Here is an explanation of the six steps for determining water quantity and quality values for river protection:
1. Preliminary assessment and study design: This involves collecting existing data and information on the river system to understand its hydrology, geomorphology, ecology and human uses. Key information needed is identified and a study plan is designed to fill data gaps.
2. Description of water quantity and quality dependent values: The ecological, social and economic values of the river that depend on certain water quantity and quality conditions are described. This includes aquatic habitats, riparian vegetation, recreational activities, cultural uses, etc.
3. Description and quantification of hydrology and geomorphology: The natural hydrologic regime of the river in terms
7 - AECOM Water Resources Seminar World Bank -16-Septindiawrm
The document discusses AECOM's work on rehabilitating the Pattamundai Canal System in Odisha, India. It overviews AECOM's scope of work, which included surveys, design, drawings and cost estimates. It describes the canal system and key challenges including lack of data on the old system. AECOM's methodology involved condition surveys, GIS mapping, designs for canal modifications and new structures, and contract documents. The process included surveys, investigation, planning, design, quantities and cost estimation, and completion documents.
Engineering course water Quality monitroing.pdfAbebawAzagi1
This document discusses water quality monitoring and assessment. It defines key terms like monitoring, survey, and surveillance. It describes different types of monitoring including ambient, effluent, early warning, and operational. It discusses setting objectives, variables to measure, sampling locations and frequency. The goal of monitoring is to describe water resources, identify problems, support management, and evaluate effectiveness. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like completely mixed zones and calculating sampling frequency for single or multiple stations/variables.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
Stream gauging, also known as stream flow measurement, is the measurement of discharge or stream flow passing through a cross section over a period of time. It is important for several reasons, such as forecasting floods, assessing available irrigation water, and determining seasonal runoff variations. When selecting a gauging site, straight reaches with stable cross sections that can measure the full range of high and low flows are preferred. Common stream flow measurement techniques include the area-velocity method, dilution technique, and use of hydraulic structures like weirs and flumes. Stage is also measured, often using staff gauges, to relate water level to discharge measurements.
This document provides information about a training module on processing stream flow data organized by the Central Training Unit of the Central Water Commission in India. The training is intended for engineers involved in reviewing, analyzing, and processing stream flow data. The document includes details about the module such as its objectives, key concepts, session plan, and evaluation suggestions. It aims to help participants learn how to analyze and process gauge-discharge data, sediment data, water quality data, bed material data, and meteorological data through methods like consistency checks and reliability assessments.
This document provides information and instructions for processing stream flow data collected at hydrological observation stations in India. It discusses the importance of processing data for correctness and consistency before publication. Key aspects of data processing include checking data forms for accuracy, developing stage-discharge relationships from gauge readings and discharge measurements, applying corrections, and ensuring consistency between station records over time. The document outlines methods for checking stage and discharge data, developing rating curves, identifying potential errors, applying adjustments, and analyzing processed data through various hydrological techniques. The overall aim is to produce reliable hydrological records of water quantity, quality and sediment levels at observation stations.
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
Although for most hydrologic purposes a long record is preferred to a short one, the user should recognize that the longer the record the greater the chance that there has been a change in the physical conditions of the basin or in the methods of data collection. If these are appreciable, the composite record would represent only a nonexistent condition and not one that existed either before or after the change. Such a record is inconsistent.
Hydrology and hydraulics for design designavirup naskar
This document provides an overview of hydrology and hydraulic considerations for bridge design. It discusses calculating design discharges using USGS reports, collecting channel and bridge characteristics through field surveys, performing hydraulic analysis using HEC-RAS software, meeting requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program, analyzing scour, and ODOT submittal requirements. The key steps involve estimating flood flows, modeling water surface profiles, evaluating flood risks and impacts, and designing protections against scour.
7 - AECOM Water Resources Seminar World Bank -16-Septindiawrm
The document discusses AECOM's work on rehabilitating the Pattamundai Canal System in Odisha, India. It overviews AECOM's scope of work, which included surveys, design, drawings and cost estimates. It describes the canal system and key challenges including lack of data on the old system. AECOM's methodology involved condition surveys, GIS mapping, designs for canal modifications and new structures, and contract documents. The process included surveys, investigation, planning, design, quantities and cost estimation, and completion documents.
