The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the contractor. a) Single units work like doors, windows etc, is expressed in numbers. b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)

1. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
 At present , there is no road that directly links
Badikhel - Bandegaun.
 People are compelled to take the long alternative
routes to travel from one village to another.

2. C. Scope
 To review the existing study reports, standards and
specifications.
 Detailed engineering survey of alignment.
 Preparation of topographical map.
 Study for cross-drainage works and propose suitable drainage
structure.

3.  Preparation of working drawings.
 Preparation of quantity and cost estimate.
 Preparation of survey and design report

4. D. Project location
 The proposed road is located in the Lalitpur District,
Bagmati Zone, Central Region. The road starts from
Badikhel and ends at Badegaun.
 The road runs along Karmanasha River corridor.
 The latitude and the longitude of the starting point are
27057’07’’ and 85035’27’’ respectively.

5. F. Hydrology And Meteorology
 Small temporary streams running only during monsoon
crosses the alignment with small discharge.
 The project area experiences marked seasonal and specific
climate variation with moderately hot summer and relatively
cool winters. Average temperature is 25oC in summer and 10oC
in winter.
 Almost 80% of the rainfall occurs during monsoon which
starts at the middle of the June and continues until the end of
August.

6. METHODOLOGY
DESK STUDY
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
FIELD WORK
EQUIPMENT USED FOR SURVEYING
OFFICE WORK

7. DESK STUDY
The geographical and the topographical maps
were studied and the relevant information
regarding the alignment selection, cross
drainage structures, gradient of the road were
discussed.
The strategy for the field study was made
accordingly.
The study team member discussed the related
matters of the project.

8. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
The study identified the following key social
issues for investigation:
Loss of private property and other assets (land,
houses and trees) and compensation modalities
for these losses.
Population displacement.

9. Construction employment opportunities.
Potentiality for social development.

10. FIELD WORK
In field, first of all recce was done and the terrain was
thoroughly observed and possible location of station
was fixed according to sight and leg ratio.
Survey work was done where first Reduced Level
(RL) was transferred for the vertical control and
elevation of the Station was fixed.
Detailed survey was done where details of every
feature of the site like foot trail, electric poles,
buildings, trees, river course, crossing structures etc.
was recorded.

11. EQUIPMENT USED FOR
SURVEYING
Total station
GPS device
Staff
Compass
Measuring tape
Hammer
Communicating Device

12. OFFICE WORK
Preparation of Plan, Profile and Cross-section
Quantity estimation
Analysis of the rates
Cost estimation
Report preparation

13. DESIGN

14. ROAD CLASSIFICATION
As per the NRS 2045, the road project falls on the category
of District Roads.

15.  A Design speed of 30 km/hr is taken for the design of
geometric parameters of the road.
DESIGN SPEED

16. 4.3 GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS
Parameters Values Remarks
No. of lane 1 As per NRS
Carriageway Width 3.75 m As per NRS
Shoulder Width 1 m (either side) As per the site condition
Right of way 10 m (either side) As per NRS
Camber 4% As per NRS
Shoulder Slope 5% As per NRS
Minimum Horizontal Curve Radius 12 m As per NRS
Maximum Superelevation 5% As per Design
Maximum Gradient 10.393% As per Design
Minimum Gradient 0.394% As per Design
Average Gradient 1.770% As per Design

17. The Design values are taken as recommended by NRS
2045 as far as practicable
The shoulder width is taken as 1 m considering the site
condition and the utility of the road
Minimum Gradient recommended by NRS (1% for better
drainage) cannot be incorporated considering the site
condition

18. Horizontal Alignment
 The most suitable horizontal alignment was selected
considering the following factors:
 Short (S)
 Easy (E)
 Safe (S)
 Economical (E)
 Minimum radius for the horizontal curve as recommended
by NRS is 12 m. The minimum radius of 12m is provided at
the intersection of existing road and proposed road.

