This paper presents the design and analysis of a relatively new wireless power transfer technique using capacitive coupling, named Capacitive power transfer (CPT). In general, CPT system has been introduced as an attractive alternative to the former inductive coupling method. This is because CPT uses lesser number of components, simpler topology, enhanced EMI performance and better strength to surrounding metallic elements. In this work, aluminium sheet is used as a capacitive coupling at transmitter and receiver side. Moreover, a Class-E resonant inverter together with π1a impedance matching network has been proposed because of its ability to perform the dc-to-ac inversion well. It helps the CPT system to achieve maximum power transfer. The CPT system is designed and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The validity of the proposed concept is then verified by conducting a laboratory experimental of CPT system. The proposed system able to generate a 9.5W output power through a combined interface capacitance of 2.44nF, at an operating frequency of 1MHz, with 95.10% efficiency. The proposed CPT system with impedance matching network also allows load variation in the range of 20% from its nominal value while maintaining the efficiency over 90%.
Hybrid bypass technique to mitigate leakage current in the grid-tied inverterIJECEIAES
The extensive use of fossil fuel is destroying the balance of nature that could lead to many problems in the forthcoming era. Renewable energy resources are a ray of hope to avoid possible destruction. Smart grid and distributed power generation systems are now mainly built with the help of renewable energy resources. The integration of renewable energy production system with the smart grid and distributed power generation is facing many challenges that include addressing the issue of isolation and power quality. This paper presents a new approach to address the aforementioned issues by proposing a hybrid bypass technique concept to improve the overall performance of the grid-tied inverter in solar power generation. The topology with the proposed technique is presented using traditional H5, oH5 and H6 inverter. Comparison of topologies with literature is carried out to check the feasibility of the method proposed. It is found that the leakage current of all the proposed inverters is 9 mA and total harmonic distortion is almost about 2%. The proposed topology has good efficiency, common mode and differential mode characteristics.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Optimal Location of Multi-types of FACTS Devices using Genetic Algorithm IJORCS
The problem of improving the voltage profile and reducing power loss in electrical networks is a task that must be solved in an optimal manner. Therefore, placement of FACTS devices in suitable location can lead to control in-line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and reducing losses is required. This paper presents one of the heuristic methods i.e. a Genetic Algorithm to seek the optimal location of FACTS devices in a power system. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus power system for optimal location of multi-type FACTS devices and results are presented.
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
A Novel control of a Grid-Interfacing Inverter to Improve the Quality of Powe...IJERA Editor
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increas- ingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
Heuristic remedial actions in the reliability assessment of high voltage dire...IJECEIAES
Planning of high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids requires inclusion of reliability assessment of alternatives under study. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the adequacy of voltage source converter/VSCHVDC networks. The methodology analyses the performance of the system using N-1 and N-2 contingencies in order to detect weaknesses in the DC network and evaluates two types of remedial actions to keep the entire system under the acceptable operating limits . The remedial actions are applied when a violation of these limits on the DC system occurs; those include topology changes in the network and adjustments of power settings of VSC converter stations. The CIGRE B4 DC grid test system is used for evaluating the reliability/adequacy performance by means of the proposed methodology in this paper. The proposed remedial actions are effective for all contingencies; then, numerical results are as expected. This work is useful for planning and operation of grids based on VSC-HVDC technology.
Hybrid bypass technique to mitigate leakage current in the grid-tied inverterIJECEIAES
The extensive use of fossil fuel is destroying the balance of nature that could lead to many problems in the forthcoming era. Renewable energy resources are a ray of hope to avoid possible destruction. Smart grid and distributed power generation systems are now mainly built with the help of renewable energy resources. The integration of renewable energy production system with the smart grid and distributed power generation is facing many challenges that include addressing the issue of isolation and power quality. This paper presents a new approach to address the aforementioned issues by proposing a hybrid bypass technique concept to improve the overall performance of the grid-tied inverter in solar power generation. The topology with the proposed technique is presented using traditional H5, oH5 and H6 inverter. Comparison of topologies with literature is carried out to check the feasibility of the method proposed. It is found that the leakage current of all the proposed inverters is 9 mA and total harmonic distortion is almost about 2%. The proposed topology has good efficiency, common mode and differential mode characteristics.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Optimal Location of Multi-types of FACTS Devices using Genetic Algorithm IJORCS
The problem of improving the voltage profile and reducing power loss in electrical networks is a task that must be solved in an optimal manner. Therefore, placement of FACTS devices in suitable location can lead to control in-line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and reducing losses is required. This paper presents one of the heuristic methods i.e. a Genetic Algorithm to seek the optimal location of FACTS devices in a power system. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus power system for optimal location of multi-type FACTS devices and results are presented.
