Proposed and designed a preliminary highway route. Illustrated all the topographical features of the site. Designed horizontal and vertical curves. Analyzed to check if the design satisfied all the AASHTO Greenbook criteria.
This document presents the analysis of improving the intersection of State Route 96 and X Street. It contains existing conditions of the intersection including traffic volumes and level of service. Two alternatives are analyzed to improve the level of service for the projected 2033 traffic volumes. Alternative 1 adds additional lanes to each approach. Alternative 2 changes the signal phasing to group approaches differently. Both alternatives are able to achieve acceptable levels of service through 2033 based on the analysis in the tables provided. Vertical and horizontal geometric designs as well as pavement design are also discussed to accommodate the projected traffic.
The document discusses transition curves in highways. Transition curves are curves that gradually change the horizontal alignment from straight to circular. This is done to introduce centrifugal force, super elevation, extra widening, and aesthetics gradually for driver comfort and safety. There are three main types of transition curves: spiral, cubic parabola, and lemniscate. The length of the transition curve can be calculated based on the rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, rate of introduction of designed super elevation, or empirical formulas based on vehicle speed and radius of the circular curve. The maximum length from these three criteria is used as the final length of the transition curve.
This chapter discusses the design of horizontal and vertical curves in roadways. It describes different types of horizontal curves like simple, compound, and reverse curves. Minimum radius requirements are based on design speed, superelevation rate, and side friction factors. Stopping sight distance on curves is limited by obstructions and is calculated using the middle ordinate formula. The chapter provides guidelines for balancing curves with grade, drainage, and other design factors.
This document is a project report on the geometric design of railway tracks submitted by Mohit M. Jain to Gujarat Technological University in India. It introduces the topic of geometric design and its importance for ensuring safe and efficient train operation. The following chapters discuss geometric cross sections, gradients including different types, curves, superelevation, and gauge widening on curves. The report provides information on the key design considerations for railway tracks.
This document discusses the design of pavements for a road project in Peru. It includes a traffic study that classified the road as a secondary class road based on a traffic demand of 1571 vehicles per day. It also includes vehicle classification, weight limits, calculations to determine traffic loads in ESAL (equivalent single axle loads) values over a 10 year design period, and describes using the 1993 AASHTO guide for flexible pavement design. The design will use a reliability level of 85% based on expected traffic volumes between 1.5 and 3 million over the life of the project.
The document discusses geometric design for transportation facilities. It focuses on geometric cross sections, vertical alignment, and horizontal alignment. Geometric cross sections consist of traveled ways, shoulders, and drainage features. Vertical alignment includes tangent grades and vertical curves. Tangent grades vary depending on the type of facility, with maximum grades generally between 3-11% depending on terrain.
In order to have smooth vehicle movements on the roads, the changes in the gradient should be smoothened out by the vertical curves.
The vertical alignment is the elevation or profile of the centre line of the road. The vertical alignment consists of grades and vertical curves.
Chapter 4 earth work and quantities newBashaFayissa1
This document discusses earthwork quantities and calculations for highway construction projects. It covers topics such as classification of excavated materials, shrinkage and swell factors, methods for calculating cross-sectional areas and volumes, mass diagrams, distribution of excavated materials, limits of economical haul, and definitions of relevant terms. The key aspects are determining excavation, fill, and borrow quantities; accounting for shrinkage and swelling; and optimizing material distribution to minimize haul costs.
This document presents the analysis of improving the intersection of State Route 96 and X Street. It contains existing conditions of the intersection including traffic volumes and level of service. Two alternatives are analyzed to improve the level of service for the projected 2033 traffic volumes. Alternative 1 adds additional lanes to each approach. Alternative 2 changes the signal phasing to group approaches differently. Both alternatives are able to achieve acceptable levels of service through 2033 based on the analysis in the tables provided. Vertical and horizontal geometric designs as well as pavement design are also discussed to accommodate the projected traffic.
The document discusses transition curves in highways. Transition curves are curves that gradually change the horizontal alignment from straight to circular. This is done to introduce centrifugal force, super elevation, extra widening, and aesthetics gradually for driver comfort and safety. There are three main types of transition curves: spiral, cubic parabola, and lemniscate. The length of the transition curve can be calculated based on the rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, rate of introduction of designed super elevation, or empirical formulas based on vehicle speed and radius of the circular curve. The maximum length from these three criteria is used as the final length of the transition curve.
