This document summarizes the design of an X-band pyramidal horn antenna. It describes using the 3D EM solver WIPL-D to simulate and optimize the dimensions of a horn antenna to achieve over 20dB gain. The standard horn antenna was initially modeled to achieve 15dB gain. The horn dimensions were then optimized using a genetic algorithm in WIPL-D to achieve dimensions of la=4.87”, lb=3.62”, l3=10.06” resulting in 20dB gain. Both the simulated and experimentally measured antennas showed good performance within the X-band frequency range.
Designing geometric parameters of axisymmetrical cassegrain antenna and corru...Editor Jacotech
Early detection of faults occurring in three-phase induction motors can appreciably reduce the costs of maintenance, which could otherwise be too much costly to repair. Internal faults in three phase induction motors can result in significant performance degradation and eventual system failures. Artificial intelligence techniques have numerous advantages over conventional Model-based and Signal Processing fault diagnostic approaches; therefore, in this paper, a soft-computing system was studied through Neural Network Analysis to detect and diagnose the stator and rotor faults. The fault diagnostic system for three-phase induction motors samples the fault symptoms and then uses a Neural Network model to first train and then identify the fault which gives fast accurate diagnostics. This approach can also be extended to other applications.
Frequency-independent (FI) antennas are radiating structures capable of maintaining consistent impedance and pattern characteristics over multiple-decade bandwidths. Their finite size limits the lowest frequency of operation, and the finite precision of the center region bounds the highest frequency of operation.
Designing geometric parameters of axisymmetrical cassegrain antenna and corru...Editor Jacotech
Early detection of faults occurring in three-phase induction motors can appreciably reduce the costs of maintenance, which could otherwise be too much costly to repair. Internal faults in three phase induction motors can result in significant performance degradation and eventual system failures. Artificial intelligence techniques have numerous advantages over conventional Model-based and Signal Processing fault diagnostic approaches; therefore, in this paper, a soft-computing system was studied through Neural Network Analysis to detect and diagnose the stator and rotor faults. The fault diagnostic system for three-phase induction motors samples the fault symptoms and then uses a Neural Network model to first train and then identify the fault which gives fast accurate diagnostics. This approach can also be extended to other applications.
Frequency-independent (FI) antennas are radiating structures capable of maintaining consistent impedance and pattern characteristics over multiple-decade bandwidths. Their finite size limits the lowest frequency of operation, and the finite precision of the center region bounds the highest frequency of operation.
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both transmission and reception.
Basic Parameters
Frequency
Wavelength
Impedance matching
VSWR & reflected power
Bandwidth
Percentage bandwidth
Radiation intensity.
Lens antenna is a microwave antenna in which a dielectric lens is placed in front of the dipole or horn radiator to concentrate the radiated energy into a narrow beam or to focus received energy on the receiving dipole or horn.
Analyzing the Different Parameters of Dipole AntennaIJEEE
Ultra wideband is a wireless technology to realize high speed communications which is performed in wideband. In this paper the wideband dipole antenna is designed.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
A high gain antenna is the antenna with very high antenna gain. We can consider antenna gain as concentration ratio of input power. Using Yagi-Uda array, traveling wave, aperture, and parabolic reflector, we can design a high gain antenna.
A Triple Band Bow Tie Array Antenna Using Both-sided MIC Technology IJECEIAES
A single-fed linearly polarized 2x2 microstrip bow tie array antenna is proposed. The feed network has microstrip line and slot line where microstrip-slot branch circuit is connected in parallel. The feed network of the array is designed using both-sided M IC Technology to overcome the impedance matching problem of conventional feed networks. The 2x2 half bow tie array antenna is also truncated with spur lines for optimization of antenna performance. The array antenna unit can be realized in very simple and compact structure, as all the antenna elements and the feeding circuit is arranged on a Teflon glass fiber substrate without requiring any external network. The design frequency of the proposed antenna is 5 to 8 GHz (C- Band) and the obtained peak gain is 12.41 dBi. The resultant axial ratio indicates that linear polarization is achieved.
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both transmission and reception.
Basic Parameters
Frequency
Wavelength
Impedance matching
VSWR & reflected power
Bandwidth
Percentage bandwidth
Radiation intensity.