Engineering course water Quality monitroing.pdfAbebawAzagi1
This document discusses water quality monitoring and assessment. It defines key terms like monitoring, survey, and surveillance. It describes different types of monitoring including ambient, effluent, early warning, and operational. It discusses setting objectives, variables to measure, sampling locations and frequency. The goal of monitoring is to describe water resources, identify problems, support management, and evaluate effectiveness. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like completely mixed zones and calculating sampling frequency for single or multiple stations/variables.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
Stream gauging, also known as stream flow measurement, is the measurement of discharge or stream flow passing through a cross section over a period of time. It is important for several reasons, such as forecasting floods, assessing available irrigation water, and determining seasonal runoff variations. When selecting a gauging site, straight reaches with stable cross sections that can measure the full range of high and low flows are preferred. Common stream flow measurement techniques include the area-velocity method, dilution technique, and use of hydraulic structures like weirs and flumes. Stage is also measured, often using staff gauges, to relate water level to discharge measurements.
This document provides information about a training module on processing stream flow data organized by the Central Training Unit of the Central Water Commission in India. The training is intended for engineers involved in reviewing, analyzing, and processing stream flow data. The document includes details about the module such as its objectives, key concepts, session plan, and evaluation suggestions. It aims to help participants learn how to analyze and process gauge-discharge data, sediment data, water quality data, bed material data, and meteorological data through methods like consistency checks and reliability assessments.
This document provides information and instructions for processing stream flow data collected at hydrological observation stations in India. It discusses the importance of processing data for correctness and consistency before publication. Key aspects of data processing include checking data forms for accuracy, developing stage-discharge relationships from gauge readings and discharge measurements, applying corrections, and ensuring consistency between station records over time. The document outlines methods for checking stage and discharge data, developing rating curves, identifying potential errors, applying adjustments, and analyzing processed data through various hydrological techniques. The overall aim is to produce reliable hydrological records of water quantity, quality and sediment levels at observation stations.
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
Although for most hydrologic purposes a long record is preferred to a short one, the user should recognize that the longer the record the greater the chance that there has been a change in the physical conditions of the basin or in the methods of data collection. If these are appreciable, the composite record would represent only a nonexistent condition and not one that existed either before or after the change. Such a record is inconsistent.
Hydrology and hydraulics for design designavirup naskar
This document provides an overview of hydrology and hydraulic considerations for bridge design. It discusses calculating design discharges using USGS reports, collecting channel and bridge characteristics through field surveys, performing hydraulic analysis using HEC-RAS software, meeting requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program, analyzing scour, and ODOT submittal requirements. The key steps involve estimating flood flows, modeling water surface profiles, evaluating flood risks and impacts, and designing protections against scour.
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selectionRaveen Ramanan
Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
This document provides guidance on procedures for conducting aquifer pumping tests to estimate aquifer parameters. It outlines the necessary preliminary studies, site preparation, equipment needs, data collection procedures during testing, and methods for analyzing test data either manually or using software. Key steps include conducting step drawdown tests followed by constant discharge tests while monitoring water levels in the pumping well and observation wells over time. Analysis of the water level response curves allows estimation of aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient. Proper planning and hydrogeological understanding of the site are important for ensuring high quality test results.
IPWEA Groundwater Separation Distances - Jun 17 - UrbAquaRichard Connell
Draft IPWEA Specification - Separation Distances for Groundwater Controlled Urban Development. Presented by Helen Brookes from UrbAqua at Engineers Australia WA - June 2017
The document provides an overview of a presentation on operation and maintenance of water supply systems. It discusses key issues in water supply O&M globally and locally. It then covers O&M of various components of water supply systems including water resources, conveyance systems, water treatment plants, distribution pipelines, service reservoirs, and quality maintenance. Other topics covered include billing and collection, energy and water audits, leakage control, system management, and public private partnerships.