This chapter discusses the design of horizontal and vertical curves in roadways. It describes different types of horizontal curves like simple, compound, and reverse curves. Minimum radius requirements are based on design speed, superelevation rate, and side friction factors. Stopping sight distance on curves is limited by obstructions and is calculated using the middle ordinate formula. The chapter provides guidelines for balancing curves with grade, drainage, and other design factors.
This document is a project report on the geometric design of railway tracks submitted by Mohit M. Jain to Gujarat Technological University in India. It introduces the topic of geometric design and its importance for ensuring safe and efficient train operation. The following chapters discuss geometric cross sections, gradients including different types, curves, superelevation, and gauge widening on curves. The report provides information on the key design considerations for railway tracks.
This document discusses the design of pavements for a road project in Peru. It includes a traffic study that classified the road as a secondary class road based on a traffic demand of 1571 vehicles per day. It also includes vehicle classification, weight limits, calculations to determine traffic loads in ESAL (equivalent single axle loads) values over a 10 year design period, and describes using the 1993 AASHTO guide for flexible pavement design. The design will use a reliability level of 85% based on expected traffic volumes between 1.5 and 3 million over the life of the project.
The document discusses geometric design for transportation facilities. It focuses on geometric cross sections, vertical alignment, and horizontal alignment. Geometric cross sections consist of traveled ways, shoulders, and drainage features. Vertical alignment includes tangent grades and vertical curves. Tangent grades vary depending on the type of facility, with maximum grades generally between 3-11% depending on terrain.
In order to have smooth vehicle movements on the roads, the changes in the gradient should be smoothened out by the vertical curves.
The vertical alignment is the elevation or profile of the centre line of the road. The vertical alignment consists of grades and vertical curves.
Chapter 4 earth work and quantities newBashaFayissa1
This document discusses earthwork quantities and calculations for highway construction projects. It covers topics such as classification of excavated materials, shrinkage and swell factors, methods for calculating cross-sectional areas and volumes, mass diagrams, distribution of excavated materials, limits of economical haul, and definitions of relevant terms. The key aspects are determining excavation, fill, and borrow quantities; accounting for shrinkage and swelling; and optimizing material distribution to minimize haul costs.
This document discusses superelevation in InRoads V8i. It provides an overview of superelevation and how it is used to control roadway cross slopes on curves. It explains how to set up a template with the proper constraints for superelevation. It then demonstrates how to apply superelevation using the Table Method, including editing points along the superelevation control lines to achieve the desired results.
3 vertical alignment of road by Malyar TalashMalyar Talash
This document discusses vertical road alignment and provides guidance on vertical curve design. It covers several key topics:
- The influence of topography on vertical alignment and how terrain is classified.
- The two main aspects of vertical alignment: vertical curvature and gradient.
- The two types of vertical curves: crest and sag curves.
- Design considerations for vertical grades and maximum grades based on vehicle type and speed.
- Equations for determining minimum vertical curve lengths to provide adequate sight distance and passenger comfort.
2 Superelevation and Spiral Curve ( by Malyar Talash, Highway Design Manager/...Malyar Talash
This document discusses superelevation and spiral curves for road design. It defines superelevation as banking curves to counteract centrifugal force on vehicles. Maximum superelevation rates are recommended based on climate and road type. Methods for achieving superelevation include rotating the pavement surface. Minimum lengths for superelevation runoff and tangent runoff sections are calculated based on design speed, superelevation rate, and other factors. Spiral curves provide a gradual transition between tangent and curved sections and can be used to achieve superelevation runoff. Equations are provided to calculate minimum and maximum spiral lengths. An example problem demonstrates calculating runoff lengths and locating transition points for a road section both with
This document analyzes traffic conditions at the intersection of Walter S. Davis Blvd and 39th Ave in 2015 and projects traffic to 2035. It finds that in 2015, traffic flows well with levels of service A and B. However, by 2035 without improvements, most lanes would be at levels of service C-F, requiring changes. Recommended changes include adding turn lanes and storage lanes to improve 2035 conditions.
This document discusses curves used in construction. It begins by stating the learning objectives, which are to explain concepts of curves, identify terminology, differentiate between circular, transition, and vertical curves, explain setting out methods, and calculate setting out of different curve types. It then provides brief descriptions of different curve types - circular curves have constant radius, transition curves connect straight lines of different slopes, and vertical curves connect horizontal alignments of different elevations. The document further explains purposes, geometries, and setting out methods for horizontal, vertical, and transition curves. It concludes by discussing types of circular curves that can have single, changing, or double radii.