Lens antenna is a microwave antenna in which a dielectric lens is placed in front of the dipole or horn radiator to concentrate the radiated energy into a narrow beam or to focus received energy on the receiving dipole or horn.
Analyzing the Different Parameters of Dipole AntennaIJEEE
Ultra wideband is a wireless technology to realize high speed communications which is performed in wideband. In this paper the wideband dipole antenna is designed.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
A high gain antenna is the antenna with very high antenna gain. We can consider antenna gain as concentration ratio of input power. Using Yagi-Uda array, traveling wave, aperture, and parabolic reflector, we can design a high gain antenna.
A Triple Band Bow Tie Array Antenna Using Both-sided MIC Technology IJECEIAES
A single-fed linearly polarized 2x2 microstrip bow tie array antenna is proposed. The feed network has microstrip line and slot line where microstrip-slot branch circuit is connected in parallel. The feed network of the array is designed using both-sided M IC Technology to overcome the impedance matching problem of conventional feed networks. The 2x2 half bow tie array antenna is also truncated with spur lines for optimization of antenna performance. The array antenna unit can be realized in very simple and compact structure, as all the antenna elements and the feeding circuit is arranged on a Teflon glass fiber substrate without requiring any external network. The design frequency of the proposed antenna is 5 to 8 GHz (C- Band) and the obtained peak gain is 12.41 dBi. The resultant axial ratio indicates that linear polarization is achieved.
This paper provides an insight of a new, leaky-wave antenna (LWA) array. It holds the ability to digitally steer its beam at a fixed frequency by utilizing only two state of bias voltage. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a fixed frequency via PIN diodes switches. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip LWA (HWMLWA) array. The antenna is made up of the following basic structures: two elements and reconfigurable control cell with each being comprised of two diodes and two triangle patches. A double gap capacitor in each unit cell is independently disconnected or connected via PIN diode switch to achieve fixed-frequency control radiation pattern. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 61o and 19o at 4.2 GHz. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 15 dBi at 4.2 GHz beam scanning range.
HFSS ANTENNA FOR KU BAND WITH DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURESAKSHAT GANGWAR
A wide band Microstrip antenna is proposed for Ku band applications with defected groundd structure. A circular shape defect is integrated in the ground plane. A novel equivalent circuit model is proposed for Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure. Accurate design equations are presented for the wideband Microstrip antenna and theoretical analysis is done for the proposed structure. The proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 56.67% ranging from 9.8 GHz to 17.55 GHz, which covers Ku-band and partially X-band. The antenna shows good radiation characteristics within the entire band, and has a gain ranging from 5 dBi to 12.08 dBi. Minimum isolation between co-polar and cross-polarization level of 20 dB and 15 dB is achieved in H-plane and E-plane respectively. The simulation of the proposed antenna is done on HFSS v.13, and measured results of fabricated antenna are in good agreement with the theoretical and simulated results
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The most researched and examined aspect of the communication system is the wireless connection. Without learning how to operate and use different types of antennas, your knowledge is incomplete. Microstrip patch antenna research has advanced significantly in recent years. When compared to standard antennas, microstrip patch antennas provide additional advantages and opportunities. It is of low volume, light weight, low cost, low appearance, compact and easy to manufacture. This study investigates the differences between rectangular and circular patch antennas. For Bluetooth applications, the center frequency of 2.4 GHz was chosen as the optimal resonant frequency. On a flame retardant (FR-4) epoxy substrate, the antenna dielectric constant is 4.4. Above the ground the base rises 3.6 mm. For the simulation process, high frequency simulation software (HFSS 15) is used as the program design. Antennas 1×1, 1×2, and 1×4 are designed for both circular and rectangular antennas. A comparison was made for both types of antennas and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return losses, gain, directivity and half power beam width (HPBW) were found, and the feature of the rectangular antenna was shown.
Design and manufacturing of iris waveguide filters for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose in this paper, two bandpass filters in waveguide technology having rectangular symmetrical discontinuities with a half-radius r, designed and operating respectively in the X-Band (9-11.5) GHz and C-Band (3.5-5.5) GHz. These filters consists of eight irises placed symmetrically respectively on standard rectangular waveguides WR90 and WR229 in which resonant irises are inserted. These irises are used to couple the sections very strongly in this filter, which allows the bandwidth to be increased and the matching to be controlled. The comparison between the numerical and electromagnetic results, which we obtained for the filters, constitutes a means of validation of computer simulation technology (CST) environment and Mician for the design of the other circuit elements in the various frequency bands. We observed excellent consistency between the simulation curves and those of the measurements. The results obtained are promising and pave the way for the use of these structures in the fields of telecommunications.