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
A Novel control of a Grid-Interfacing Inverter to Improve the Quality of Powe...IJERA Editor
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increas- ingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
Heuristic remedial actions in the reliability assessment of high voltage dire...IJECEIAES
Planning of high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids requires inclusion of reliability assessment of alternatives under study. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the adequacy of voltage source converter/VSCHVDC networks. The methodology analyses the performance of the system using N-1 and N-2 contingencies in order to detect weaknesses in the DC network and evaluates two types of remedial actions to keep the entire system under the acceptable operating limits . The remedial actions are applied when a violation of these limits on the DC system occurs; those include topology changes in the network and adjustments of power settings of VSC converter stations. The CIGRE B4 DC grid test system is used for evaluating the reliability/adequacy performance by means of the proposed methodology in this paper. The proposed remedial actions are effective for all contingencies; then, numerical results are as expected. This work is useful for planning and operation of grids based on VSC-HVDC technology.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Line and Grid Impedance Impact on the Performances of a Parallel Connected Mo...IAES-IJPEDS
With the rising fuel cost, increasing demand of power and the concerns for global climate change, the use of clean energy make the connection of power electronics building bloc in the heart of the current research. The high output current applications make the parallel connection of modular inverters to be a solution for the use of low power building block inverters where the output power cannot be handled by a single inverter configuration. In this context, average-modeling using average phase–leg technique allows the n-parallel connected inverters to be analyzed accurately and rapidly without requiring the complexity of the full switched inverter topology. The obtained analytical solution along with the equivalent circuit model makes easier the design of the control loop. The analytical solution of the n-parallel connected inverters shows the impact of the line and grid impedance on the performance of the overall system. The impact of this coupling has to be investigated such that the main feature of paralleling inverters is guaranteed and that the inverter mode of operation will not be compromised. The main advantage of paralleling inverters can be lost for a certain coupling impedance considerations.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT AND LINE LOSSES REDUCTION USING DG USING GSA AND ...Journal For Research
In recent years, the power industry has experienced significant changes on the power distribution systems primarily due to the implementation of smart-grid technology and the incremental implementation of distributed generation. Distributed Generation (DG) is simply defined as the decentralization of power plants by placing smaller generating units closer to the point of consumption, traditionally ten mega-watts or smaller. The distribution power system is generally designed for radial power flow, but with the introduction of DG, power flow becomes bidirectional. Therefore this thesis focuses on testing various indices and using effective techniques for the optimal placement and sizing of the DG unit by minimizing power losses and voltage deviation. A 14-bus radial distribution system has been taken as the test system. The feasibility of the work lies on the fast execution of the programs as it would be equipped with the real time operation of the distribution system and it is seen that execution of the DG placement is quite fast and feasible with the optimization techniques used in this work.
Development of Wireless Power Transfer using Capacitive Method for Mouse Char...IJPEDS-IAES
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a non-contact power transfer within a
distance. With the advantage of not-contact concept, WPT enhances the
flexibility movement of the devices. Basically, there are three types of the
WPT which are inductive power transfer (IPT), capacitive power transfer
(CPT) and acoustic power transfer (APT). Among these, capacitive power
transfer (CPT) has the advantages of confining electric field between coupled
plates, metal penetration ability and also the simplicity in circuit topologies.
Therefore, we focus on the capacitive method in this paper. To be specific,
this paper aims to develop a wireless mouse charging system using capacitive
based method. This method enables wireless power transmission from mouse
pad to a wireless mouse. Hence, no battery requires to power up the mouse.
In this paper, a high efficiency Class-E converter is described in details to
convert the DC source to AC and the compensation circuit of resonant tank is
also proposed at the transmitter side in order to improve the efficiency. In the
end, a prototype is developed to prove the developed method. The
performances analysis of the developed prototype is discussed and the future
recommendation of this technique is also presented.
Accurate modeling of cables is important to study the behavior of high frequency disturbances in power converter systems. This paper reviews and compares two popular methodologies to model energy cables – an improved per unit length parameters based model and a Laplace SPICE element based model. The two models presented take into account the frequency dependence of the parameters of the cable. A ladder network is used for this purpose in the per unit length based model. The Laplace SPICE element model is generated from from a rational function approximation for the admittance parameters that are frequency dependant. The rational function approximation is obtained using a well known vector fitting algorithm. The time and frequency domain solutions of a two wire energy cable, obtained from the two models, agree well.