Highway engineering deals with the location, design, construction, maintenance, economics, financing, planning and programming of roads. It involves reconnaissance of potential routes, route selection by flagging, preliminary surveys, office projection of routes, and final location surveys. Data collected during location surveys includes the centerline, cross-sections, drainage, soils, bridge sites, and right-of-ways. Geometric design considers grade, alignment, curvature and widths, while structural design considers pavement thickness and foundations based on traffic, soils and compaction. Design must consider traffic, speeds, consistency, safety and maintainability.
Capacity & level of service (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
This document discusses highway design speed and level of service. It defines design speed as the maximum safe speed for a road based on its geometric design features. Level of service is a qualitative measure of traffic conditions on a roadway, ranging from free-flowing traffic at LOS A to congested traffic at LOS F. The document provides examples of calculating level of service for a highway based on factors like lane width, access points, and traffic volume using methods from the Highway Capacity Manual. It shows how changes to the road design, such as adding lanes or widening lanes, can improve the level of service.
Alighnment & horizontal alignment of highway (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
This document discusses the alignment of highways, including horizontal and vertical elements. It covers topics such as grade line, horizontal and vertical curves, sight distance requirements, and super elevation. The key points are:
- Highway alignment consists of horizontal and vertical elements, including tangents and curves. Curves can be simple, compound, spiral, or reverse.
- Grade line refers to the longitudinal slope/rise of the highway. Factors in selecting a grade line include earthwork, terrain, sight distance, flood levels, and groundwater.
- Horizontal alignment deals with tangents and circular curves that connect changes in direction. Vertical alignment includes highway grades and parabolic curves.
- Proper design of curves
CONVERSION OF LEVEL CROSSING INTO ROAD OVER/UNDER BRIDGESSABYASACHI DALAI
This document discusses level crossings on railway lines where roads cross train tracks. It defines level crossings and describes how they are classified based on factors like road class and traffic volume. Level crossings are either manned, requiring gates and a gateman for crossings with high train and vehicle usage, or unmanned without gates. Alternatives to level crossings discussed are rail over bridges (ROBs) and rail under bridges (RUBs) which can eliminate accidents and delays at crossings. The document provides details on the types of bridges that can be used and considerations for RUB construction.
The document summarizes a preliminary design project to redesign the intersection of Yellowstone Highway and Trejo Street in Rexburg, Idaho. Three design alternatives were proposed and evaluated to address illegal through traffic and lack of a left turn lane. Alternative 1 proposed widening Yellowstone Highway and restriping Trejo Street. Although it did not improve traffic flow, it was deemed the best option due to increased safety and low cost. AutoCAD was used to design the road alignments, cross sections, and calculate the pavement thickness required for Alternative 1.
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
This document discusses various aspects of vertical alignment in transportation engineering. It describes how vertical alignment specifies the elevation of points along a roadway based on safety, comfort, drainage needs. Vertical curves are used to transition between different roadway grades and can be crest or sag curves. The coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment is also discussed to ensure driver safety and aesthetics. Maximum and minimum grades, as well as critical lengths of grades, are addressed based on truck performance.
This document provides guidance on designing interchanges, including:
- Describing 8 basic interchange types (diamond, cloverleaf, etc.) and their components.
- Establishing a naming convention for interchange ramps.
- Specifying design criteria for elements of a standard diamond interchange like ramp alignments, intersection spacing, ramp terminal types and dimensions, sight distance requirements, and grade adjustments.
- Providing typical sections and diagrams to illustrate concepts.
Often changes in the direction are necessitated in highway alignment due to various reasons such as topographic considerations, obligatory points.
The geometric design elements pertaining to horizontal alignment of highway should consider safe and comfortable movement of vehicles at the given design speed of the highway.
It is therefore necessary to avoid sudden changes in direction with sharp curves or reverse curves which could not be safely and conveniently negotiated by the vehicles at design speed.
Improper design of horizontal alignment of roads would necessitate speed changes resulting m higher accident rate and increase in vehicle operation cost.