Control Radiation Pattern for Half Width Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna by Usi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel design for single-layer half width microstrip leakywave antenna (HW-MLWA) is demonstrated. This model can be digitally control its radiation pattern at operation frequency and uses only two values of the bias voltage, with better impedance matching and insignificant gain variation. The scanning and controlling the radiation pattern of leaky-wave antennas (LWA) in steps at an operation frequency, by using switches PIN diodes, is investigated and a novel HW-MLWA is introduced. A control cell reconfigurable, that can be switched between two states, is the basic element of the antenna. The periodic LWA is molded by identical control cells where as a control radiation pattern is developed by combining numerous reconfigurable control cells. A gap capacitor is independently connected or disconnected in every unit cell by using a PIN diode switch to achieve fixedfrequency control radiation pattern scanning. The profile reactance at the free edge of (HWMLWA) and thus the main lobe direction is altered by changing the states of the control cell. The antenna presented in this paper, can scan main beam between 18o to 44o at fixed frequency of 4.2 GHz with measured peak gain of 12.29 dBi.
Design and Analysis of Ku/K-band Circular SIW Patch Antenna Using 3D EM-based...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antennas are considered as main radiators for RF and microwave wireless systems due to their low profile, low cost and soft integration with the other devices. The gain of a SIW patch antenna may be enhanced using different techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) by modifying the antenna’s geometry with high efficiency comparing to electromagnetic techniques that take more time. This paper describes a novel structure of a circular SIW patch antenna design using a tree-dimensional electromagnetic (3D-EM) simulation based on ANN model which is developed as an accurate tool for synthesizing the forward side and then analyzing the reverse side of the problem. In this work, ANN algorithms are used for training the samples to provide precise geometrical dimensions of the SIW patch antenna with high accuracy for the target requirements. The antenna is designed to operate in Ku and K frequency bands, resonate at 16.10 GHz and 19.81 GHz respectively and show good performance resulting in low return losses of less than -10dB to -29dB for the selective frequency bands.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Comparison between Rectangular and Circular Patch Antennas Arrayijceronline
In this paper, several designs of micorstip arrays antennas, suitable for wireless communication applications, are presented. This paper demonstratesseveral shapesof microstrip array antennas, such as rectangular and circular patch antennas array. Specifically, 4x1, 2x1, and single element of both shapes are designed and simulated bya full wave simulator(IE3d). Moreover, this paper presents acomparison between both rectangular and circular antenna arrays.Since, the resonance frequency of these antennas is 2.4 GHz, these antennas are suitable for ISM band and WLAN.
Dual band microstrip antenna with slit load design for wireless local area ne...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of dual frequency band operation nearly square patch antenna
for IEEE 802.11b,g (2.4Ghz-2.4835GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15GHz-5.25GHz)by using a patch
antenna. The patch and ground plane are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch have two pairs
of orthogonal slits cut from the edge, this antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of
(WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz and from 5.12 GHz to 5.32
GHz exhibits circularly polarized far-field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been
simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave
Office 2009 v9.0. The results show that the antenna has dual-band frequency operation by using slit
load.