19. The extrawidening and transition curves are not provided
owing to low design speed and simplicity in construction
A maximum of 5 % super elevation is provided at each
horizontal curve.
Superelevation is provided by rotation of pavement about
the center line.
Transition length for super elevation is provided as 5 m

20. VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
The vertical alignment includes the selection of suitable gradient
and design of summit and valley curves.
The maximum gradient is adopted 10.393% which is permissible
for the hill road as per NRS 2045.
All vertical curves are designed as Simple Parabolas

21. Summit curves are designed considering stopping sight
distance.
Valley curves are designed on the basis of night visibility
The radius of vertical curve is adopted as large as possible
so that all the factors are satisfied
The least vertical radius taken in design is 1000 m

22. CROSS SECTION DESIGN
Cross section is designed providing camber of 4% on
carriageway and 5 % on shoulder
For embankment the side slope of 1.5H: 1V and for cut the
side slope of 1H: 1V is adopted
Total pavement thickness of 28 cm is adopted as per CBR
method of design

23. Gravel is used as the sub-base course
Otta Seal is used as the surface course

24. DRAINAGE
Longitudinal drain is provided on the cut slope side of the road
The side slope is 1:1 and longitudinal slope is parallel to the
alignment
Earthen drain is provided from chainage 0+000 to the chainage of
1+251.35
Stoned masonry drain of thickness 20 cm is provided from the
chainage of 1+309.82 to chainage 2+027.24

25. Pipe culverts of 60 cm in diameter and total length of 7.5m
are provided at 12 sections of the road
They are provided at the lowest point of the vertical
alignment
A minimum depth of 60 cm is provided between the surface
of the pavement and the crown of the pipe

26. RETAINING STRUCTURES
Since the sufficient side slope is available on the
embankment side, no retaining structures are
adopted in the design

27. Plan and Profile
 Ch. 0+000-0+200
 Ch. 0+200-0+480
 Ch. 0+480-0+760
 Ch. 0+760-1+040
 Ch. 1+040-1+360
 Ch. 1+360-1+700
 Ch. 1+700-2+027.24

28. Cross Section
 Ch. 0+000-0+271.50
 Ch. 0+280-0+500
 Ch. 0+511.92-0+680
 Ch. 0+683.87-0+760
 Ch. 0+780-0+920
 Ch. 0+936.71-1+125.89
 Ch. 1+130.75-1+213.66
 Ch.1+220-1+319.59
 Ch.1+320-1+380
 Ch.1+397.04-1+465.09
 Ch.1+480-1+545.77
 Ch.1+560-1+800
 Ch.1+800.91-1+980
 Ch.1+984.58-2+027.24

29. Typical Pavement
Cross Drainage Structure

30. ESTIMATE
Quantity Estimate
Calculation of Earthwork
Necessary Calculations
Rate Analysis
BoQ /Cost Estimate

31. QUANTITY ESTIMATE
 Earthwork Calculations:
 Calculated at each cross-section
 Separate calculation according to soil type
 Total cut volume = 10283.57 m3
 Total fill volume = 16052.44 m3
 Balance (fill) = 5768.869 m3
 Earthwork for drain = 768.129 m3
All the detailed calculation is shown in the tabular
form in the following slides:

32. Contd………
 Necessary calculations:
i. For side drain:
Calculations were made taking the following design
considerations:
 Section = trapezoidal
 Depth: 0.3m
 Base width: 0.3m
 Side slope: 1:1
 Unlined earthen canal(Ch. 0+000 to 1251.35)
 Lined canal: (ch.1+309.82 to Ch. 2+027.24)
ii. Sub-grade calculations:

33. RATE ANALYSIS
 Rate analysis was performed under the
following criteria:
 The quantity of the materials, required labor
force and plants, machinery, tools and
equipments were taken from the work norms
provided by the DoR.
 The rate for the materials, labors, plants and
machinery, tools and equipments was taken
from the district rates provided by the Lalitpur
DDC.

34. COST ESTIMATE
 The BoQ was prepared on the basis of the
quantity of work calculated and rate analysis
done previously:
 The cost estimate is as below: