This document describes a design for an intelligent solar street light intensity controller to save energy. It uses sensors to detect vehicle movement and adjusts the intensity of LED street lights accordingly. When a vehicle is detected, the intensity of lights ahead is increased and then reduced after the vehicle passes. The system collects solar power and can also draw from the electric grid. It uses a microcontroller, sensors, LED lights and other components to automatically control light intensity based on vehicle movement to conserve energy from solar and grid sources.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
this research paper is helpful for those guys who are interested in solar based project and it is helpful for saving our electricity on highways, roads, street...
IRJET - Dual Axis Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracking system that uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and servo motors to orient a solar panel towards the sun for maximum sunlight exposure. The system includes an Arduino board that receives input from four LDRs and controls two servo motors to rotate the solar panel on two axes. Testing showed the dual-axis solar tracker generated 10.53 more watts of power compared to fixed and single-axis systems by continuously adjusting the panel's orientation to directly face the sun. The dual-axis design allows for higher energy output and flexibility to track the sun's movement across the sky.
IRJET - Renewable Energy based Robotic Grass Cutter using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a solar-powered robotic grass cutter that uses the Internet of Things (IoT). The grass cutter is fully automated and powered by solar panels. It avoids obstacles autonomously and can cut grass without human intervention. A PIC microcontroller controls the motors that power the vehicle and cut the grass. Solar energy charges lead-acid batteries that power the motors. A Node MCU module connects the grass cutter to the internet, allowing its battery level to be monitored remotely using a mobile app. This makes the grass cutter autonomous and allows it to be controlled and monitored from anywhere.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a project that utilizes solar energy for smart street lighting. The project aims to make livelihoods more eco-friendly by using solar energy to power street lights in a way that controls their intensity based on sunlight levels throughout the day. Solar panels convert sunlight to electricity that is stored in batteries and used to power the street lights. The system is designed to dim the lights at dawn and dusk and turn them off at night, reducing energy consumption. The document discusses the motivation behind using renewable solar energy over fossil fuels to power street lights and provides an organization of the thesis and details on the project.
Development of 30 Watt Solar Bag with Wireless Power Transmission UnitIJERA Editor
The development of 30 watt Solar bag with wireless power transmission unit using photo voltaic cells to charge
tablets, mobile phones, smart phones, digital cameras and all types of batteries (Including 12 volt acid and dry
cell for emergency situations) using in such kind of appliances. The phenomenon that we have implanted in our
project to transmit wireless power is resonant coupling. The Battery backup of the solar bag would be around 2
hours with load estimation of around 30 watts. Our product is very user friendly as it allows us the power
transmission in the range of 12 inches, whereas we have also implemented the overall logic by using PIC
Microcontroller based model 16F877A to enhance its versatility.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker system that uses a microcontroller to rotate solar panels throughout the day to maximize solar energy collection. The system tracks the sun's movement across the sky by using a real-time clock and microcontroller to calculate the sun's position and send signals to a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to increase solar panel efficiency by more than 40% compared to fixed panels. The system was tested outdoors where it successfully tracked the sun and measurements found it increased hourly solar energy production.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
this research paper is helpful for those guys who are interested in solar based project and it is helpful for saving our electricity on highways, roads, street...
IRJET - Dual Axis Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracking system that uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and servo motors to orient a solar panel towards the sun for maximum sunlight exposure. The system includes an Arduino board that receives input from four LDRs and controls two servo motors to rotate the solar panel on two axes. Testing showed the dual-axis solar tracker generated 10.53 more watts of power compared to fixed and single-axis systems by continuously adjusting the panel's orientation to directly face the sun. The dual-axis design allows for higher energy output and flexibility to track the sun's movement across the sky.
IRJET - Renewable Energy based Robotic Grass Cutter using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a solar-powered robotic grass cutter that uses the Internet of Things (IoT). The grass cutter is fully automated and powered by solar panels. It avoids obstacles autonomously and can cut grass without human intervention. A PIC microcontroller controls the motors that power the vehicle and cut the grass. Solar energy charges lead-acid batteries that power the motors. A Node MCU module connects the grass cutter to the internet, allowing its battery level to be monitored remotely using a mobile app. This makes the grass cutter autonomous and allows it to be controlled and monitored from anywhere.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a project that utilizes solar energy for smart street lighting. The project aims to make livelihoods more eco-friendly by using solar energy to power street lights in a way that controls their intensity based on sunlight levels throughout the day. Solar panels convert sunlight to electricity that is stored in batteries and used to power the street lights. The system is designed to dim the lights at dawn and dusk and turn them off at night, reducing energy consumption. The document discusses the motivation behind using renewable solar energy over fossil fuels to power street lights and provides an organization of the thesis and details on the project.
Development of 30 Watt Solar Bag with Wireless Power Transmission UnitIJERA Editor
The development of 30 watt Solar bag with wireless power transmission unit using photo voltaic cells to charge
tablets, mobile phones, smart phones, digital cameras and all types of batteries (Including 12 volt acid and dry
cell for emergency situations) using in such kind of appliances. The phenomenon that we have implanted in our
project to transmit wireless power is resonant coupling. The Battery backup of the solar bag would be around 2
hours with load estimation of around 30 watts. Our product is very user friendly as it allows us the power
transmission in the range of 12 inches, whereas we have also implemented the overall logic by using PIC
Microcontroller based model 16F877A to enhance its versatility.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker system that uses a microcontroller to rotate solar panels throughout the day to maximize solar energy collection. The system tracks the sun's movement across the sky by using a real-time clock and microcontroller to calculate the sun's position and send signals to a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to increase solar panel efficiency by more than 40% compared to fixed panels. The system was tested outdoors where it successfully tracked the sun and measurements found it increased hourly solar energy production.
Design and development of advanced microcontroller based solar battery charge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses India's National Solar Mission, which aims to promote ecologically sustainable growth and address India's energy security challenges through increasing solar power generation. The mission has specific targets for increasing solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power over three phases from 2010-2022. It also discusses the technologies involved like solar photovoltaic cells, modules, inverters, and the factors that make India well-suited for solar power development like the high number of sunny days per year.