Dual band microstrip antenna with slit load design for wireless local area ne...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of dual frequency band operation nearly square patch antenna
for IEEE 802.11b,g (2.4Ghz-2.4835GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15GHz-5.25GHz)by using a patch
antenna. The patch and ground plane are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch have two pairs
of orthogonal slits cut from the edge, this antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of
(WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz and from 5.12 GHz to 5.32
GHz exhibits circularly polarized far field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been
simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave
Office 2009 v9.0. The results show that the antenna has dual band frequency operation by using slit
load.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
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Miniature design of T-Shaped frequency Reconfigurable antenna for S-Band Appl...IJECEIAES
The article presents a miniature antenna with a simple geometry and a simple approach for reconfiguration. In order to make the T-shaped antenna frequency reconfigurable, we integrated Switches in specific positions. The location of the switches is determined following a study of the distribution of the surface currents of the suggested antenna. Indeed, we found that the insertion of switches in places where the concentrations of surface currents are high is irrelevant. In fact, to redirect current flow, the PIN diodes or RF Switch must be placed in positions where the distribution of the surface currents is of low concentration. These locations facilitate the establishment of new trajectories of the flux of current. As a result, a miniature tunable antenna dimension 20mm*20mm*1.6mm printed on FR4 substrate with 4.4 permittivity and with 0.04 loss tangent, the antenna can be adopted in many communication devices in view of its small size, its low manufacturing cost and performance on frequency sweep, the antenna operates in S-Band with an acceptable band and gain. The antenna is simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
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Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
DOI:10.512/ijaceee.2015.3203 23
DESIGN OF X BAND PYRAMIDAL HORN ANTENNA
Pendurthy A Sunny Dayal
1
1
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Viswanadha Institute of
Technology and Management, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh - 531 173, India
ABSTRACT
A horn may be considered as a flared out waveguide. In this paper, a powerful electromagnetic simulator, 3D
EM solver WIPL-D software is used to design, analyse and optimize the dimensions of horn antenna which is
based on MOM solution for computations. The standard horn antenna at 10 GHz for 15dB gain is modelled and
the radiation pattern was observed. The horn antenna is optimized to achieve more than 20dB gain using
Genetic Algorithm, radiation patterns of the optimized horn antenna are also presented. Geometry of the horn
can be modelled by exploring the toolbar ‘symmetry’ option in WIPL-D. Design of X band Pyramidal Horn
Antenna is fabricated and measured using Network Analyzer.
KEYWORDS
X Band, Pyramidal Horn, Gain, Optimization, Microwave Antennas
1. INTRODUCTION
Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated numerous advances in the field of wireless communications by
radio’s ability to provide continuous contact with sailing ships across the English Channel. Since
then numerous experiments were carried out by different researchers to make use of
electromagnetic waves to carry information. Antennas have practical uses for the transmission
and reception of radio frequency signals (radio, TV, etc.). In air, those signals travel close to the
speed of light in vacuum and with a very low transmission loss.
Jagadish Chunder Bose in a lecture at the London’s Royal Institution recorded the first horn
antenna to appear in an experiment was the pyramidal horn referred it as collecting funnel.
Electromagnetic horn antennas make a transition from EM waves propagating in a guided
medium, usually a waveguide, and launching it into another medium such as free-space. They
occur in variety of shapes and sizes to fulfil many practical applications, such as communication
systems, electromagnetic sensing, radio frequency heating, non-destructive testing and
evaluation, biomedical, and as a reference source for other antenna testing. Horns are used as
feeds for other antennas such as reflectors, lenses and compound antennas [1]. Due to number of
impressive characteristics, rectangular aperture pyramidal horn antenna can be preferred over
other types of antennas in Line of Sight Communication i.e., (i) It can be used as standard antenna
for testing and calibration of other antennas in anechoic chambers, (ii) easy and straightforward
design and construction with respect to quad ridge and ducal ridge pyramidal horn antennas
respectively, (iii) Ability to provide radiation pattern according to requirements and Applications
[2]. Whereas drawback include absence of circular polarization which is useful in satellite
communication, but this advantage proves to be the main advantage in Line of Sight
Communication, which require vertical polarization for communication [3].
2. International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
24
In this paper, the design and simulation of a small size, high gain, low VSWR, 50 coaxial feed,
and vertically polarized rectangular waveguide pyramidal horn antenna is presented. The
designed antenna has an improved VSWR performance ≤ 1.8 than the VSWR of horn as
presented in [4]. Good impedance matching is achieved by selecting the proper coax feed
position and length of suspended probe inside waveguide throughout the complete band. In
Section 2, the significance and use of 3D EM Solver WIPL-D software is provided. In Section 3,
the pyramidal horn antenna configuration and design procedure is discussed to identify its critical
parameters and their effects on the antennas performance. Simulation and fabrication results of
designed X-band pyramidal horn are described and discussed in Section 4.