The document provides an overview of a presentation on operation and maintenance of water supply systems. It discusses key issues in water supply operations globally and locally. It then covers various aspects of managing water resources, conveyance systems, water treatment plants, distribution pipelines, service reservoirs, water quality monitoring, billing and collections, energy and water audits, leakage control, system management, and public-private partnerships. The presentation structure includes slides on global water scenarios, emerging water shortages, objectives of operational systems, and maintenance of different components of water supply systems.
The document provides an overview of the key topics to be covered in a presentation on operation and maintenance of water supply systems. It begins with highlighting global water challenges and then defines operation and maintenance. It outlines objectives of operational systems and management. It discusses operation and maintenance of various components of water supply systems including water resources, conveyance systems, water treatment plants, service reservoirs, distribution pipelines, and water quality surveillance. It also covers topics like billing and collection, energy and water audits, leakage control, system management, and public private partnerships. The document provides the structure and includes details on the content to be covered under each topic.
2150602 hwre 150113106007-008 (HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING)Jaydeep Dave
This document provides information on hydrologic analysis and flood estimation techniques. It discusses design floods such as the spillway design flood, standard project flood, and probable maximum flood. Methods of flood estimation described include empirical formulas, the rational method, flood frequency analysis, watershed models, and the unit hydrograph approach. Flood routing techniques are also summarized, including reservoir routing using the continuity equation and channel routing accounting for prism and wedge storage volumes. References used in preparing the document are listed.
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
The document provides information about a workshop on standards for groundwater monitoring, processing, and data dissemination. It includes the following key points:
1. The workshop aims to review current practices and adopt standard formats, techniques, and procedures for computerized groundwater data acquisition, processing, validation, retrieval and dissemination.
2. Topics to be addressed include computerized techniques, data standards, quality monitoring objectives and procedures, dedicated software demonstrations, and requirements for software.
3. The 3-day workshop program includes sessions on data standards, software discussions, and a visit to an operational digital monitoring network site. Standardizing procedures and using computerization can help establish a reliable hydrological information system.
Using Hec Ras For Analysus of Flood CharacteristicLucia797414
1) Jakarta regularly experiences floods from the Ciliwung River overflowing its banks due to high flows from upstream. A study used the HEC-RAS model to analyze flood characteristics in the Ciliwung River.
2) Field measurements and hydrological analysis were used as inputs to the HEC-RAS model. The model was calibrated and showed flooding in most cross sections for existing conditions under a 50-year flood scenario.
3) Varying the positions of proposed channel modifications showed reductions in flooding area compared to existing conditions, with up to a 20% reduction for modifications in three locations along the river.
This document provides an overview of rating curves, which relate water stage to discharge in open channels. It discusses the measurement of stage and discharge, different types of rating curves, factors that affect rating curves, and extrapolation techniques. The key points are:
1. Stage is measured using staff gauges, sensors, or other devices, while discharge is typically measured using current meters, weirs, flumes or other hydraulic structures.
2. Rating curves can be developed for steady, uniform flow or non-steady, non-uniform flow. Factors like vegetation growth, sedimentation, and variable backwater can impact the curve.
3. Extrapolation is often needed to estimate peak or low discharges beyond
Water Networking , Water Distribution.pptxdshah162002
The document discusses water distribution systems, which deliver potable water through networks of pipes, valves, pumps, and storage tanks. It covers key components like monitoring and control systems, and different types of distribution system designs. It also addresses important considerations like water quality maintenance, data management, technology integration, policy/regulation, and ensuring resilient infrastructure.
The document describes WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning), a water resources planning model. It provides an overview of WEAP's features and capabilities for integrated water resources management. These include built-in models, a model-building interface, reporting tools, and a GIS-based graphical user interface. The document then presents a case study application of WEAP for the Langat River Basin in Malaysia to investigate water supply and demand trends and assess water availability under future scenarios. The WEAP model developed for the basin was calibrated and validated and able to reasonably simulate streamflows. Modeling results show increasing future water deficits without intervention and the benefits of demand management and reduction of non-revenue water losses.