The document discusses India's National Solar Mission which aims to promote solar energy and address India's energy security challenges. The key points are:
- The National Solar Mission was launched in 2010 and has targets for increasing solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power by 2022.
- It supports various business models for delivering off-grid solar applications to rural areas.
- The mission aims to deploy solar technologies like photovoltaic cells, inverters, batteries and develop standards for components to increase solar power generation and utilization across India.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
This document provides details on the design and fabrication of a solar powered multi-purpose weed cutting machine. The machine aims to reduce physical labor for cutting weeds using renewable solar energy as the power source. Key components include a solar panel, battery, DC motor, and cutting blades attached via a link mechanism. The machine is designed to be lightweight, easy to operate, and eco-friendly without environmental pollution. Future improvements could make it applicable for other agricultural tasks and fully solar powered.
Design and Development of Reliable Solar Tracking System with Rotation and Ti...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a solar tracking system that allows for both rotation and tilt of solar panels. The system uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity and determine the sun's position. An Arduino microcontroller receives input from the LDRs and controls stepper motors to rotate the solar panel. A mechanical damper is also used to tilt the panel for maximum sunlight absorption. The tracking system aims to keep the solar panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day for improved energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels.
India has been promoting solar power development through initiatives like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. The goal is to install 20GW of solar power generation capacity by 2022 to help meet energy demands and address climate change. Solar power costs in India have been decreasing and are now competitive with fossil fuel alternatives in some applications like rooftop solar. Further cost reductions and innovation will help solar power expand its reach.
This document discusses the design of a GUI based remote control system for a Gas Reduction System (GRS) using a PIC microcontroller. The GRS is currently controlled manually from a control room about 150m away, which can lead to human errors. The proposed system would automate the monitoring and control of the GRS through a GUI and PIC microcontroller to reduce human errors. A PIC16F877A microcontroller is selected for its low power consumption and integrated peripherals. The system would interface with the GRS through input/output circuits on the PIC to remotely control gas pressure, temperature and other functions from the GUI.
IRJET - Two Axis with Four Sensors Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a two-axis solar tracking system with four light dependent resistor (LDR) sensors. The system uses an Arduino UNO microcontroller to control two DC motors that adjust the position of a solar panel based on input from the four LDR sensors. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send signals to the Arduino to rotate the solar panel and ensure it remains perpendicular to the sun's rays for maximum energy absorption. Experimental results showed the dual-axis tracking system increased solar panel efficiency by up to 40% compared to a fixed solar panel system. The low-cost system provides an automatic way to track the sun's movement and improve renewable energy harvesting.
This document describes the benefits of a dual axis solar tracker. It begins by providing background on solar energy production in India and the technologies of photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It then discusses how single and dual axis solar trackers work, with dual axis trackers able to follow the sun's movement across the sky more precisely for about 40% greater energy production. The document outlines the circuit diagram and components used in the dual axis solar tracker, including Arduino, servo motors, light dependent resistors and charge controller. It concludes by discussing the financial benefits and future improvements possible with solar tracking technologies.
This document describes the design and testing of an azimuth-altitude dual axis solar tracker. It was created by two undergraduate students at Worcester Polytechnic Institute as their final project. The tracker was designed to have a maximum angular error of 10 degrees and to provide efficient solar power generation for use in underprivileged countries. It includes details on the mechanical design of the tracker components as well as the electrical systems for power, control, sensing solar position, and digital logic. Test results showed the tracker had an angular error of 1.5 degrees or less and was calculated to provide a 48.9% annual energy gain compared to a fixed panel or 36.5% gain over a single axis tracker.
IRJET- Role of Solar Powered Automatic Traffic Light Controller for Energy Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed solar powered automatic traffic light controller system to conserve energy. The system uses photovoltaic panels, a charge controller, lead-acid batteries, and an AVR microcontroller to power and automatically control traffic lights during the day and night based on vehicle density. It aims to reduce energy consumption and costs compared to grid-powered traffic lights by harnessing solar energy. An energy survey of traffic lights in the city of Salem, India found they consume 1752 kWh per year, which the solar powered system could help save.
Sun trcking solar panel ekdm final reportAJEETKUMAR397
This document provides information on how a sun tracking solar panel works including its components and circuit design. It contains a circuit diagram and descriptions of the key components including a solar panel, microcontroller, light dependent resistors, servo motor, resistors, capacitors, and other parts. The system uses two LDRs to sense light intensity and a servo motor connected to the solar panel to rotate it toward the direction of the sun for maximum efficiency.
An Efficient Microcontroller Based Sun Tracker Control for Solar Cell SystemsIJECEIAES
The solar energy is fast becoming a different means of electricity resource. Now in world Fossil fuels are seriously depleting thus the need for another energy source is a necessity. To create effective utilization of its solar, energy efficiency must be maximized. An attainable way to deal with amplifying the power output of sun-powered exhibit is by sun tracking. This paper presents the control system for a solar cell orientation device which follows the sun in real time during daytime.
The document discusses India's Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, a major government initiative to promote solar energy. The mission has 3 phases running from 2010-2022 with targets to increase solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power. It aims to make a major contribution to India's energy security and reduce climate change impacts. Key components of solar photovoltaic systems are discussed including panels, batteries, charge controllers, inverters and the balance of system components. India has good potential for solar power given its sunlight availability. Standards and research facilities support the development and use of solar technologies in India.
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
This document describes a single axis smart solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses two LDR sensors and a servo motor connected to an Arduino to track the sun and maximize energy collection from a photovoltaic panel. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send readings to the Arduino, which controls the servo motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly. Testing showed the system successfully orients the panel toward a light source to improve efficiency over a stationary panel. In conclusion, the project demonstrated that LDR sensors and an Arduino can effectively track the sun's position with a simple, low-cost design.
What is standalone solar electric system?Dr.Raja R
Standalone Solar (PV) system with only DC load
Standalone Solar (PV) system with DC load and Electronics control circuitry
Standalone Solar (PV) system with DC load, Electronics control circuitry and Battery
Standalone Solar (PV) system with AC/DC load, Electronics control circuitry and Battery.