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
Wireless power transfer using multiple-transmitters for high stability for p...IJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to optimize the system in the wireless power supply using multiple transmitters by algebraically analyzing the effects of both a circuit parameter and an axis displacement, etc. In addition to these analyses, the other aim is designing, producing and evaluating wireless charger with high stability for position. In the proposed method, we analyzed the situation in which three transmitters are used as power sources. It is turned out that the optimum arrangement of three transmitters is equilateral triangular from Biot-Savart law and circuit equation. In the experiment, transmitted power is measured when the receiver is moved on the vertical plane in regard to central axis of coils. It is confirmed that 4~4.5mW is transmitted at the face-to-face of transmitters and 2.4mW is transmitted at the center of transmitters.
Power Quality Improvement at Distribution Level for Grid Connected Renewable ...IJERA Editor
The non-linear load current harmonics may result in voltage harmonics and can create a serious PQ problem in
the power system network. Active power filters (APF) are extensively used to compensate the load current
harmonics and load unbalance at distribution level. This results in an additional hardware cost. However, in this
project it has incorporated the features of APF in the conventional inverter interfacing renewable with the grid,
without any additional hardware cost. Here, the main idea is the maximum utilization of inverter rating which is
most of the time underutilized due to intermittent nature of RES. The grid-interfacing inverter can effectively be
utilized to perform the four important functions they are to transfer active power harvested from the renewable
resources (wind, solar, etc.), load reactive power demand support, current harmonics compensation at PCC and
current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. Moreover, with adequate
control of grid-interfacing inverter, all the four objectives can be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. The PQ constraints at the PCC can therefore be strictly maintained within the utility standards
without additional hardware cost.
With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear
unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution System using Fuzzy TechniquesIDES Editor
To improve the overall efficiency of power system,
the performance of distribution system must be improved. It
is done by installing shunt capacitors in radial distribution
system. The problem of capacitor allocation in electric
distribution systems involves maximizing “energy and peak
power (demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor
installations. As a result power factor of distribution system
improves. There is also lots of saving in terms of money. A 10
bus radial distribution system is taken as the model. Then a
load flow programs is executed on MATLAB. Then by using
load flow data & fuzzy techniques the determination of suitable
location of capacitor placement and its size is done. Shunt
capacitors to be placed at the nodes of the system will be
represented as reactive power injections. Fuzzy techniques have
advantages of simplicity, less computations & fast results. The
same techniques can be applied to complex distribution systems
& dynamic loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Investigations on Capacitor Compensation Topologies Effects of Different Indu...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents investigations on capacitor compensation topologies with
different inductive coupling links for loosely coupled inductive power
transfer (IPT) system. In general, the main constraint of the loosely coupled
IPT system is power losses due to the large leakage inductances. Therefore,
to overcome the aforementioned problem, in this work, capacitor
compensation is proposed to be used by adding an external capacitor to the
system. By using this approach, the resonant inductive coupling can be
achieved efficiently and hence the efficiency of the system is also increased
significantly. This paper analyzes the performance of two different
compensation topologies, which are primary series-secondary series (SS) and
primary series- secondary parallel (SP) topology. The performance of such
topologies is evaluated through the experimental results at 1MHz operating
frequency for different types of inductive coupling. From the results, SS
topology produces a high power transfer but SP topology gives better
efficiency.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Line and Grid Impedance Impact on the Performances of a Parallel Connected Mo...IAES-IJPEDS
With the rising fuel cost, increasing demand of power and the concerns for global climate change, the use of clean energy make the connection of power electronics building bloc in the heart of the current research. The high output current applications make the parallel connection of modular inverters to be a solution for the use of low power building block inverters where the output power cannot be handled by a single inverter configuration. In this context, average-modeling using average phase–leg technique allows the n-parallel connected inverters to be analyzed accurately and rapidly without requiring the complexity of the full switched inverter topology. The obtained analytical solution along with the equivalent circuit model makes easier the design of the control loop. The analytical solution of the n-parallel connected inverters shows the impact of the line and grid impedance on the performance of the overall system. The impact of this coupling has to be investigated such that the main feature of paralleling inverters is guaranteed and that the inverter mode of operation will not be compromised. The main advantage of paralleling inverters can be lost for a certain coupling impedance considerations.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT AND LINE LOSSES REDUCTION USING DG USING GSA AND ...Journal For Research
In recent years, the power industry has experienced significant changes on the power distribution systems primarily due to the implementation of smart-grid technology and the incremental implementation of distributed generation. Distributed Generation (DG) is simply defined as the decentralization of power plants by placing smaller generating units closer to the point of consumption, traditionally ten mega-watts or smaller. The distribution power system is generally designed for radial power flow, but with the introduction of DG, power flow becomes bidirectional. Therefore this thesis focuses on testing various indices and using effective techniques for the optimal placement and sizing of the DG unit by minimizing power losses and voltage deviation. A 14-bus radial distribution system has been taken as the test system. The feasibility of the work lies on the fast execution of the programs as it would be equipped with the real time operation of the distribution system and it is seen that execution of the DG placement is quite fast and feasible with the optimization techniques used in this work.