2. WIPL-D
WIPL-D Microwave is a powerful and easy-to-use software package for fast and accurate
simulation and design of microwave circuits, devices and antennas. A distinguished feature of
WIPL-D Microwave is that you can create your own components specified as composite metallic
and dielectric structures (3D EM components). S-parameters of the 3D EM components are
computed on-the-fly during circuit simulation. 3D EM solver is a frequency domain solver based
on the method of moments. It enables you to model structures of arbitrary shape using wires and
plates as basic building blocks. You don’t need to know the specifics of numerical modelling
techniques in order to use this program efficiently. We can plot frequency response of the circuit:
parameters, impedance and admittance parameters, voltages, currents, and power. Radiation
pattern, near field and distribution of surface currents of an arbitrary 3D EM structure can be
visualized by 2D and 3D graphs. In addition, you can overlay graphs from different projects files
to present several curves on the same diagram. 3D EM components can be flexibly geometrically
modelled by versatile building blocks, such as cylindrical and conical wires, quadrilateral plates
which may characterize metallic or dielectric/magnetic surfaces including losses, wire to plate
junctions, and protrusions, so almost any finite composite structure can be precisely modelled.
Optimization of circuit parameters/behaviour affects all types of component parameters, such as:
(i) lumped element values, (ii) parameters of 3D EM structures. EM modelling of composite
metallic and dielectric structures includes: (i) Geometrical modelling of a real structure, (ii)
Determination of the currents distributed over the geometrical model, (iii) Calculation of the
quantities of interest by post-processing the computed currents. The main task for the user in EM
modelling is to create an appropriate geometrical model of the structure to be analyzed and to
define the excitation for the model. The rest of the analysis is carried out by the 3D EM solver
with in-built EM code.
The more accurate analysis of horn antenna is based on the solution of integral equation by the
MOM or FDTD [5-6]. An electromagnetic simulator which uses method of moment’s technique
for computations, WIPL-D pro was used for analysis and design of horn antenna at 10GHz. In
WIPL-D, the electromagnetic modelling is of two parts, Geometrical modelling and Modelling of
currents. In Geometrical modelling, any arbitrary metallic structure can be considered as
composed of appropriately interconnected plates and wires. In modelling of Currents, The current
along wires and over plates are approximated by polynomial expansions, whose basis functions
automatically satisfy the continuity equations at the element junctions and free ends.
Determination of unknown current expansion coefficients is based on the solution of EFIE for
current distribution [7-8]. By applying Galerkin method, the EFIE is transformed into a matrix
system which is solved by using L U Decomposition method [9].
3. International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
25
3. DESIGN OF PYRAMIDAL HORN
3.1. Rectangular Waveguide
A waveguide is a hollow conducting tube which is used to transfer electromagnetic power
efficiently from one point in space to another. Among guiding structures are typical coaxial
cable, the two-wire and microstrip transmission lines, hollow conducting waveguides
(rectangular & cylindrical), and optical fibres. The choice of structure is dedicated by: (i) the
desired operating frequency band, (ii) the amount of power to be transferred, and (iii) the amount
of transmission losses that can be tolerated. Among waveguide types rectangular waveguides are
used to transfer large amounts of microwave power at frequencies greater than 3GHz. For
example at 5GHz, the transmitted power might be 1 MW and the attenuation only 4dB/100m
[10]. The dimensions of the desired X-band rectangular waveguide, which satisfy the conditions
i.e., b ≤ a and L = 0.75λg where a = broad wall dimension of waveguide, b = narrow wall
dimension of waveguide, L = length of waveguide and λg = guided wavelength.
3.2. Pyramidal Horn Antenna
The pyramidal horn antenna is excited by a waveguide which is fed by a coaxial cable and it is
assumed that antenna is made up of PEC; the plates of finite thickness are modelled as
infinitesimally thin plates resulting in surface currents that represent the sum of interior and
exterior antenna currents. Initially the geometry of a horn antenna with dimensions of aperture
broad wall la = 2.66”, aperture narrow wall lb =1.95”, length of the horn l3 =5.46”, similarly
dimensions of waveguide broad wall a=0.9”, waveguide narrow wall b=0.4”, waveguide length
l=1.57” is modelled as shown in Figure 1. Pyramidal flared section of horn antenna is the most
significant part in the antenna design, which varies the impedance of waveguide from 50 at the
feeding point to 377 at the aperture of the antenna [11].