The document reports on the design of a 450W solar battery charging system. It involves modeling a 450W solar panel using a piecewise linear model with 4 segments. A SEPIC DC-DC converter is designed to charge a 12V 30Ah battery from the solar panel. Key components of the SEPIC converter like MOSFET, inductors, and capacitors are selected. Simulation results show the SEPIC converter can regulate the solar panel voltage to charge the battery efficiently. An MPPT controller is also included to maximize solar power extraction. The system is designed and simulated using PSIM software.
IOT BASED ENERGY PREDECTION AND THEFT PROTECTED AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER SYSTEMIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an IoT-based solar tracking system that increases solar panel efficiency by keeping the panel aligned with the sun.
2. It uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and direct a motor to adjust the panel's orientation accordingly.
3. The system also includes features like energy prediction using past voltage data, facial recognition for emotion analysis, and SMS alerts to detect potential theft.
1. The document describes the design and development of a dual axis solar tracking system that aims to maximize the performance of photovoltaic modules by constantly aligning them with the sun's rays.
2. The system uses an ATmega328P microcontroller to control two servo motors that rotate the solar array in two axes based on inputs from four light sensors located near the array.
3. Testing showed the designed dual axis solar tracking system was able to keep the panels aligned with the sun or any light source repeatedly, and such a system could increase the energy output of a PV installation by up to 8 times compared to a fixed structure.
Design and development of advanced microcontroller based solar battery charge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses India's National Solar Mission, which aims to promote ecologically sustainable growth and address India's energy security challenges through increasing solar power generation. The mission has specific targets for increasing solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power over three phases from 2010-2022. It also discusses the technologies involved like solar photovoltaic cells, modules, inverters, and the factors that make India well-suited for solar power development like the high number of sunny days per year.
The document discusses India's National Solar Mission which aims to promote solar energy and address India's energy security challenges. The key points are:
- The National Solar Mission was launched in 2010 and has targets for increasing solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power by 2022.
- It supports various business models for delivering off-grid solar applications to rural areas.
- The mission aims to deploy solar technologies like photovoltaic cells, inverters, batteries and develop standards for components to increase solar power generation and utilization across India.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
This document provides details on the design and fabrication of a solar powered multi-purpose weed cutting machine. The machine aims to reduce physical labor for cutting weeds using renewable solar energy as the power source. Key components include a solar panel, battery, DC motor, and cutting blades attached via a link mechanism. The machine is designed to be lightweight, easy to operate, and eco-friendly without environmental pollution. Future improvements could make it applicable for other agricultural tasks and fully solar powered.
Design and Development of Reliable Solar Tracking System with Rotation and Ti...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a solar tracking system that allows for both rotation and tilt of solar panels. The system uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity and determine the sun's position. An Arduino microcontroller receives input from the LDRs and controls stepper motors to rotate the solar panel. A mechanical damper is also used to tilt the panel for maximum sunlight absorption. The tracking system aims to keep the solar panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day for improved energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels.
India has been promoting solar power development through initiatives like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. The goal is to install 20GW of solar power generation capacity by 2022 to help meet energy demands and address climate change. Solar power costs in India have been decreasing and are now competitive with fossil fuel alternatives in some applications like rooftop solar. Further cost reductions and innovation will help solar power expand its reach.
This document discusses the design of a GUI based remote control system for a Gas Reduction System (GRS) using a PIC microcontroller. The GRS is currently controlled manually from a control room about 150m away, which can lead to human errors. The proposed system would automate the monitoring and control of the GRS through a GUI and PIC microcontroller to reduce human errors. A PIC16F877A microcontroller is selected for its low power consumption and integrated peripherals. The system would interface with the GRS through input/output circuits on the PIC to remotely control gas pressure, temperature and other functions from the GUI.
IRJET - Two Axis with Four Sensors Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a two-axis solar tracking system with four light dependent resistor (LDR) sensors. The system uses an Arduino UNO microcontroller to control two DC motors that adjust the position of a solar panel based on input from the four LDR sensors. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send signals to the Arduino to rotate the solar panel and ensure it remains perpendicular to the sun's rays for maximum energy absorption. Experimental results showed the dual-axis tracking system increased solar panel efficiency by up to 40% compared to a fixed solar panel system. The low-cost system provides an automatic way to track the sun's movement and improve renewable energy harvesting.
This document describes the benefits of a dual axis solar tracker. It begins by providing background on solar energy production in India and the technologies of photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It then discusses how single and dual axis solar trackers work, with dual axis trackers able to follow the sun's movement across the sky more precisely for about 40% greater energy production. The document outlines the circuit diagram and components used in the dual axis solar tracker, including Arduino, servo motors, light dependent resistors and charge controller. It concludes by discussing the financial benefits and future improvements possible with solar tracking technologies.
This document describes the design and testing of an azimuth-altitude dual axis solar tracker. It was created by two undergraduate students at Worcester Polytechnic Institute as their final project. The tracker was designed to have a maximum angular error of 10 degrees and to provide efficient solar power generation for use in underprivileged countries. It includes details on the mechanical design of the tracker components as well as the electrical systems for power, control, sensing solar position, and digital logic. Test results showed the tracker had an angular error of 1.5 degrees or less and was calculated to provide a 48.9% annual energy gain compared to a fixed panel or 36.5% gain over a single axis tracker.
IRJET- Role of Solar Powered Automatic Traffic Light Controller for Energy Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed solar powered automatic traffic light controller system to conserve energy. The system uses photovoltaic panels, a charge controller, lead-acid batteries, and an AVR microcontroller to power and automatically control traffic lights during the day and night based on vehicle density. It aims to reduce energy consumption and costs compared to grid-powered traffic lights by harnessing solar energy. An energy survey of traffic lights in the city of Salem, India found they consume 1752 kWh per year, which the solar powered system could help save.
Sun trcking solar panel ekdm final reportAJEETKUMAR397
This document provides information on how a sun tracking solar panel works including its components and circuit design. It contains a circuit diagram and descriptions of the key components including a solar panel, microcontroller, light dependent resistors, servo motor, resistors, capacitors, and other parts. The system uses two LDRs to sense light intensity and a servo motor connected to the solar panel to rotate it toward the direction of the sun for maximum efficiency.