1 geometric design elements of road by malyar talashMalyar Talash
This document provides guidelines for road geometric design. It discusses key elements like design speed, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment. Design speed determines other elements and impacts safety, mobility and efficiency. Sight distance requirements include stopping sight distance, decision sight distance and intersection sight distance. Horizontal alignment discusses curve types like simple, compound, spiral curves. It provides controls for curvature based on deflection angles and radii.
3-D Road Design by Applying Differential Geometry and Conventional Design Ap...Basil Psarianos
3-D Road Design by relating Differential Geometry parameters with conventional road design parameters like horizontal and vertical curvature and superelevation rate
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic ...IOSR Journals
This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
BECKOM Aerial Mapping, Inc. provides professional aerial mapping services for a variety of applications including landfill development and management, flood and drainage studies, as-built surveys, site plans, airport obstruction studies, utility mapping, land use and development, dam breach impact studies, and roadway corridor studies. The company has been in business since 1991 and is located in Newnan, Georgia.
Vertical alignment of highway (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
Vertical curves are used in highway design to gradually transition between two different slopes or grades. There are two main types - crest vertical curves, which are used on roadway tops, and sag vertical curves, which are used on dips. The minimum length of a vertical curve is determined based on providing the required stopping sight distance for a given design speed. Additional criteria like passenger comfort, drainage, and appearance may also influence the curve length selected. Longer vertical curves generally provide a smoother ride but require more construction costs.
This document discusses various factors that influence the geometric design of highways, including topography, land use, functional road classification, design speed, design vehicle, traffic volume, environmental and safety considerations, and economics. It describes key elements of horizontal alignment like straights, circular curves, transition curves, superelevation, and curve widening. Minimum radii for circular curves are provided for different design speeds. The objectives and methods for implementing transition curves and superelevation are also summarized.
This document discusses the geometric design of highways, specifically horizontal alignment. It covers key elements of horizontal alignment including horizontal curves, spiral transitions, sight distance, and super elevation. The purpose of horizontal curves is to provide a change in direction while spirals provide a gradual transition. Design is based on relationships between speed, curvature, side friction, and super elevation to prevent skidding and overturning. Methods for calculating minimum radius and attaining proper super elevation are presented.
This document discusses superelevation in InRoads V8i. It provides an overview of superelevation and how it is used to control roadway cross slopes on curves. It explains how to set up a template with the proper constraints for superelevation. It then demonstrates how to apply superelevation using the Table Method, including editing points along the superelevation control lines to achieve the desired results.
3 vertical alignment of road by Malyar TalashMalyar Talash
This document discusses vertical road alignment and provides guidance on vertical curve design. It covers several key topics:
- The influence of topography on vertical alignment and how terrain is classified.
- The two main aspects of vertical alignment: vertical curvature and gradient.
- The two types of vertical curves: crest and sag curves.
- Design considerations for vertical grades and maximum grades based on vehicle type and speed.
- Equations for determining minimum vertical curve lengths to provide adequate sight distance and passenger comfort.
2 Superelevation and Spiral Curve ( by Malyar Talash, Highway Design Manager/...Malyar Talash
This document discusses superelevation and spiral curves for road design. It defines superelevation as banking curves to counteract centrifugal force on vehicles. Maximum superelevation rates are recommended based on climate and road type. Methods for achieving superelevation include rotating the pavement surface. Minimum lengths for superelevation runoff and tangent runoff sections are calculated based on design speed, superelevation rate, and other factors. Spiral curves provide a gradual transition between tangent and curved sections and can be used to achieve superelevation runoff. Equations are provided to calculate minimum and maximum spiral lengths. An example problem demonstrates calculating runoff lengths and locating transition points for a road section both with
This document analyzes traffic conditions at the intersection of Walter S. Davis Blvd and 39th Ave in 2015 and projects traffic to 2035. It finds that in 2015, traffic flows well with levels of service A and B. However, by 2035 without improvements, most lanes would be at levels of service C-F, requiring changes. Recommended changes include adding turn lanes and storage lanes to improve 2035 conditions.
This document discusses curves used in construction. It begins by stating the learning objectives, which are to explain concepts of curves, identify terminology, differentiate between circular, transition, and vertical curves, explain setting out methods, and calculate setting out of different curve types. It then provides brief descriptions of different curve types - circular curves have constant radius, transition curves connect straight lines of different slopes, and vertical curves connect horizontal alignments of different elevations. The document further explains purposes, geometries, and setting out methods for horizontal, vertical, and transition curves. It concludes by discussing types of circular curves that can have single, changing, or double radii.