One can use the symmetry feature in both electric and magnetic planes, so only half or quarter of
given antenna can be modelled. The gain obtained is15.50dB, near field is observed and analysis
characteristics for different models of antenna like with and without symmetry were tabulated.
The second part of the paper is to optimize the dimensions of the aperture and length of horn to
get the gain of 20dB. There are seven different optimization methods are available with WIPL D
pro optimizer [12]. Out of those, the most robust global optimization algorithm known to date,
Genetic Algorithm was selected. It optimizes the project file by simulating the Darwinian
evolution principle. i.e., survival of the fittest if the starting optimization parameter values are in
the vicinity of optimal solution, this algorithm is useful to find the best solution with very low
probability of being trapped in other local optima. The constraints introduced on horn geometry
by specifying lower and upper limits for the optimization parameters la the range is given from
2.5”to 5”, lb from 2” to 5” and l3 from 5” to 11”. Number of bits per variable=16, algorithm type
is binary, cross over probability =0.8, mutation probability=0.2, total no of generations=50,
number of iterations=79. After 189sec, optimizer displayed the difference between found solution
and the criterion is 0.0. Optimized dimensions are la=4.87”, lb=3.62”, l3=10.06” as shown in
Figure 2. Radiation pattern for the optimized horn antenna was observed. The gain obtained is 20
dB. The near field is also obtained.
4. International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
4. RESULTS
4.1. Simulated Results
All evaluations are presented here are performed on Intel Core2duo@1.80Ghz. Figures 2,5 shows
the 3D pattern, Figures 3,6 shows near field pattern, Figures 7
theta cut polar and rectangular plots. The gain observed is 15dB and 20dB respectiv
shows the comparison of patterns for half and no symmetry for modelling the horn antenna.
Table .1 consolidates analysis characteristics for different models.
Figure 1. Geometry of 15dB simulated horn antenna at 10GHz
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
presented here are performed on Intel Core2duo@1.80Ghz. Figures 2,5 shows
the 3D pattern, Figures 3,6 shows near field pattern, Figures 7-11 represent different phi cut and
theta cut polar and rectangular plots. The gain observed is 15dB and 20dB respectively. Figure 12
shows the comparison of patterns for half and no symmetry for modelling the horn antenna.
Table .1 consolidates analysis characteristics for different models.
Figure 1. Geometry of 15dB simulated horn antenna at 10GHz
Figure 2. Far field pattern for 15dB.
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presented here are performed on Intel Core2duo@1.80Ghz. Figures 2,5 shows
11 represent different phi cut and
ely. Figure 12
shows the comparison of patterns for half and no symmetry for modelling the horn antenna.
5. International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
Figure 3. Near field pattern for 15dB
Figure 4. Geometry of 20dB optimized horn antenna at 10GHz
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Figure 3. Near field pattern for 15dB
Figure 4. Geometry of 20dB optimized horn antenna at 10GHz
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Figure 5. Radiation pattern of optimized antenna for 20dB.
Figure 6. Near field pattern for 20dB.
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Figure 7. Overlay of theta cut polar plot
Figure 9. Overlay of theta cut rectangular plot
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
Figure 7. Overlay of theta cut polar plot
Figure 8. Overlay of phi cut polar plot
Figure 9. Overlay of theta cut rectangular plot
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Figure 10. Overlay of phi cut rectangular plot
Figure 12. Comparison of different
Table 1.comparision of different symmetric characteristics.
Horn
Type of Symmetry
Antenna
Used
Gain
20 dB Without Symmetry
Half Symmetry
Quarter Symmetry
15 dB Without Symmetry
Half Symmetry
Quarter Symmetry
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
Figure 10. Overlay of phi cut rectangular plot
Figure 12. Comparison of different symmetries using WIPL-D
Table 1.comparision of different symmetric characteristics.
Type of Symmetry Size of EFIE CPU TIME Memory Required
Used matrix (sec) (MB)
Without Symmetry 2835 158 61.3
Half Symmetry 1394 126 14.82
Quarter Symmetry 717 121 3.92
Without Symmetry 1059 90 8.55
Half Symmetry 518 88 2.04
Quarter Symmetry 273 85 0.57
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Memory Required
(MB)
61.3
14.82
3.92
8.55
2.04
0.57
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4.2. Experimental Results
The optimized pyramidal horn antenna is fabricated using brass material and inside walls are
coated with silver with waveguide dimensions a=0.9”, b=0.4”, and l=1.57”, aperture dimensions
la=4.87”, lb=3.62”, and l3=10.06”, and waveguide co-axial adapter is used as per specifications
square flange is 41.5mmx41.5mm as shown in Figure 13-15.