An Efficient Microcontroller Based Sun Tracker Control for Solar Cell SystemsIJECEIAES
The solar energy is fast becoming a different means of electricity resource. Now in world Fossil fuels are seriously depleting thus the need for another energy source is a necessity. To create effective utilization of its solar, energy efficiency must be maximized. An attainable way to deal with amplifying the power output of sun-powered exhibit is by sun tracking. This paper presents the control system for a solar cell orientation device which follows the sun in real time during daytime.
The document discusses India's Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, a major government initiative to promote solar energy. The mission has 3 phases running from 2010-2022 with targets to increase solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power. It aims to make a major contribution to India's energy security and reduce climate change impacts. Key components of solar photovoltaic systems are discussed including panels, batteries, charge controllers, inverters and the balance of system components. India has good potential for solar power given its sunlight availability. Standards and research facilities support the development and use of solar technologies in India.
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
This document describes a single axis smart solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses two LDR sensors and a servo motor connected to an Arduino to track the sun and maximize energy collection from a photovoltaic panel. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send readings to the Arduino, which controls the servo motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly. Testing showed the system successfully orients the panel toward a light source to improve efficiency over a stationary panel. In conclusion, the project demonstrated that LDR sensors and an Arduino can effectively track the sun's position with a simple, low-cost design.
What is standalone solar electric system?Dr.Raja R
Standalone Solar (PV) system with only DC load
Standalone Solar (PV) system with DC load and Electronics control circuitry
Standalone Solar (PV) system with DC load, Electronics control circuitry and Battery
Standalone Solar (PV) system with AC/DC load, Electronics control circuitry and Battery.
The document reports on the design of a 450W solar battery charging system. It involves modeling a 450W solar panel using a piecewise linear model with 4 segments. A SEPIC DC-DC converter is designed to charge a 12V 30Ah battery from the solar panel. Key components of the SEPIC converter like MOSFET, inductors, and capacitors are selected. Simulation results show the SEPIC converter can regulate the solar panel voltage to charge the battery efficiently. An MPPT controller is also included to maximize solar power extraction. The system is designed and simulated using PSIM software.
IOT BASED ENERGY PREDECTION AND THEFT PROTECTED AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER SYSTEMIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an IoT-based solar tracking system that increases solar panel efficiency by keeping the panel aligned with the sun.
2. It uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and direct a motor to adjust the panel's orientation accordingly.
3. The system also includes features like energy prediction using past voltage data, facial recognition for emotion analysis, and SMS alerts to detect potential theft.
1. The document describes the design and development of a dual axis solar tracking system that aims to maximize the performance of photovoltaic modules by constantly aligning them with the sun's rays.
2. The system uses an ATmega328P microcontroller to control two servo motors that rotate the solar array in two axes based on inputs from four light sensors located near the array.
3. Testing showed the designed dual axis solar tracking system was able to keep the panels aligned with the sun or any light source repeatedly, and such a system could increase the energy output of a PV installation by up to 8 times compared to a fixed structure.
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The need for an energy sources is on the rise as the world is facing energy crisis and global warming. This paper suggests the system which makes an effective use of solar energy to drive the street lights. This system is consisting of <i> solar panel for the generation of electricity from the sun. <ii> Battery is used to store the generated electricity. <iii> In any solar application battery life is important therefore Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) algorithm is used for the maximum power extraction from the panel as to increase the battery life.<iv> Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s) are used for lightening purpose instead of any other lamps <v> GSM is used here to provide the feedback regarding the status of street lights to the control room so that the corrective action could be taken. By implementing this system we can surely reduce the darkness on the streets without harming the environment as the system is eco-friendly. Key Words: GSM, LDR, LED, MPPT, PWM.
An investigation of an Arduino-based solar tracking system with panel surface...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study investigating an Arduino-based solar tracking system with an integrated panel cleaning mechanism. The system uses light dependent resistors to sense sunlight intensity and direct a servo motor to adjust the solar panel orientation to maximize energy capture from the sun throughout the day. It also includes motorized wipers to periodically clean the panel surface. The findings indicate that the solar tracking panel produces more energy than a stationary panel and that keeping the panel surface clean further enhances energy production. The system aims to improve solar energy efficiency.
Hybrid Inverter Using Solar Battery ChargerIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a study on a hybrid inverter that uses both solar energy and grid electricity to generate power. The hybrid inverter combines solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and an inverter.
2) The hybrid inverter operates in two modes - grid-tied mode uses grid power to supplement solar power, while standalone mode uses only solar and battery power.
3) Testing showed the hybrid inverter is efficient, reliable, and cost-effective. It can reduce energy use and carbon emissions, making it suitable for domestic and commercial use.
Prototype solar power plant in laboratory electrical energy conversioneSAT Journals
Abstract Continuity and availability of electrical energy have to maintained, the government appealed for saving electrical energy. The lack of electrical energy conversion research centers in universities lead to knowledge conversion of electrical energy to the campus community is still limited.These problems will be conducted research design and test of Solar Power Plant in Electrical Energy Research Center UKI Paul Makassar. Solar energy is converted into electrical energy obtained through Solar Power Slant System (photovoltaic).The purpose of this research is to design and analyze the amount of energy produced by Solar Power Plant to study the electrical energy at laboratoty of the electrical energy conversion UKI Paulus Makassar. This study used a method of literature study, system design, and analysis. Characteristics of the solar panels used capacity of 9 units x 50 = 450 Wp are connected in parallel, Vmax = 25.5 Volts, Iout = 14 A, the operating time of 6 hours each day. Capacity of the accumulators 2 x 12 Volt units = 24 Volt, 65 Ah. Current capacity of the battery charge regulator (BCR) 40 A. Capacity of 10 kW power inverter Testing of solar systems to use solar insolation data is lowest at 3:51 days/ hours. Key Words: Solar Power Plant (SPP), Solar Panels, Solar Energy
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
The document describes the design and simulation of a stand-alone integrated renewable energy system for remote areas using solar and wind energy resources. Key points:
- The system was designed to provide electricity to off-grid rural households using local renewable resources to avoid the high costs of grid extension.
