The face develops from structures around the stomatodaeum including the frontonasal process and first pharyngeal arch. The mandibular processes fuse to form the lower lip and jaw, while the maxillary processes fuse with the nasal processes to form the upper lip and cut off the nostrils from the mouth. The nose develops from the frontonasal process and nasal processes, while the eyes develop from lens placodes and the cheeks involve fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes. The external ear develops from thickenings on the mandibular and hyoid arches.

1. DEVELOPMENT
OF FACE
NAME- JAGADISH PRASAD PANDA
ROLL NO.- 1979027
BRANCH- B.D.S
BATCH- 2019-23

2. INTRODUCTION
 The face is derived from the following structures
that lie around the stomatodaeum:
a)The frontonasal process
b)The first pharyngeal(or mandibular) arch of
each side.
 At this stage mandibular arch forms the lateral wall of the
stomatodaeum. This arch gives of a bud from it’s dorsal end.
This bud is called this bud is called maxillary process. It grows
ventro-medially cranial to the main part of the arch which is
now called mandibular process.

3. CONTD…
 The ectoderm overlying the frontonasal process shows
bilateral localized thickenings, that are situated a little above
the stomatodaeum. These are called nasal placodes.
 Formation of these placodes is induced by the underlying
forebrain. The placodes soon sink below the surface to form
nasal pits. The pits are continuous with the stomatodaeum
below.
 The edges of each pit are raised above the surface, the
medial raised edge is called medial nasal process and the
lateral edge is called lateral nasal process.

6. Development of face
Lower lip
1) The mandibular process of the two sides grow towards each other
and fuse in the midline. They now form the lower margin of the
stomatodaeum.
2) If it is remembered that the mouth develops from the
stomatodaeum, it will be readily understood that the fused
mandibular process give rise to the lower lip and lower jaw.

7. Upper lip
 Each maxillary process now grows medially and fuses, first with the lateral nasal
process and then with the medial nasal process. The medial and lateral nasal
process also fuse with each other. In this way nasal pits (also called external nares)
are cut off from the stomatodaeum.

8.  The maxillary process undergo considerable growth. At the same
time the frontonasal process becomes much narrower from side to
side, as a result the two external nares come closer.

9. CONTD….
 The stomatodaeum is now bounded by the upper lip above and is derived from the following
structures -:
a) The mesodermal portion of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary process. The
overlying skin is derived from this process.
b) The mesodermal portion of the median part( philtrum) of the lip is formed from the frontonasal
process. The ectoderm of this maxillary process, however, overgrows this mesoderm to meet the
opposite maxillary process in the midline.
c)As a result, the skin is of the upper lip is innervated by the maxillary nerves.
 The muscles of the face including the muscles of the lips are derived from mesoderm of the second
brachial arch and are therefore supplied by the facial nerves.

12. NOSE
 The nose receives contributions from the frontonasal process, and from the medial and the lateral
nasal processes of the right and left sides.
 External nares are formed when nasal pits are cut off from the stomatodaeum when the maxillary
process fuses with the medial nasal process.
 External nares come closer to each other. As a result the frontonasal process becomes narrower
and it’s deeper part forms the nasal septum.
 Mesoderm gets collected in the median plane to form the prominence of the nose.
Simultaneously, a groove appears between the region of the nose and the bulging forebrain(now
called the forehead).
 As the nose becomes prominent , the external nares come to open downwards instead of
forward. External form of the nose is thus eshtablished.

14. CHEEKS
 After the formation of the upper and lower lips, the stomatodaeum is very
broad. Now it can be called mouth.
 Both the maxillary and mandibular processes undergoes fusion with each other
and form cheeks.
 Some of the contribution towards the development of cheek is also done by the
fusion of maxillary process with the lateral nasal process extending from the
stomatodaeum to the

16. EYES
 The region of the eye is first seen as an ectodermal thickening, the lens placode,
which appears on the ventro-lateral side of the developing forebrain, lateral and
cranial to the nasal placode.
 The lens placode sinks below the surface and is eventually cut off from the
surface ectoderm. The developing eye ball produces a bulging in this situation.
 The bulgings of the eyes are first directed laterally and lie in the angles between
the maxillary processes and the lateral nasal processes. With the narrowing of
the frontonasal processes, they come to face forwards.
 The eyelids are derived from folds of ectoderm that are formed above and below
the eye and by mesoderm enclosed within the folds.

17. External Ear
 The external ear is formed around the dorsal part of the first ectodermal cleft.
 A series of mesodermal thickenings(often called tubercles or hillocks) appear on
the mandibular and hyoid arches where they join this cleft.The pinna is formed
by the fusion of these thickenings
 When first formed, the pinna lies caudal to the developing jaw. It is pushed
upwards and backwards to it’s definitive position due to great enlargement of
the mandibular process.
 If the mandibular process fails to enlarge, the ears remain low down.

18. Anomalies