Figure 13. Fabricated Pyramidal Horn Antenna
Figure 14. Designed Aperture of Pyramidal Horn dimensions
Figure 15. Network Analyzer E5071C Experimental Setup
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Figure 16. At 10GHz frequency obtained VSWR is 1.2
Figure 17. Return Loss Obtained Resonant Frequency at 10.5GHz
Figure 18. Smith Chart Obtained Resonant Frequency at 10.5GHz as r+jx
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.1/2, May 2015
Figure 16. At 10GHz frequency obtained VSWR is 1.2
Figure 17. Return Loss Obtained Resonant Frequency at 10.5GHz
Figure 18. Smith Chart Obtained Resonant Frequency at 10.5GHz as r+jx
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4.2.1. Practical Gain Calibration
The distance between transmitter and receiver d=4”. This distance partially satisfies the
condition measurement in far-field is d ≥
2D 2
where D=maximum dimension of horn aperture,
λ0
wavelength λ0 = 1.12” for dip frequency f=10.5GHz. The gain of pyramidal horn antenna is
given as G = 4πd Pr [13-14] here received power of horn P =41.2dB and transmitted power
λ0 Pt
r
of horn Pt =35dB. The obtained practical gain, G=19.54dB in line of sight with θ=φ=0°.
4.3. Rectangular Waveguide Standards
Standard Notation for Rectangular Waveguide is WR and for Circular Waveguide is WC as per
IEEE standard notations as shown below Table 2.
Table 2. Rectangular Waveguide Standards.
Frequency Band Waveguide Standard Frequency Limits Inside Dimensions
(GHz) (inches)
C band WR-137 5.85 to 8.20 1.372 x 0.622
X band WR-90 8.2 to 12.4 0.900 x 0.400
Ku band WR-62 12.4 to 18.0 0.622 x 0.311
Ka band WR-28 26.5 to 40.0 0.280 x 0.140
In this paper, Rectangular Waveguide WR-90 specifications are used with a=0.9” and b=0.4”.
5. CONCLUSIONS
From table 1, it is implied that if symmetry is used, the memory required, number of unknowns, or
the size of EFIE matrix are drastically reduced. The time for evaluation is also considerably
reduced. No difference in the radiation patterns was observed for half and quarter symmetries.
Observed standard horn dimensions for 15 dB and after optimization gives 20 db with reduced
reflections. The gain obtained with the optimized dimensions of horn exactly met with
specified criterion using genetic algorithm. WIPL D pro is a useful tool for better 3D and 2D
analysis and design of different antenna structures within less time. By Using WIPL D
simulation results, we have fabricated our pyramidal horn antenna of 20dB and measured using
Open field Antenna Test (OAT). WIPL D pro is a useful tool for better 3D and 2D analysis and
design of different antenna structures within less time. By Using WIPL D simulation results,
we have fabricated our pyramidal horn antenna of 20dB and measured using Open field
Antenna Test (OAT) using Network Analyzer E5071C equipment. And we have obtained very
good results with the fabricated model. The obtained Gain is 19.54dB (approx. 20dB),
Resonant Frequency is 10.5GHz (approx. 10GHz), VSWR is 1.2 and Normalized Impedance
50+j5 (at 10.5GHz horn antenna acts as pure reactance particularly which is inductive) as
shown in Figures 16-18.
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REFERENCES
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AUTHOR
Pendurthy. A Sunny Dayal, working as Associate Professor in Dept. of ECE,
Viswanadha Institute of Technology and Management, Mindivanipalem, Visakhapatnam.
Pursuing PhD from Centurion University. He received M.Tech in Radar & Microwave
engineering from AU College of Engineering (A), Andhra University with Distinction-
First Class. He obtained B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from
Raghu Engineering College. He presented many papers in various national and
international conferences and journals of repute. He is a Member of ACES, IEEE, Life
Member of IETE,SEMCE. His research interests are Communication Systems, Microwave Engineering,
and Antenna Arrays.