This document discusses catchment management and abstractions. It provides learning objectives on abstraction risk, impacts from abstractions, environmental flows, and potential measures. It then discusses various topics related to abstractions including risk assessment, impacts from abstractions, environmental flows, and existing and future measures for regulating abstractions. Drinking water safety plans, groundwater protection plans, and integrated catchment management are also summarized as they relate to abstraction and drinking water quality.
The document provides guidance on using the slope-area method to estimate river discharge. Key points:
1. Water level data is collected from staff gauges or digital sensors at upstream and downstream cross-sections. Ratings relate stage to area.
2. The slope of the water surface is estimated from the elevation difference between the sections. Manning's equation is used in an iterative process to compute discharge.
3. Stable, well-defined cross-sections are essential. Surveys define area and wetted perimeter. At least 10 high water marks define the flood profile.
4. Computations estimate conveyance, velocity head, and the energy slope to iteratively solve for discharge within 1% accuracy
DSD-INT 2016 Regional groundwater flow systems in the Kenya Rift Valley - Mur...Deltares
Presentation by Patrick Murunga Wakhungu (University of Twente) at the iMOD International User Day, during Delft Software Days 2016. Tuesday 1 November 2016, Delft.
1. The document provides an introduction to computer-based flood risk modelling in the UK and overseas. It discusses the history and types of modelling, including 1D, 2D and 3D approaches.
2. Types of modelling include steady state and unsteady state approaches. Steady state does not consider variations over time while unsteady state does.
3. Models are used for a variety of functions like system operations, design works, assessing development impacts, and detecting triggered conditions. They help inform risk-based decision making.
This document discusses selecting an appropriate routing technique within HEC-HMS. It provides guidance on identifying a routing method based on study objectives, physical characteristics of the system, and modeler experience. Key factors to consider include backwater effects, floodplains, channel slope, flow regime, and availability of observed data. Rules of thumb for slope are provided to help determine if hydrologic or hydraulic methods would be most appropriate. The document aims to assist modelers in choosing a routing technique that adequately represents significant aspects of the system to meet study needs.
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selectionRaveen Ramanan
Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
This document provides guidance on procedures for conducting aquifer pumping tests to estimate aquifer parameters. It outlines the necessary preliminary studies, site preparation, equipment needs, data collection procedures during testing, and methods for analyzing test data either manually or using software. Key steps include conducting step drawdown tests followed by constant discharge tests while monitoring water levels in the pumping well and observation wells over time. Analysis of the water level response curves allows estimation of aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient. Proper planning and hydrogeological understanding of the site are important for ensuring high quality test results.
IPWEA Groundwater Separation Distances - Jun 17 - UrbAquaRichard Connell
Draft IPWEA Specification - Separation Distances for Groundwater Controlled Urban Development. Presented by Helen Brookes from UrbAqua at Engineers Australia WA - June 2017
The document provides an overview of a presentation on operation and maintenance of water supply systems. It discusses key issues in water supply O&M globally and locally. It then covers O&M of various components of water supply systems including water resources, conveyance systems, water treatment plants, distribution pipelines, service reservoirs, and quality maintenance. Other topics covered include billing and collection, energy and water audits, leakage control, system management, and public private partnerships.
The document provides an overview of a presentation on operation and maintenance of water supply systems. It discusses key issues in water supply operations globally and locally. It then covers various aspects of managing water resources, conveyance systems, water treatment plants, distribution pipelines, service reservoirs, water quality monitoring, billing and collections, energy and water audits, leakage control, system management, and public-private partnerships. The presentation structure includes slides on global water scenarios, emerging water shortages, objectives of operational systems, and maintenance of different components of water supply systems.
The document provides an overview of the key topics to be covered in a presentation on operation and maintenance of water supply systems. It begins with highlighting global water challenges and then defines operation and maintenance. It outlines objectives of operational systems and management. It discusses operation and maintenance of various components of water supply systems including water resources, conveyance systems, water treatment plants, service reservoirs, distribution pipelines, and water quality surveillance. It also covers topics like billing and collection, energy and water audits, leakage control, system management, and public private partnerships. The document provides the structure and includes details on the content to be covered under each topic.