- Models of the solar photovoltaic system and variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator were developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
- The solar and wind systems were integrated by connecting them to a common DC bus, allowing both sources to supply the isolated load. Power conversion circuits like boost converters and inverters were included to condition the output.
- Simulation results of the integrated renewable energy system design
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Based PV Array to Produce Electric EnergyIRJET Journal
This document reviews maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a photovoltaic (PV) array to produce electric energy. It discusses how an MPPT charge controller uses a perturbation and observation algorithm to optimize the match between the solar PV panels and a battery bank. This improves the efficiency of the solar panels and protects the battery from overcharging. The MPPT controller helps transfer maximum available power from the PV array to charge the batteries by adjusting the voltage level as sunlight intensity fluctuates throughout the day.
Implementation of mppt algorithm on pv panel using pic16 f877 controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Most of the pathogenic organisms have antibiotic resistant strains hence there is a need to identify new drug targets to design new drugs to combat the disease.Subtractive genomics approach is one of the recently adopted methodologies to identify novel drug targets specific to the pathogen to avoid any cross reactivity and side effects.This methodology uses various tools and databases to find essential proteins that are indispensible for the survival or virulence of the organism andare absent in the host. A survey was done on the databases and tools generally usedby the researchers to carry out this work on different pathogenic organism. Databases like NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) genome database, DEG BlastP (Database of Essential Genes and Genomes), BlastP (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia for Genes and Genomes) database, Drug bank database are used in most of the studies. Tools and web servers such as CD HIT (Cluster database at high identity with tolerance) and CELLO are mostly used. Keywords: - NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information), DEG BlastP (Database of Essential Genes and Genomes), BlastP (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia for Genes and Genomes), CD HIT(Cluster database at high identity with tolerance), DEG-BlastP ( Database of essential Genes Protein Blast)
The document describes an automatic solar tracking system created by students. It includes:
1. An introduction to solar trackers and the need for a tracking system to increase solar panel efficiency.
2. Details about the types of solar trackers, the internal components and block diagram of the system, including solar panels, a stepper motor, microcontroller, and light dependent resistors.
3. An explanation of how the system works by tracking the sun throughout the day and the advantages it provides like increased power output and reduced costs.
IRJET- Atomized Solar Pump for Industrial/Agricultural Purpose using PIC Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed solar-powered automated water pumping system that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuel-based pumping systems in villages. The system uses a PIC microcontroller to control a solar panel, battery, DC motor, level sensor, and other components. When the solar panel voltage is insufficient, the system automatically switches to the battery or grid supply to power the water pump. The system aims to provide a reliable and cost-effective renewable energy solution for irrigation and other water needs while avoiding environmental impacts from fossil fuels. Testing showed the system successfully switches power sources to operate the pump based on available solar, battery, and grid voltage levels. Potential applications include agriculture, colleges, hospitals, and homes.
ATMEGA 328SOLAR TRACKING CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM FOR POWER POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT.IRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking closed loop system that automatically orients solar panels towards the sun for maximum power generation. It uses an Arduino microcontroller, light dependent resistors as sensors, a DC gear motor to rotate the panels, and other components. The system continuously monitors the light intensity with the sensors and turns the panels to face the direction with strongest light. This keeps the panels oriented towards the sun throughout the day to improve efficiency compared to fixed panels. When the sun is not visible, such as at night, the system stops tracking and waits for sunlight to resume tracking the next day. The automatic solar tracking system aims to maximize the use of solar energy by maintaining optimal sun exposure for solar panels.
IRJET- IoT based Solar Power Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes an IOT-based solar power monitoring system that can monitor and control a solar photovoltaic system remotely. The system uses sensors to monitor the voltage, current, and power output of solar panels. A microcontroller connects the sensors to the internet via WiFi to upload the data to a cloud server. The system also includes a sun tracking mechanism using an LDR sensor and DC motor to automatically rotate the solar panels and maximize sunlight exposure for increased efficiency. The remote monitoring capabilities allow users to view the solar panel performance from anywhere via a web interface.
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
Design and Calculation of standalone system for Devon valley (TQ14 OEY) near ...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and calculation of a standalone solar power system for a cottage house in Devon Valley, England. It begins with an abstract and introduction on harnessing solar energy. It then outlines the methodology used, which includes analyzing the house's daily load consumption, calculating solar irradiation data using PVGIS software, sizing the solar array and other system components like batteries and inverters. The key steps involve determining the energy required from the PV array based on the daily load and system efficiencies. 54 panels of 500W each are selected to meet the daily energy demand of 26.78 kWh. The battery bank and charge controller capacities are then sized accordingly. The inverter is selected to be 8000W based on the daily
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER eeiej_journal
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid powergeneration technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun
This document describes a solar panel-powered street lighting system that uses a microcontroller to automatically track the sun and provide lighting at night. The system includes:
1. A PIC16F877A microcontroller that controls the system components and tracks the solar panel position using a motor.
2. A real-time clock and light dependent resistor that help determine when to activate the tracking motor and provide lighting.
3. A solar panel, battery for power storage, and LED lights for the street lighting. The solar panel charges the battery during the day and provides power to the lights at night.
4. An LCD display to show system information and status. The microcontroller sends messages to the
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER eeiej_journal
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid power generation technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW, which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many areas.
This document describes a proposed system for insolation garner using IoT. The key aspects are:
1. The system uses sensors like LDR, temperature, voltage connected to a NodeMCU microcontroller to monitor solar panel performance and send the data to the cloud using IoT.
2. The microcontroller controls a motor to automatically adjust the solar panel orientation based on LDR sensor readings to track sunlight for maximum efficiency.
3. Users can access the sensor readings like voltage, temperature from anywhere using a mobile app to monitor the system and detect any issues.