Development of Wireless Power Transfer using Capacitive Method for Mouse Char...IJPEDS-IAES
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a non-contact power transfer within a
distance. With the advantage of not-contact concept, WPT enhances the
flexibility movement of the devices. Basically, there are three types of the
WPT which are inductive power transfer (IPT), capacitive power transfer
(CPT) and acoustic power transfer (APT). Among these, capacitive power
transfer (CPT) has the advantages of confining electric field between coupled
plates, metal penetration ability and also the simplicity in circuit topologies.
Therefore, we focus on the capacitive method in this paper. To be specific,
this paper aims to develop a wireless mouse charging system using capacitive
based method. This method enables wireless power transmission from mouse
pad to a wireless mouse. Hence, no battery requires to power up the mouse.
In this paper, a high efficiency Class-E converter is described in details to
convert the DC source to AC and the compensation circuit of resonant tank is
also proposed at the transmitter side in order to improve the efficiency. In the
end, a prototype is developed to prove the developed method. The
performances analysis of the developed prototype is discussed and the future
recommendation of this technique is also presented.
Accurate modeling of cables is important to study the behavior of high frequency disturbances in power converter systems. This paper reviews and compares two popular methodologies to model energy cables – an improved per unit length parameters based model and a Laplace SPICE element based model. The two models presented take into account the frequency dependence of the parameters of the cable. A ladder network is used for this purpose in the per unit length based model. The Laplace SPICE element model is generated from from a rational function approximation for the admittance parameters that are frequency dependant. The rational function approximation is obtained using a well known vector fitting algorithm. The time and frequency domain solutions of a two wire energy cable, obtained from the two models, agree well.
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
Wireless power transfer using multiple-transmitters for high stability for p...IJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to optimize the system in the wireless power supply using multiple transmitters by algebraically analyzing the effects of both a circuit parameter and an axis displacement, etc. In addition to these analyses, the other aim is designing, producing and evaluating wireless charger with high stability for position. In the proposed method, we analyzed the situation in which three transmitters are used as power sources. It is turned out that the optimum arrangement of three transmitters is equilateral triangular from Biot-Savart law and circuit equation. In the experiment, transmitted power is measured when the receiver is moved on the vertical plane in regard to central axis of coils. It is confirmed that 4~4.5mW is transmitted at the face-to-face of transmitters and 2.4mW is transmitted at the center of transmitters.
Power Quality Improvement at Distribution Level for Grid Connected Renewable ...IJERA Editor
The non-linear load current harmonics may result in voltage harmonics and can create a serious PQ problem in
the power system network. Active power filters (APF) are extensively used to compensate the load current
harmonics and load unbalance at distribution level. This results in an additional hardware cost. However, in this
project it has incorporated the features of APF in the conventional inverter interfacing renewable with the grid,
without any additional hardware cost. Here, the main idea is the maximum utilization of inverter rating which is
most of the time underutilized due to intermittent nature of RES. The grid-interfacing inverter can effectively be
utilized to perform the four important functions they are to transfer active power harvested from the renewable
resources (wind, solar, etc.), load reactive power demand support, current harmonics compensation at PCC and
current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. Moreover, with adequate
control of grid-interfacing inverter, all the four objectives can be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. The PQ constraints at the PCC can therefore be strictly maintained within the utility standards
without additional hardware cost.
With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear
unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution System using Fuzzy TechniquesIDES Editor
To improve the overall efficiency of power system,
the performance of distribution system must be improved. It
is done by installing shunt capacitors in radial distribution
system. The problem of capacitor allocation in electric
distribution systems involves maximizing “energy and peak
power (demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor
installations. As a result power factor of distribution system
improves. There is also lots of saving in terms of money. A 10
bus radial distribution system is taken as the model. Then a
load flow programs is executed on MATLAB. Then by using
load flow data & fuzzy techniques the determination of suitable
location of capacitor placement and its size is done. Shunt
capacitors to be placed at the nodes of the system will be
represented as reactive power injections. Fuzzy techniques have
advantages of simplicity, less computations & fast results. The
same techniques can be applied to complex distribution systems
& dynamic loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Investigations on Capacitor Compensation Topologies Effects of Different Indu...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents investigations on capacitor compensation topologies with
different inductive coupling links for loosely coupled inductive power
transfer (IPT) system. In general, the main constraint of the loosely coupled
IPT system is power losses due to the large leakage inductances. Therefore,
to overcome the aforementioned problem, in this work, capacitor
compensation is proposed to be used by adding an external capacitor to the
system. By using this approach, the resonant inductive coupling can be
achieved efficiently and hence the efficiency of the system is also increased
significantly. This paper analyzes the performance of two different
compensation topologies, which are primary series-secondary series (SS) and
primary series- secondary parallel (SP) topology. The performance of such
topologies is evaluated through the experimental results at 1MHz operating
frequency for different types of inductive coupling. From the results, SS
topology produces a high power transfer but SP topology gives better
efficiency.