2150602 hwre 150113106007-008 (HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING)Jaydeep Dave
This document provides information on hydrologic analysis and flood estimation techniques. It discusses design floods such as the spillway design flood, standard project flood, and probable maximum flood. Methods of flood estimation described include empirical formulas, the rational method, flood frequency analysis, watershed models, and the unit hydrograph approach. Flood routing techniques are also summarized, including reservoir routing using the continuity equation and channel routing accounting for prism and wedge storage volumes. References used in preparing the document are listed.
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
The document provides information about a workshop on standards for groundwater monitoring, processing, and data dissemination. It includes the following key points:
1. The workshop aims to review current practices and adopt standard formats, techniques, and procedures for computerized groundwater data acquisition, processing, validation, retrieval and dissemination.
2. Topics to be addressed include computerized techniques, data standards, quality monitoring objectives and procedures, dedicated software demonstrations, and requirements for software.
3. The 3-day workshop program includes sessions on data standards, software discussions, and a visit to an operational digital monitoring network site. Standardizing procedures and using computerization can help establish a reliable hydrological information system.
Using Hec Ras For Analysus of Flood CharacteristicLucia797414
1) Jakarta regularly experiences floods from the Ciliwung River overflowing its banks due to high flows from upstream. A study used the HEC-RAS model to analyze flood characteristics in the Ciliwung River.
2) Field measurements and hydrological analysis were used as inputs to the HEC-RAS model. The model was calibrated and showed flooding in most cross sections for existing conditions under a 50-year flood scenario.
3) Varying the positions of proposed channel modifications showed reductions in flooding area compared to existing conditions, with up to a 20% reduction for modifications in three locations along the river.
This document provides an overview of rating curves, which relate water stage to discharge in open channels. It discusses the measurement of stage and discharge, different types of rating curves, factors that affect rating curves, and extrapolation techniques. The key points are:
1. Stage is measured using staff gauges, sensors, or other devices, while discharge is typically measured using current meters, weirs, flumes or other hydraulic structures.
2. Rating curves can be developed for steady, uniform flow or non-steady, non-uniform flow. Factors like vegetation growth, sedimentation, and variable backwater can impact the curve.
3. Extrapolation is often needed to estimate peak or low discharges beyond
Water Networking , Water Distribution.pptxdshah162002
The document discusses water distribution systems, which deliver potable water through networks of pipes, valves, pumps, and storage tanks. It covers key components like monitoring and control systems, and different types of distribution system designs. It also addresses important considerations like water quality maintenance, data management, technology integration, policy/regulation, and ensuring resilient infrastructure.
The document describes WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning), a water resources planning model. It provides an overview of WEAP's features and capabilities for integrated water resources management. These include built-in models, a model-building interface, reporting tools, and a GIS-based graphical user interface. The document then presents a case study application of WEAP for the Langat River Basin in Malaysia to investigate water supply and demand trends and assess water availability under future scenarios. The WEAP model developed for the basin was calibrated and validated and able to reasonably simulate streamflows. Modeling results show increasing future water deficits without intervention and the benefits of demand management and reduction of non-revenue water losses.
This document discusses catchment management and abstractions. It provides learning objectives on abstraction risk, impacts from abstractions, environmental flows, and potential measures. It then discusses various topics related to abstractions including risk assessment, impacts from abstractions, environmental flows, and existing and future measures for regulating abstractions. Drinking water safety plans, groundwater protection plans, and integrated catchment management are also summarized as they relate to abstraction and drinking water quality.
The document provides guidance on using the slope-area method to estimate river discharge. Key points:
1. Water level data is collected from staff gauges or digital sensors at upstream and downstream cross-sections. Ratings relate stage to area.
2. The slope of the water surface is estimated from the elevation difference between the sections. Manning's equation is used in an iterative process to compute discharge.
3. Stable, well-defined cross-sections are essential. Surveys define area and wetted perimeter. At least 10 high water marks define the flood profile.