1. International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJRAET)
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Design of Modern Solar Street Light Intensity Controller: An Energy
Saving Approach
1
Malaya Kumar Rout, 2
Sushant Meher, 3
Jagannath Dhar, 4
Yashraj Sahu, 5
Satyabrata Das
1,3
M.Tech Scholar Department of ESD and 2,4
CSE, SUIIT, Burla, India
5
Department of CSE, VSSUT, Burla, India
Abstract : Due to rapidly increase urban sector in India
large volume of energy is required for it shows the answer
is Renewal Energy in the form of Solar Energy which is
presently used in urban sector of India whether it’s used
for domestic as well as the corporate sector. Now a days
Light Emitting Diode (LED) based lamps are replacing the
High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps are used in the
urban street light, thus intensity control is possible by pulse
width modulation based on sensing the movement of
vehicles. In the present text, in lighting the street light, as
the vehicle moves the intensity goes on increasing for the
few lights ahead and as it is passed away the intensity goes
on reducing. This paper gives the basic ideas about the
control the intensity of street light by the programmable
micro controller to reducing as well as save the energy, as a
result the programmable micro controller was engaged to
provide different intensity at different condition.
GENERAL TERMS : Embedded System Design
Keywords : Solar system, Grid, Micro-controller, LED.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all
kinds of work ofhuman beings and nature [1] [2].
Energy is a crucial commodity in the process of
economic, social and industrial development. As
conventional energy sources are depleting day by day,
utilization of alternative energy source is the only
solution [3]. The increased power demand, depleting
fossil fuel resources and growing environmental
pollution have led the world to think seriously for other
alternative source of energy and save this energy as
much as possible. In this paper, we design an automatic
dark detector and auto intensity control of street light [4]
[5] [6] and it will take energy from the sun as well as
from the local grid. Photodiodes (PD) are used on one
side of the road. One Switching Transistor (ST) is meant
for each PD. Each reversed biased PD is connection to
the base of the ST. one Infra-Red (IR) diodes faces each
PD on the other side of the road. When used no vehicle
obstruction is there, the IR ray falls on the PD forcing
the ST that conducts form controller toemitter like a
switch. One variable resistor is used to control adequate
base current of ST, as parameters of each conducting PD
may be different from each other, while IR rays fall
upon. The conducting ST develops a logic zero state at
its collector that feeds one of the micro-controller pins
that acts as an input. Eight such inputs are made by
above arrangement.
II. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
A. SOLAR CELLS
Solar cells are the building block of Photo Voltaic (PV)
system. It is a form of photoelectric cell which, when
exposed to light, can generate and support an electric
current without being attached to any external voltage
source. Solar cells produce direct current electricity
from sunlight, which can be used to power equipment or
to charge a battery. Solar cells require protection from
the environments and are usually packaged tightly
behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than
a single cell can deliver, cells are electrically connected
together to form photovoltaic modules or solar panels as
shown in Fig. 1. Solar cells are often electrically
connected and encapsulated as a module. Solar cells
have many applications. They have been used in
situations where electrical power from the grid is
unavailable, such as in remote area power system as
well as the urban area power system. The power
produced by the PV cells fluctuates with the intensity of
the sunshine. It is to be used to charge batteries first and
then the batteries used.
Fig. 1. Solar Panel
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B. CHARGE CONTROLLER
A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator
limits the rate at which electric current is added or
drawn from the batteries. The term “charge controller”
or “charge regulator” may refer to either a stand-alone
device or to control circuitry integrated within a battery
pack, battery-powered device or battery recharge. It
prevents overcharging and may prevent against over
voltage, which can reduce battery performance or
lifespan, and may pose a safety risk. It may also prevent
completely draining (deep discharging) a battery [7].
The circuit diagram of a charge controller is shown in
below Fig. 2.
(a) Off-Grid System
Fig. 2. Solar Charge Controller
Solar charge controller basically divided into two types:
standalone charge controller and integrated charge
controller. Stand-alone charge controllers are sold to
consumer as separate devices, often in conjunction with
solar or wind power generators, for uses such as PV,
boat, and off-the grid home battery storage system. In
solar application, charge controller may also be called
solar regulators some charge controllers or solar
regulators have added features, such as a low voltage
disconnect, a separate circuit which power down the
load when the batteries become overly discharged.
Simply charge controller stop charging a battery when
they exceed a set high voltage level and re-enable
charging when battery voltage drop back below that
level. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Technology is charging
rates depending on the battery level, to allow charging
closer to its maximum capacity, but in case of integrated
charge controller it functions as a charge regulator
controller may consist of several electrical components
or may be encapsulated in a single microchip. An
integrated circuit (IC) usually called a charge controller
IC.
(b) On-Grid System
Fig. 3. Different Solar Power System
D. LDR (LIGHT-DEPENDENT-RESISTOR)
A photo resistor or Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) or
photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor, which is
shown in Fig. 4. The resistance of a photo resistor
decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in
other words, it exhibits photo conductivity.
C. SOLAR POWER SYSTEM
Solar power system can be classified as two types
depending on the connection to the system: on a grid
system and off grid systems (stand-alone system). Grid
connected photovoltaic power system is a power
systems energized by photovoltaic panels which are
connected to the utility grid [3]. The term off grid refers
to not being connected to the grid, mainly used in terms
of not being connected to the main and national
transmission of electricity. In electricity off-grid can be
Stand-Alone System (SAS) or mini grid typically to
provide a smaller community with electricity. The term
Off-The Grid (OTG) can refer to living in a self-
sufficient manner without reliance on one or more
public utilization [8] [9]. The different power system is
shown on below Fig. 3.
Fig. 4. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
A photo resistor can be applied in light-sensitive
detector circuits and light and dark-activated switching
circuits. LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very
useful, especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally
the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high
as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with
light resistance drops dramatically to the base of the
transistors. Consequently the LED does not light.
However, when light shines onto the LDR its resistance
falls and current flows into the base of the first transistor
and then the second transistor. The resistor can be turned
up or down to increase or decrease resistance, in this
way it can make the circuit more or less sensitive. That
means light must shine into the LDR for the circuit to be
activated. But here a circuit design of the same
components that activates when it is DARK.