Highway engineering deals with the location, design, construction, maintenance, economics, financing, planning and programming of roads. It involves reconnaissance of potential routes, route selection by flagging, preliminary surveys, office projection of routes, and final location surveys. Data collected during location surveys includes the centerline, cross-sections, drainage, soils, bridge sites, and right-of-ways. Geometric design considers grade, alignment, curvature and widths, while structural design considers pavement thickness and foundations based on traffic, soils and compaction. Design must consider traffic, speeds, consistency, safety and maintainability.
Capacity & level of service (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
This document discusses highway design speed and level of service. It defines design speed as the maximum safe speed for a road based on its geometric design features. Level of service is a qualitative measure of traffic conditions on a roadway, ranging from free-flowing traffic at LOS A to congested traffic at LOS F. The document provides examples of calculating level of service for a highway based on factors like lane width, access points, and traffic volume using methods from the Highway Capacity Manual. It shows how changes to the road design, such as adding lanes or widening lanes, can improve the level of service.
Alighnment & horizontal alignment of highway (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
This document discusses the alignment of highways, including horizontal and vertical elements. It covers topics such as grade line, horizontal and vertical curves, sight distance requirements, and super elevation. The key points are:
- Highway alignment consists of horizontal and vertical elements, including tangents and curves. Curves can be simple, compound, spiral, or reverse.
- Grade line refers to the longitudinal slope/rise of the highway. Factors in selecting a grade line include earthwork, terrain, sight distance, flood levels, and groundwater.
- Horizontal alignment deals with tangents and circular curves that connect changes in direction. Vertical alignment includes highway grades and parabolic curves.
- Proper design of curves
CONVERSION OF LEVEL CROSSING INTO ROAD OVER/UNDER BRIDGESSABYASACHI DALAI
This document discusses level crossings on railway lines where roads cross train tracks. It defines level crossings and describes how they are classified based on factors like road class and traffic volume. Level crossings are either manned, requiring gates and a gateman for crossings with high train and vehicle usage, or unmanned without gates. Alternatives to level crossings discussed are rail over bridges (ROBs) and rail under bridges (RUBs) which can eliminate accidents and delays at crossings. The document provides details on the types of bridges that can be used and considerations for RUB construction.
The document summarizes a preliminary design project to redesign the intersection of Yellowstone Highway and Trejo Street in Rexburg, Idaho. Three design alternatives were proposed and evaluated to address illegal through traffic and lack of a left turn lane. Alternative 1 proposed widening Yellowstone Highway and restriping Trejo Street. Although it did not improve traffic flow, it was deemed the best option due to increased safety and low cost. AutoCAD was used to design the road alignments, cross sections, and calculate the pavement thickness required for Alternative 1.
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
This document discusses various aspects of vertical alignment in transportation engineering. It describes how vertical alignment specifies the elevation of points along a roadway based on safety, comfort, drainage needs. Vertical curves are used to transition between different roadway grades and can be crest or sag curves. The coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment is also discussed to ensure driver safety and aesthetics. Maximum and minimum grades, as well as critical lengths of grades, are addressed based on truck performance.
This document provides guidance on designing interchanges, including:
- Describing 8 basic interchange types (diamond, cloverleaf, etc.) and their components.
- Establishing a naming convention for interchange ramps.
- Specifying design criteria for elements of a standard diamond interchange like ramp alignments, intersection spacing, ramp terminal types and dimensions, sight distance requirements, and grade adjustments.
- Providing typical sections and diagrams to illustrate concepts.
Often changes in the direction are necessitated in highway alignment due to various reasons such as topographic considerations, obligatory points.
The geometric design elements pertaining to horizontal alignment of highway should consider safe and comfortable movement of vehicles at the given design speed of the highway.
It is therefore necessary to avoid sudden changes in direction with sharp curves or reverse curves which could not be safely and conveniently negotiated by the vehicles at design speed.
Improper design of horizontal alignment of roads would necessitate speed changes resulting m higher accident rate and increase in vehicle operation cost.
1 geometric design elements of road by malyar talashMalyar Talash
This document provides guidelines for road geometric design. It discusses key elements like design speed, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment. Design speed determines other elements and impacts safety, mobility and efficiency. Sight distance requirements include stopping sight distance, decision sight distance and intersection sight distance. Horizontal alignment discusses curve types like simple, compound, spiral curves. It provides controls for curvature based on deflection angles and radii.
