tongue
 Develops in floor of
developing mouth
Medial most part of
Mandibular swellings
proliferate to from
LINGUAL
SWELLINGS
separated by
TUBERCULUM
IMPAR in midline
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16.  Immediately behind
this the epithelium
proliferates to form a
down growth –
THYROGLOSSAL
DUCT from which
thyroid gland
develops,this site
marked by
FORAMEN
CAECUM
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17.  Another midline swelling
is seen in relation to medial
ends ends of, 2nd
, 3rd
, 4th
,
pharyngeal arches called
HYPOBRANCHIAL
EMINENCE
 This shows a subdivision
into a cranial part related to
ii and iii arches
(COPULA) and a caudal
part related to iv arch
which forms Epiglottis
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18.  Anterior 2/3 Of
Tongue- fusion of
 1. Tuberculum impar
 2. The two lingual
swellings
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19.  Posterior 1/3 Of Tongue-
 Formed from
copula,where the ii arch
mesoderm is buried below
surface and iii arch
mesoderm grows over it to
fuse with mesoderm of I
arch and hence formed by
III arch mesoderm
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20.  POSTERIOR MOST-
Derived from IV arch
 MUSCULATURE –
from occipital
myotomes
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