3. International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJRAET)
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E. LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
LEDs are semiconductor devices like transistors and
other diodes. LEDs are made out of silicon. The small
amount of chemical impurities that are added to the
silicon such as gallium, arsenide, indium and nitride
makes an LED lightened, which is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
When current passes through the LED. It emits photons
as a by-product. LEDs produce photons directly; not via
heat. An LED is usually a small area (less than 1MM2
)
light source. The color of the emitted light depends on
the composition and condition of the semiconductor and
the condition of the semiconducting materials. LEDs
have a dynamic resistance that depending on how much
current passes through them. Among the specifications
for LEDs, a “maximum forward current” rating is
usually given. LEDs consume a certain voltage known
as the “forward voltage drop”. A voltage source and a
resistor are connected into drive an LED.
F. LIGHT SENSOR
Light Sensors often use an infra-red LED as a light
source is shown in Fig. 6. Infra-red LEDs have a greater
intensity than LEDs that emit visible light. When infra-
red photo-diodes are used in the sensors, they become
relatively insensitive to ambient light. The photoelectric
light source is often modulated at a given frequency to
prevent interference from ambient light, but flashes or
reflection can be still full light-active ted sensors. This
problem is solved by modulated receiver. Here the
detector is synchronized to the light source frequency.
Photoelectric sensors are the development of the
modular devices. Sensor heads can be combined with a
separate base and power supply and with various logic
options. Also the logic options can be changed in the
field without disturbing wiring or beam alignment. This
minimizes downtime and allows unskilled personnel to
repair equipment. Fiber optic is small; some are about
1/16 inch diameter and the fiber optic head usually just a
little larger. As a result, it can fit into tight spaces.
Fig. 6. Light Sensor
Fiber optic can also be used in explosive environments
because all electrical signals are remote. Reflective
Light Sensors (RLS) are frequently employee to sense
an object present because they are easy to use. An RLS
defers from other light sensors in that target doesn’t
simply break a light beam, but reflect the light to the
detector. RLSs are less sensitive to ambient and detect
minute or transparent objects. Some devices can even
determine the distance between sensor and object,
thereby offering an alternative to ultrasonic system.
While in general RLSs are becoming smaller two
divergent trends are emerging as well. One group of
sensors is becoming simpler, basically containing only a
light source and detector. Sensors output is a simple on
or off signal and users provide the power supply and
signal processing circuitry. The other group is becoming
full featured. These contain a power supply and logic. A
user programs the devices by setting switches or with a
PC. Sensor manufactures are integrating advanced
devices like solid state lasers. Usually the power supply
for the lasers and an amplifier for the signal output are
contained in a separate unit. An advantage of placing
system functions in different packages is that the sensor
is kept small.
G. IR TRANSMITTER
IR transmitters carries at round 40 KHz carrier
frequency and are wildly used in TV remote controlling.
The circuit can be control by using any TTL or RS-232C
level control signal which makes the interfacing very
simple.
H. TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a static device which converts AC
from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Step-up transformer increase voltage, step-down
transformers reduces the voltage. Most of the power
supplies use a step-down trans-former to reduce high
mains voltage to a safer low voltage.
Fig. 7. Step-down Transformer
The input coil is called primary coil and the output coil
is called secondary coil. The primary and secondary
coils are linked by an alternating magnetic field created
in the soft-iron core of the transformer. Transformer
waste very little power, so the power output is almost
equal to the power input. A Step-down transformer has a
large number of turns of the its primary (input) coil
which is connected to the high voltage main supply and
a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to
give a low output voltage, which is seen like below Fig.
7.
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I. VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805
The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal
positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK
package and with several fixed output voltages, making
them useful in a wide range of application. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down
and safe operating area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they
can deliver over 1 amp output current, although design
primarily as fixed voltage regulators. These devices can
be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltage and current. The specification of TO-220 is
tabulated in Table-I.
(a) Voltage Regulator LM7805
(b) Layout Diagram of LM7805
Fig. 8. Voltage Regulator
As per the above Fig. 8(a) LM7805 voltage regulator is
a linear regulator which comes in several types of
packages. For output current upto 1A there may be two
types of packages: TO-220 (vertical) and D-PAK
(horizontal) with proper heat sink these LM78xx types
can handle even more than 1A current. They also have
thermal overload protection and short circuit protection.
In case, the design does not exceed 0.1 amp current, then
the regulator LM7805 may be chosen with smaller
packages and lower maximum current up to 0.1 A. They
come in three main types of packages SO-8, SOT-89
and TO-92. LM7805 has an input range of 7-25V and
output of 5 V. Decoupling capacitors of 10F and 47 F
connected to the input (V-IN) and output (V-OUT)
respectively are grounded. There are negative voltage
regulators marked as LM79xx that work in the same
way. The circuit diagram of LM7805 is shown in Fig.
8(b).
TABLE- I : ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATTING
OF T0-220.
Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Input Voltage: (for V=5
to 18v) and (for V=24v)
VI and
VI
35 and
40
V
Thermal Resistance
Junction cases (T0-220)
R
LJC 5 ◦C/W
Thermal Resistance
Junction Air(T0-220)
R
JA 65 ◦C/W
Operating Temperature
Range (KA78XX/A/R)
T
OP R 0+125 ◦C
Storage Temperature
Range
T
ST G -
65+150
◦C
J. 8-BIT MICRO-CONTROLLER WITH 4K
BYTES FLASH, AT89C51
This application describes a PC-based programmer for
the AT89C51 Flash-based Micro-controllers. The
programmer supports all flash memory micro-controller
function, including code read, the code writes, chip
erase, signature read and lock bit write. It is connected
to an IBM PC-compatible host computer through one of
the host’s parallel ports. Required operating voltages are
produced by an integral power supply and external wall
mounted transformer.
The AT89C51 is a low power, high-performance
CMOS, 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of flash
programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory
(PEROM). The on-chip flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in a system or by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and
cost effective to many embedded control applications.