3-D Road Design by Applying Differential Geometry and Conventional Design Ap...Basil Psarianos
3-D Road Design by relating Differential Geometry parameters with conventional road design parameters like horizontal and vertical curvature and superelevation rate
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic ...IOSR Journals
This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
BECKOM Aerial Mapping, Inc. provides professional aerial mapping services for a variety of applications including landfill development and management, flood and drainage studies, as-built surveys, site plans, airport obstruction studies, utility mapping, land use and development, dam breach impact studies, and roadway corridor studies. The company has been in business since 1991 and is located in Newnan, Georgia.
Vertical alignment of highway (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
Vertical curves are used in highway design to gradually transition between two different slopes or grades. There are two main types - crest vertical curves, which are used on roadway tops, and sag vertical curves, which are used on dips. The minimum length of a vertical curve is determined based on providing the required stopping sight distance for a given design speed. Additional criteria like passenger comfort, drainage, and appearance may also influence the curve length selected. Longer vertical curves generally provide a smoother ride but require more construction costs.
This document discusses various factors that influence the geometric design of highways, including topography, land use, functional road classification, design speed, design vehicle, traffic volume, environmental and safety considerations, and economics. It describes key elements of horizontal alignment like straights, circular curves, transition curves, superelevation, and curve widening. Minimum radii for circular curves are provided for different design speeds. The objectives and methods for implementing transition curves and superelevation are also summarized.
This document discusses the geometric design of highways, specifically horizontal alignment. It covers key elements of horizontal alignment including horizontal curves, spiral transitions, sight distance, and super elevation. The purpose of horizontal curves is to provide a change in direction while spirals provide a gradual transition. Design is based on relationships between speed, curvature, side friction, and super elevation to prevent skidding and overturning. Methods for calculating minimum radius and attaining proper super elevation are presented.
This document discusses key concepts in the design of roadway and highway vertical curves. It covers topics such as vertical point of curvature (VPC), vertical point of intersection (VPI), vertical point of tangency (VPT), types of vertical curves, factors considered in determining vertical curve length, equations for calculating length, sight distance criteria, and design procedures. Minimum vertical curve lengths are based on design speed, sight distance, and the algebraic difference in grades as defined in design standards.
Indian Railways Surveying (RECT, PECT and FLS)Saksham Bhutani
This document discusses types of surveys conducted for proposed railway projects in India. It begins by outlining the reasons new railway lines may be proposed, such as strategic needs, linking trade centers, or connecting ports to interior regions.
It then describes the three main types of surveys: RECT (Reconnaissance Engineering cum Traffic Survey) involves rough investigations to determine feasibility; PECT (Preliminary Engineering cum Traffic Survey) includes more detailed instrumental examination; and FLS (Final Location Survey) stakes out the final alignment.
The document provides guidelines for each type of survey, including aspects to study like soil conditions, hydraulic structures, electrical and telephone lines. It also discusses preparing survey reports, maps, estimates and recommendations to determine
This document provides details for the design of a 108km rural road passing through three districts in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. It includes typical road cross sections for different terrains, geometric design values, structural pavement design, drainage structures, retaining walls, and a list of centerline coordinates and elevations. The road requires excavation, embankment filling, asphalt and gravel surfacing, drainage features like culverts and drains, and retaining walls given the mountainous terrain with elevation changes up to 1350m along the route.
A traffic engineering firm conducted a capacity review of a proposed single lane roundabout at the intersection of SR 28 and Coon Street in Kings Beach, California using 2008 traffic volumes. Their analysis using RODEL software found that at a 50th percentile confidence level, the roundabout would operate at Level of Service C, but at an 85th percentile confidence level, which accounts for urban factors, it would operate at Level of Service F with significant delays. They determined that a single lane roundabout would not have adequate capacity based on the 2008 traffic volumes and urban conditions at this intersection.
This document provides standards and procedures for preparing plan and profile drawings and sag templates used to locate structures for transmission line design. It discusses drawing preparation including scales, labeling, and required features. It also covers sag template design, including different sag curves for various temperature and loading conditions. Calculations and construction of sag templates are explained. The document aims to ensure structures are designed properly within capacity and provide adequate ground, structure, and object clearance for transmission lines.