4. Computations estimate conveyance, velocity head, and the energy slope to iteratively solve for discharge within 1% accuracy
DSD-INT 2016 Regional groundwater flow systems in the Kenya Rift Valley - Mur...Deltares
Presentation by Patrick Murunga Wakhungu (University of Twente) at the iMOD International User Day, during Delft Software Days 2016. Tuesday 1 November 2016, Delft.
1. The document provides an introduction to computer-based flood risk modelling in the UK and overseas. It discusses the history and types of modelling, including 1D, 2D and 3D approaches.
2. Types of modelling include steady state and unsteady state approaches. Steady state does not consider variations over time while unsteady state does.
3. Models are used for a variety of functions like system operations, design works, assessing development impacts, and detecting triggered conditions. They help inform risk-based decision making.
This document discusses selecting an appropriate routing technique within HEC-HMS. It provides guidance on identifying a routing method based on study objectives, physical characteristics of the system, and modeler experience. Key factors to consider include backwater effects, floodplains, channel slope, flow regime, and availability of observed data. Rules of thumb for slope are provided to help determine if hydrologic or hydraulic methods would be most appropriate. The document aims to assist modelers in choosing a routing technique that adequately represents significant aspects of the system to meet study needs.
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
Similar to Lecture 3-Water Resources Monitoring.ppt (20)
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Quantity & Quality Monitoring
Why Monitor?
• A comprehensive assessment of our water resources is a key step in
properly managing water supplies for the long term
• Such an assessment requires a significant amount of information
• The information needs to be collected and compiled into a usable
database and format
• Once the information is collected, it is analyzed and applied using
methods that model and predict the response of water sources to water
withdrawals
• The information also needs to be accessible and useable by many public
and private sector users
• Combining the GEOLOGICAL, HYDROLOGICAL, & WATER QUALITY
information is a 1st and major step in assessing our water resource base
3. Hydrometric Networks
• Two of the greatest problems for water engineers
and engineering hydrologists are:
1. Quantifying the amount of water in the different
phases in the hydrological cycle
2. Evaluating the rate of transfer of water from one
phase to another within the cycle
• For efficient operations, there needs to be a
logical design in the pattern of hydrological
measurements (rainfall, streamflow or GW) hence
the need for NETWORKS
4. What is a NETWORK?
• “An organised system for collection of
information of a specific kind: that is, each
station, point or region of observation must
fill one or more definite niches in either
space or time”
5. What are the uses for the Network Data?
• 3 main uses have been proposed (WMO,
1976)
1. Data for Planning: Requires long-term
records
2. Data for Management: Requires real-
time measurements for daily operation
and forecasting
3. Data for Research: Requires high-quality
intensive data
6. Stages in Network Design
Stage 1
• Initial background research on the location and
known characteristics of the area
• Consider the following:
– Size of the area and whether it is a political entity or a
natural drainage basin (always choose the natural
catchment area)
– Physical features of the area (drainage pattern,
surface relief etc)
– General climatic features
7. Stages in Network Design…
Stage 2
• Practical planning
• Consider the following:
– Identify existing stations
– Plot existing stations on a topo map
– Examine the station distribution wrt physical features
and data requirements. Fill in any gaps or provide
more detailed info. for specific purposes. The number
of new stations depend on the considered optimum
for the area
8. Stages in Network Design…
Stage 3
• Detailed planning and design of required
installations on the new sites
9. Surface Water Networks
• The density of gauging stations depends on the
following:
1. Nature of the terrain, and
2. Water resources on the population creating a water
demand.
