The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and its applications in modeling fluid flow in pipes and open channels. It discusses CFD methodology including preprocessing, discretization methods, turbulence models, two-phase flow modeling, and postprocessing. It also provides details about software used for modeling pipe flow (Pipe Flow Expert, PIPE-FLO Professional) and open channel flow (Flow Calc). The document serves to provide an overview of computational modeling of fluid mechanics applications.

1. SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
BACHELORS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Subject :- Applied Fluid mechanics
Subject Code :- 2160602
Topic :- Development of computer program for fluid flow in pipes and open channel
Submitted by :
140420106033- LAD JAY
140420106034- LAPSIWALA UMANG
140420106035-MANDANI NEVIL
140420106036- MEHTA VIRAG
(of B.E.III Civil-Sem VI)
Academic Year 2016-2017
PROF. KHUSHBU BERAWALA
PROF. SHIKHAASUKAR
FACULTY IN-CHARGE
PROF. PRATIMA PATEL
HOD,CED

2. CONTENT
1. Computational fluid dynamics
2. Methodology
3. Discretization methods
4. Turbulence models
5. Two-phase flow
6. Pipe flow
7. Software for computation of flowing fluid in pipe
8. Open channel flow
9. Software for computation of flowing fluid in pipe
10. Reference

3. 1.Computational fluid dynamics
• Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical
analysis and data structures to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows.
• Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids
and gases with surfaces defined by boundary conditions.
• With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved.
• Ongoing research yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simulation
scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows.
• Initial experimental validation of such software is performed using a wind tunnel with the final
validation coming in full-scale testing, e.g. flight tests.

4. 2.Methodology
• In all of these approaches the same basic procedure is followed.
• During preprocessing
• The geometry and physical bounds of the problem can be defined using computer aided
design (CAD). From there, data can be suitably processed (cleaned-up) and the fluid volume
(or fluid domain) is extracted.
• The volume occupied by the fluid is divided into discrete cells (the mesh). The mesh may be
uniform or non-uniform, structured or unstructured, consisting of a combination of
hexahedral, tetrahedral, prismatic, pyramidal or polyhedral elements.
• The physical modeling is defined – for example, the equations of fluid motion + enthalpy +
radiation + species conservation
• Boundary conditions are defined. This involves specifying the fluid behavior and properties at
all bounding surfaces of the fluid domain. For transient problems, the initial conditions are
also defined.
• The simulation is started and the equations are solved iteratively as a steady-state or transient.
• Finally a postprocessor is used for the analysis and visualization of the resulting solution.

5. 3.Discretization methods
• The stability of the selected discretization is generally established numerically rather than
analytically as with simple linear problems. Special care must also be taken to ensure that the
discretization handles discontinuous solutions gracefully. The Euler equations and Navier–Stokes
equations both admit shocks, and contact surfaces.
• Some of the discretization methods being used are:
• Finite volume method
• Finite element method
• Finite difference method
• Spectral element method
• Boundary element method
• High-resolution discretization schemes

6. 4.Turbulence models
• In computational modeling of turbulent flows, one common objective is to obtain a model that
can predict quantities of interest, such as fluid velocity, for use in engineering designs of the
system being modeled.
• For turbulent flows, the range of length scales and complexity of phenomena involved in
turbulence make most modeling approaches prohibitively expensive; the resolution required to
resolve all scales involved in turbulence is beyond what is computationally possible.
• The primary approach in such cases is to create numerical models to approximate unresolved
phenomena. This section lists some commonly used computational models for turbulent flows.
• Reynolds-averaged Naiver–Stokes
• Boussinesq hypothesis
• Reynolds stress model (RSM)
• Large eddy simulation

7. • Detached eddy simulation
• Direct numerical simulation
• Coherent vortex simulation
• Probability density function (PDF) methods
• Vortex method
• Vorticity confinement method
• Linear eddy model

8. 5.Two-phase flow
• In fluid mechanics, two-phase flow is a flow of gas and liquid usually in a pipe.
• Two-phase flow is a particular example of multiphase flow.
• The modeling of two-phase flow is still under development.

9. 6.Pipe flow
• Pipe flow, a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of liquid flow within a
closed conduit.
• Pipe flow, being confined within closed conduit, does not exert direct atmospheric pressure, but
does exert hydraulic pressure on the conduit.
• When a conduit or pipe is running full then it is called pipe flow.

10. Software for computation of flowing fluid in pipe
Pipe flow expert software
• Pipe Flow Expert software is designed to help today’s engineers to analyze and solve a wide range
of hydraulic problems where the flow rates, pressure losses and pumping requirements
throughout a pipe network must be determined.
• The Pipe Flow Expert software will allow you to easily draw out a pipeline system and analyze the
performance of the system
• Pipe Flow Expert calculates the balanced steady flow and pressure conditions of the system.
• The software will allow you to perform analysis of alternate systems under various operating
conditions.

11. Image - Pipe flow software

12. Features
1. Flow rates for each pipe
2. Fluid velocities for each pipe
3. Reynolds numbers
4. Friction factors
5. Friction pressure losses
6. Fitting pressures losses
7. Component pressure losses
8. Pressures at each node
9. HGL (hydraulic grade line) values
10. Pump operating points

13. PIPE-FLO® Professional 15.2
• PIPE-FLO® products are the world’s leading fluid flow analysis and design modeling software
tools.
• They provide a common basis for operators, process and design engineers and management to
understand, communicate and document their fluid piping systems and processes.
• Equally applicable to process, support and distribution systems in commercial, industrial and
public facilities,
• PIPE-FLO® products are an invaluable tool for the design, commissioning, operation and
modification of fluid piping systems.

14. Image - Pipe flow software

15. PIPE-FLO® Highlights:
• Calculate pressures, flow rates, choked flow, inlet and differential pressure on valves, total head.
• Model entire piping systems or design individual pipelines using the built-in drawing tools.
• Design new systems, plan expansions and manage startups, shutdowns and plant turnovers.
• Size pumps, pipes and control valves.

16. 8. Fluid Flow In Open channel
• Open-channel flow, a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of liquid flow within a
conduit with a free surface, known as a channel.
• Open-channel flow has a free surface, whereas pipe flow does not.
• Computer programs for fluid flow in open channel is :-
Flow Calc Software

17. Flow Calc Software
• Flow Calc is a commercial ֲֲ computer software program designed to calculate common Open
Channel Flow hydraulic characteristics using only the methods of the Manning’s Equation for
regular and irregular channel geometries for steady uniform flow including circular and elliptical
pipes.

18. Features
• Flow Calc provides an easy to use interface that is streamlined and simplified for SI Units.
• Extensive efforts were undertaken to provide a single screen interface to provide the most
functionality for the design engineer.
• Effectively this allows the design engineer to monitor and correct channel geometries.
• Along with the data input controls for manual data entry, spin-controls are additionally provided
to facilitate design review dynamically.
• A graphical representation of the channel geometry

19. Reference
• https://eng-software.com
• Drela, Mark, "XFOIL: An Analysis and Design System for Low Reynolds Number Airfoils," in
Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Engineering, No. 54, 1989.
• Milne-Thomson, L.M. (1973). Theoretical Aerodynamics. Dover Publications.

20. Thank you