This document discusses the different types of surveys conducted for engineering and construction of new railway lines. It describes traffic surveys to determine potential routes and traffic. Reconnaissance surveys provide a preliminary analysis of feasibility and costs. Preliminary surveys further examine viable routes to estimate costs. Final location surveys fully stake the chosen alignment and produce detailed plans and drawings for construction. The goal of these successive surveys is to carefully evaluate needs, alternatives, costs and technical specifications before undertaking the capital-intensive process of building new railway infrastructure.
21/08/2015 · Department of Civil Technology Written By: Ahmed Zakaria Page 11 Hosting Company: Fig 2: Al haramain Company headquarter Company address: Al Haramain Company for Commerce and Contracting Building Al Nahda Area Jeddah 2233 Saudi Arabia +966 2 694 2000 ahc@haramain.com.sa. 12.
www.slideshare.net › surveying-internship-reportSite Survey Report - SlideShare
12/08/2015 · Department of Civil Technology Written By: Ahmed Zakaria Page 15 Hosting Company: a) Report writing Reporting is a controlling / informative mechanism which will help in evaluating the status of a project. It also help decision makers to follow the status of the project without being present physically on the site.
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It has been operational in Pakistan since 1989. Toyota is a one of a kind Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer. As of September 2018, it was the sixth largest company in the world in terms of revenue. The economic conditions however have not been very favorable for the automotive industry.
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Student Internship Satisfaction Survey Template. 8. Experience Student Internship Survey in PDF. 9. Psychology Student Internship Survey Template. 10. Basic Student Internship Survey. 11. S
The document provides an executive summary of a detailed project report for the improvement of the Akhnoor-Poonch Road in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The Border Roads Organization has appointed a consultant to conduct a feasibility study and prepare the report to upgrade the existing road to a two-lane or four-lane configuration. The report will include design of the highway, pavement, bridges and structures, as well as cost estimates and economic analysis. The scope of work involves surveys, design, environmental assessment, cost estimation, and preparation of the feasibility and detailed project reports.
Grievance redressal of Hubli railway station : A multistorey approach Nishanth Patil
PROBLEM STATEMENT :
To suggest a viable option for capacity augmentation in Tier-I , Metropolitan and Tier-II Railway stations catering to commuter, non-suburban and freight traffic, considering Hubli Railway Station as Model Station for Design Basis.
SCOPE :
The scope of the proposal can be envisaged to pertain,
yet not be constrained to the following :
To successfully replicate the proposal, in Land-crunched cities, whilst augmenting capacity or relieving congestion;
To serve as an alternative solution to multi-directional , multi-focal travel alignments in transient cities;
To serve as a model for urban planning initiatives.
CONCLUSION :
The financial and technical feasibility of the proposal was measured by comparative study of 8 numbers of schemes, which were prepared by varying the material specifications for the member components.
The project is economically a better alternative in all cases wherever capacity augmentation necessitates the acquisition of land costing INR 4200 / sqft or more (2012-2013).
Track alignment refers to the direction and position of a railway track. It includes horizontal and vertical elements. An ideal alignment considers factors like purpose of the track, feasibility, economy, safety, and aesthetics. Several surveys are conducted to determine the optimal route, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and location surveys. Proper gradient design is also important for safe and smooth train operation. Gradients must consider factors like locomotive performance, train loads, and terrain. The ruling gradient is the maximum design grade, while helper gradients require extra locomotives for steep sections. Momentum gradients can be steeper using kinetic energy from descending sections.
Design Methodology for Feasible Railway AlignmentIRJET Journal
This document describes the methodology for designing a feasible railway alignment between Nimerkhedi Station in Madhya Pradesh and a nearby power plant. The process involves reconnaissance, preliminary, and location surveys to determine the optimal route based on factors like topography, soil conditions, and costs. Horizontal and vertical alignments are designed through trial and error to set gradients and curves that allow trains to traverse changes in elevation within the required standards. Survey data on coordinates, ground levels, and obstacles is collected and analyzed to design the alignments that meet the objectives of connecting the two locations while minimizing construction costs.
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the contractor.
a) Single units work like doors, windows etc, is expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
4.
8 1 9
9 0 0
1000
950
900
850
8 5 2
E
A
B
1
1 0 1 1
9 4 0
850
E n d p o in t
E
B E G IN N I N G P O IN T
810
810
B
19 9 5
1 0 0 0
850
840
9 7 0
830
840ABONDONEDROAD
800
800
790
790
780
780
Specified end points of proposed highway
Beginning point – B
End point ‐ 1
DRAWING NO: Figure
Title: LOCATION OF PROPOSED HIGHWAY
SCALE (S) : As shown
5.