• Status of gauging stations
1. Primary/Principal stations
– Permanent stations to measure all ranges of discharges and
observations and records to be accurate and complete
2. Secondary/Subsidiary stations
– Provide a satisfactory correlation with primary stations
3. Special stations
– Serve particular needs such as reservoir levels and dry
weather flows
– May be permanent or temporary
10. Groundwater Networks
Main purposes of GW investigations:
1. Identify productive aquifers, to determine their
hydraulic properties
2. Make arrangements for monitoring the water levels
within the aquifers
Siting of observation wells must take into account the
following:
1. Differences in aquifer properties within an aquifer
2. Variations between aquifers
11. Water Quality Networks
• The first design criteria in any water quality
programme is to determine what are the
management issues for which water quality
data are required. The technical aspects of the
data collection follows from this decision
• In general, the convention is to utilise the “fixed
site” networks to provide water quality
information that are grouped into “Data
Objectives”
12. Water Quality Data Objectives
• 3 categories of data objectives can be identified as follows:
1. Descriptive data:
• Typically used for govt. policy and planning for public information.
Include the following:
– Status & trends of important water bodies
– Conformance of water bodies to use specific water quality
objectives
– Trans-boundary issues
2. Data specific to public health e.g.
– Pathogens
– Protection of waters of touristic value etc
3. Regulatory concerns e.g.
– Effluent permitting and enforcement
– Identification of contaminants requiring control measures
– Emergency response, including monitoring of spills etc
13. Water Quantity (Groundwater)
Most of the information comes from water supply
wells
• Wells provide answers to key questions such as:
1. What are the geologic materials the well
penetrated?
• The information gives insight of which strata
transmit water and which are barriers
2. What was the original water level in unpumped
wells?
• How have the static water levels changed with
time? Do they vary seasonally?
• The information characterizes the volume of
water stored in the source aquifer
14. Water Quantity (GW)…
3. How much water does the well produce, and how
much does the water level drop during pumping?
• What effects does the pumping have on other wells?
• This information tells about the aquifer’s ability to
transmit water
4. What amount of pumping has occurred for a given
well?
• This information is valuable in long-term use trends
and sustainability analysis
5. What is the quality of the water the well originally
produced? Has the quality changed through time?
Are there natural or societal impairments? Is the
quality good enough for various uses?
17. Water Quantity (Surface Water)
• The parameter quantifying SW is the
streamflow/discharge
• Discharge is the volume of water passing a single
point in a stream over time
• The basic objective in gathering flow information
is the development of flow hydrographs for
stations along the river
• The flow hydrographs should represent the entire
water year and cover as many years as possible
• Flow hydrographs are basic to an understanding
of how other resource values are affected by flow
• Typically, mean monthly or weekly flow is
measured, computed, or estimated at several
sites along the designated reach
18. River Flow determination
• Determination of river flow (river gauging) can be
done by taking river discharge measurements.
• Important gauging methods are
1. Velocity – area methods
2. Flow – measuring structures (River gauging
structures)
3. Dilution gauging
4. Use of empirical formulae
19. River Flow determination
• Velocity – area methods:
– Conventional for medium to large rivers
– Involves use of currentimeter (current meter)
22. Currentimetering…
The mean velocity at a given depth is approximated by
observations made at 0.2 and 0.8 of the full depth (two point
method) or approximated by the velocity measured at 0.6 of the
full depth (one point method)
The width of the river is divided into about 20 sub – sections so
that no sub – section has more than 10% of the flow
23. Calculating the discharge
At the gauging station or selected river cross – section, the mean
velocities for small sub – areas of the cross – section )
( i
v
obtained from point velocity measurements at selected sampling
verticals across the river are multiplied by the corresponding
sub – areas (ai) and the product summed up to give the total
discharge:
i
n
i
i a
v
Q
1
where n = the number of sub – areas
The calculation of the discharge from the velocity and depth
measurements can be made in several ways. Two common
methods are
1. Mean section method
2. Mid – section method
24. Mean section method
Averages of the mean velocities in the verticals and averages
of the depths at the boundaries of a section sub – division are
taken and multiplied by the width of the sub – division /
segment
)
(
2
)
(
2
)
(
. 1
1
1
1
i
i
i
i
n
i
i
i
i b
b
d
d
v
v
a
v
q
Q
where bi is the distance of the measuring point (i) from a bank
datum & n is the number of sub – areas
25. Mid – section method
The mean velocity and depth measured at a subdivision point are
multiplied by the segment width measured between the mid –
points of neighboring segments
2
)
(
.