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features:
4K bytes of flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two
16 bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt
architecture, full duplex serial port, on chip oscillator
and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power
saving modes. The Idle modes stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial port and
interrupt system to continue to function.The Power
down Mode save the RAM contents, but freezes the
oscillator which disabling all other chip functions until
the next hardware reset.The Pin configurations of
AT89C51 are as shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Pin Configuration of AT89C51
The details of the parts are as follow:
Port1: Pin no. 1-8 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with
internal pull-ups. The port 1 output buffer can
sink/source four Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)
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input. When 1s are written to port 1 pins they are pulled
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during
flash programming and verification. RST: pin no. 9 is
reset pin. It is an active high input pin. The high pulse
must be high at least 2 machine cycles.
Port 3:pin no 10-17 is port 3. Port 3 is an 8-bit
bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s
are written to port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. Port 3 also
serves the functions of various special features of the
AT89C51 as listed in Table-II. Port 3 also receives some
control signals for flash programming and verification.
TABLE-II : FUNCTION OF PORT 3 OF THE
AT89C51.
Port Pin Alternative Function
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0
(timer
0 external input)
P3.5 T1
(timer
1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
CRYSTAL1: pin no 18 is crystal 1. Input to inverting
oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
CRYSTAL2: pin no. 19 is crystal 2. Output from the
inverting oscillator amplifier.
GND: pin no. 20 is ground.
Port 2: pin no 21-28 is port 2. Port 2 is an 8-bit
bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s
are written to port 2 pins they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. Port 2 emits
the high order address bytes during fetches from
external program memory and during accesses to
external data memories that use 16-bit address (MOVX
@ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal
pull-ups when emitting is 1s. During accesses to external
data memory, that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX R1). Port
2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bit and some
control signals during flash programming and
verification.
PSEN: pin no. 29 is Program Store Enable (PSEN). It is
the read strobe to the external program memory. When
the AT89C51 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice in each machine
cycle, except that two PSEN activation are skipped
during each access to external data memory.
ALE/PROG: pin no. 30 is ALE. “Address Latch Enable”
output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the
program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a
constant rate of 1/6th of the oscillator frequency and
may be used for external timing or clocking
purposes.ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction; otherwise the pin is weakly pulled high. If
the micro-controller is in the external execution mode,
ALE-disable bit has no effect.
EV/VPP: pin no. 31 is External Access enables (EA). It
must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch the code from external program memory
locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. EA should be
strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This
pin also receives the 12-Volt Programming enable
voltage (VP) during Flash programming, for the parts
that require 12-volt VPP.
Port 0: pin no. 32-39 is port 0. It is an 8-bit open drain
bidirectional I/O port. For an output port each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0
pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port
0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low
order address/data bus during accesses to an external
program and data memory. In this mode P0 has an
internal pull-up. Port 0 also receives the code bytes
during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes
during program verification. External pull-ups are
required during the program verification.
VCC: pin no. 40 is a voltage source.
III. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
20 bright white LED (WL) representing as street light is
fed from the micro-controller output pins that normally
provide 10% duty cycle pulse (while no IR ray is
blocked, simulating a no vehicle movement) that’s slows
dimly. As the vehicle reaches the first IR, it blocks the
ray falling on the P D that deprives the ST bias to result
in the off condition at its pulled up collector that sends a
logic high to the corresponding MC input. The program
then takes effect inside the MC in making its output of
few WLS ahead of set 99% duty cycle pulses to increase
their intensity. Whenever vehicles enter into the road,
the photo sensors which are placed on either side of the
road will detect and the 10 LEDs which act as street
light will go high to glow in one mode and will change
from dimmed to full bright mode according to the
program [10].
Existing automatic street light are only use conventional
AC source of energy to save the energy [11] but our pro-
posed automatic street light is used both conventional
6. International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJRAET)
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and non-conventional source of energy so that the
robustness of the proposed model is better as well as
save energy than the existing one as per our statistics.
As per the above Fig. 10, here we have used grid
connected photovoltaic power system. First battery is
energized by the PV panels and the batteries charge is
control of the charge controller. If in case there is no sun
is available due to bad weather then from the traditional
way the battery is energized that is 230 volts AC mains
is converted into 12 volts AC through a transformer. The
12 volt AC is then converted into 12 DC through a
rectifier and finally through a charge
Fig. 10. Symmetric Representation of Grid Connected
Density Sense Auto Intensity Control Street Light.
controller DC is stored in the battery. This 12 volt DC
voltage is unregulated as called as pulsating DC, for
obtaining 5 volts fixed DC, a voltage regulator
(LM7805) which convert the pulsating DC to fix
DC.The 5 volt DC is given to the MC, in between the
MC and the voltage regulator. This is a LDR placed in
such a way that if there is no light shine into the LDR,
the circuit will be activated. An appropriate program is
written in high level language or assembly language,
which is converted into machine language. This is then
loaded into the MC in HEX format.
As per the requirement of the load the program is loaded
in the MC. The LEDs are treated as street light. The total
circuit of the street light is first activated by the LDR
then when the road is obstructed by the vehicle, LEDs
from no. 1 to 10 starts glowing as per the program; when
the vehicle crosses the first street light then the next 10
LEDs glows as driven by the program.
IV. FUTURE ASPECTS
1. Using wireless sensor with GPS module we will
easily localized the bug poles and also fetches the
timing from sensor for the passenger.
2. By adding some innovative sensor like object
capturing sensor, speed measuring sensor we can
sense and get information from the sensor and then
we can store the data in cloud server when we need
some data then we can directly find the same data
from the cloud sever.
3. We can also use the street light pole for holding the
module in smart city.
V. CONCLUSION
It is apparent from the current setup that two robust
approaches can lead to save energy as far as the
arrangement of the street light in the highways, traffic
and parking are concerned. First of all the replacement
of current fluorescent lamps by LEDs is cost effective
and less voltage requirement. Secondly the arrangement
can be achieved by low investment and in turn saves
more energy by automatically dimming of LEDs in no
traffic situation. Depending upon the easy visibility of
the driver and average positioning of the lamps in the
highways, the present arrangement that out of 20 LEDs
10 LEDs are simultaneous glow to avoid accident.
However, due to the flexibility of the circuit the micro-
controller can be reprogrammed to control any number
of lamps at a time.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors like to express their special thanks to
“Reviewer Team” and “Sambalpur University Institute
of Information Technology” (SUIIT), Burla, Sambalpur
for providing us their lab and for the support.
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