BACKGROUND AND SPECIFICATIONS
This section provides the basic information which the designer relies upon to
select the routes and undertake the design. The information should be clearly
stated also because it informs others about the base guidelines and assumptions
that have affected the outcome. These guidelines and assumptions may be the
subject of future policy changes resulting from the review of the preliminary
design but typically do not change during the preliminary design process.
In this project the background and specifications are presented in the
following pages:
Introduction and Background:
The preliminary route selection and design of the proposed highway is intended to exist in
exploring the cost and land use implications of connecting North road with Southwest Road at
points B and 1 respectively, shown on the location map. Tentative analysis of future traffic
levels has been made, including consideration of potential use of the state reservation as an
environmental research area, with possible public access.
Objectives:
In accordance with above background, it is required to conduct a preliminary route selection
and design for a 2 lane highway in accordance with AASHTO “Rural collector” highway design
standards. Two alternative routes initially investigated. However, only one Route is to be
selected for the design process, immediately following a brief screening of both routes.
Design policy:
In addition to Using the AASHTO policy on geometric design for “rural collector” highway as
basic design guidelines, several more specific guidelines has been defined within the IDOT and
general policy, resulting from examination or the environs of highway and its likely uses. The
traffic control devices should be provided in accordance with the latest version of MUTCD and
local regulations.
6.
Design designation:
Classification =Rural Collector
Design speed =40mph
ADT (current year) =0
ADT (future year) =4000
K =10%
D =60%
T =2%
Design Controls:
Design speed, V =40mph
Super elevation rate, e(max) =6%
Minimum Radius for above V and E =485 ft
(Also satisfies stopping sight dist. Requirements for horizontal curves)
Maximum grade, except at intersections =6%
Minimum grade (All locations) =0.5%
Maximum Vertical curve K value, drainage criteria =167
Design vehicle =WB‐50
Intersection Geometrics:
Horizontal intersection of proposed route with existing highway should be a minimum
of 100ft tangent segment as close to 90°as possible to the existing highway, but within
the range of 75° to 105°.
Maximum grade (+ or ‐) within 100ft of intersection
Lane Requirements:
Two lanes are minimum number of lanes for an adequate design. Therefore, the
highway will comprise 2‐12ft lanes with 8ft shoulders.
12.
SCREENING OF ALTERNATIVES
Examination of the profiles of Routes A and B, shown in figure , indicates that
both Routes A and B could provide a vertical profile which would conform with
the gradient and depth of cut and fill but that Route A requires excessive uphill
haul. For this and other reasons indicated in the summary screening process
shown in the figure, Route B is the one selected for technical feasibility.
SCREEN EVALUATION
S No. CRITERIA
ROUTE A ROUTE B
1
Length of Route 5322.29 ft 4919 FT
2
Conformance with
design controls
Full conformance
3
Cut and fill balance There is an even balance
Excessive cutting is
required
4
Need for bridges or
special structures
None None
5 Environmental impacts No obvious Environmental impacts
Excessive cut & fill
will lead to
environmental
impacts.
6
Potential high cost
items
None
Excessive hauling
& digging costs
involved
7
Haul direction Satisfactory
Excessive uphill
hauling.
CONCLUSIONS: Route‐A is longer than Route‐B, but Route B requires excessive
uphill haul and need to dispose of considerable earthwork off the site.
PROCEEDING WITH THE ROUTE‐A FOR ANALYSIS PURPOSES.
13.
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
The horizontal alignment can be developed for alternative B and the relevant
dimensions and angles computed and checked. The development of tangent and
curve distances may then be converted to stations and an estimate of the
traverse closure made to ensure that no gross errors have been made in the
scaling of distances and angles. As well as the dimensions of each of the tangent
and curve segments of the proposed highway, the stations are computed for
points along the centerline of the route.
Care must be taken to define clearly the location of the beginning and end
points of the proposed route, in this case assumed to be the centerlines of the
existing highways. Each curve radius is checked for compliance with the minimum
allowable radius of 485ft (According to BDE manual).
During this preliminary design stage for this class of highway, no attempt has
been made to illustrate the use of transition curves, however, the superelevation
curve has been designed and calculated and shown on drawings.