.
. 1
1
1
i
i
i
n
i
i
i
b
b
d
v
a
v
q
Q where n is the
number of measured verticals and sub - areas
26. Disadvantage of Mid section method
• Some flow is omitted at the edges of the cross
– section, and therefore the first and last
verticals should be sited as near to the banks as
possible
27.
28. River Flow determination…
Flow – measuring structures
Designed so that stream discharge is made to behave
according to certain well known hydraulic laws (e.g.
discharge as a function of the head over a weir).
Used in streams and fairly small rivers (expensive to
build)
Types of structures
1. Weirs (i) V – notch
(ii) Crump
(iii) Compound
2. Flumes: Geometrically shaped regular channel sections
e.g. Trapezoidal
29. Flumes
The upstream sub – critical flow is constricted by
narrowing the channel, thereby causing increased
velocity and a decrease in the depth. With a sufficient
contraction of the channel width, the flow becomes
critical in the throat of the flume and a standing wave is
formed further downstream. The water level upstream of
the flume can then be related directly to the discharge
(see attached figure 6.18 for an example. Ref pg 122
Hydrology in practice by E M Shaw)
Relating the discharge for a rectangular x – section to the
measured head, H, the general form of the equation is:
2
3
KbH
Q
where b is the throat width and K is a coefficient
determined experimentally
30.
31.
32. Weirs
constitute a more versatile group of structures providing
restrictions to the depth rather than the width of the flow
in a river or stream channel
a distinct sharp break in the bed profile is constructed
and this creates a raised upstream sub – critical flow, a
critical flow over the weir and a super – critical flow
downstream
The upstream head is uniquely related to the discharge
over the crest of the structure where the flow passes
through critical conditions
34. Flow rating curve determination…
Dilution gauging
Suited to small turbulent streams where depths and flows
are inappropriate for currentimetering and flow
structures would be unnecessarily expensive and /
permanent
Involves injection of a chemical into the stream and the
sampling of the water some distance downstream after
complete mixing of the chemical in the water has
occurred
The concentration of chemical in the samples is used to
compute the dilution from which the discharge of the
stream can be obtained
Types
1. Constant – rate injection: Chemical is added at a
constant rate until the sampling downstream reveals a
constant concentration level
2. Gulp injection: Chemical is added in a single dose as
quickly as possible. Sampling over period of time is used
to develop concentration – time correlation
36. Dilution Gauging…
• The desired chemical characteristics:
– High solubility
– Stability in water
– Capable of accurate quantitative analysis in dilute
concentrations
– Non-toxic to aquatic life
– Unaffected by sediment and other natural chemicals
in water
• Most favourable is Sodium Dichromate
37. Water Quality Monitoring
Objective
• Characterisation of the condition and variability of the water
at the time of designation or in its normal state
• Measurements should focus on physical and biological
factors that describe the conditions at the time of
designation, thereby establishing the baseline for protection
& enhancement
• A monitoring strategy should be developed with
consideration to any anticipated threats to water quality
• Monitoring efforts to:
1. Conform with the appropriate Catchment Management
Authority (CMA) standards
2. Monitor the most significant threats to water quality from
existing land uses within the catchment e.g. Mining is likely
to affect TDS, SS, Turbidity, pH and Heavy metals
concentrations
• Note: Water Quality baseline data is critical for describing suspected
impacts from changes in management practices within the catchment
38. Typical Water Quality Parameters
• pH
• Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Temperature
• Conductivity
• Turbidity
• Suspended solids (SS)
• Fecal Coliform
• NB: Methods for sampling and measuring water
quality are well documented and can be
referenced
39. General Process for Determining the Water
Quantity and Quality Values for River
Protection
• Steps include:
1. Preliminary assessment and study design
2. Description of water quantity and quality dependent
values
3. Description & quantification of hydrology &
geomorphology
4. Description of the effects of water quantity & quality on
resource values
5. Identification of water quantity & quality required to
protect values
6. Development of a strategy to meet water quantity &
quality requirements as a joint effort by agency staff,
legal counsel, and other stakeholders