Implementation of a MIMO System forWireless Power Transfer Using Acoustic App...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a development of Acoustic energy transfer (AET) system through air mediumby implementing a Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) arrangement of transducers to transmit energy. AET system allows power to be transmitted without wire connection. The MIMO system is proposed in this paper to increase the efficiency of the transmitting power by multiplying the received power. The simulation and experimental works are carried out using a Class E power converter and the obtained results are analyzed accordingly. Based on the experimental results, the 18.57mW output power is obtained at 40kHz operating frequency when triple transducer is used. It contributes to 30.96% efficiency to the power transfer system.
Design and implementation of a series switching SPSI for PV cell to use in ca...journalBEEI
A carrier-based grid synchronous method is proposed to develop the system efficiency, phase and power quality of the inverter output waves. The operating principle of a single-phase phase synchronous inverter (SPSI) is introduced, with proper synchronous paid to the switching-frequency synchronizing voltage made by the interleaved process, as well as actual mitigation approaches. In the construction of the SPSI, input and output filters are electrically coupled with the two sides of an inverter. The inverter power electronic switches and other electrical components are operated by carrier-based grid synchronous controller (CBGSC) with PWM regulator. The SPSI is designed and implemented with the Toshiba 40WR21 IGBT, Digital Microcontroller pulse controller (DMPC) and 4N35 Optocoupler with a fundamental frequency of 50Hz. The other parameters are considered as load resistance, =11Ω, duty cycle, 85%, carrier frequency, 2.5kHz and input DC voltage, ± 340V. In addition, LCL lowpass grid filters are used to convert squire wave to sine wave with required phase and frequency. Finally, the simulated and experimental results obtained with a carrier-based grid synchronous SPSI experimental prototype are exposed for justification, showing the phase error of 55% improvement, reduced 11% of THD and the conversion efficiency of 97.02% highly predicted by the proposed design technique to improve the microgrid system.
Advance Technology in Application of Four Leg Inverters to UPQCIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a novel application of four leg inverter with
conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Scheme to
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The Power Quality problem
became burning issues since the starting of high voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, in this article it has been discussed to mitigate the PQ issues
in high voltage AC systems through a three phase Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) under various conditions, such as harmonic mitigation
scheme, non linear loads, sag and swell conditions as well. Also, it proposes
to control harmoincs with various artificial intelligent techniques. Thus
application of these control technique such as Neural Networks (ANN)
Fuzzy Logic makes the system performance in par with the standards
and also compared with existing system. The simulation results based on
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the concept developed
in the paper.
The increase of power electronic converters at the end-user side is unavoidable and it will cause current harmonic distortion and wide range of disturbance in the power system (PS). This paper presents current harmonic compensation for the test case of the Quaid-e-Awam University College of Engineering Sciences and Technology (QUCEST) Larkana campus in MATLAB SIMULINK by using three types of power filters i.e. passive, active and hybrid power filters. The purpose of this experiment and simulation model is to analyse and find out the best solution for reducing the current harmonic and unbalanced load condition at the incoming transformer to the campus. Moreover, this paper presents the testing and comparison of the active and hybrid power filters by using the combined design technique of harmonic compensate control system based on Unit Vector Template (UVT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power (IRP) theory. The simulation results allow to identify the effectiveness of the control system along with passive filter. Based on the testing and simulation results of three types of power filters, hybrid power filter has the maximum ability to mitigate the current harmonic in the system, and it also reduces the neutral current thus causing less stress in the existing system.
1.compensation of reactive power using d statcom in grid interfaced pv systemEditorJST
This paper displays the upgrade of voltage droops, Harmonic mutilation and low power figure utilizing Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) with LCL Passive Filter in Distribution Framework. At whatever point there is an entrance of photovoltaic cell energy to the low voltage appropriated matrix, there happen the issue of confuse in voltage and recurrence in the system, maybe brought on by non-direct loads, creating music. The model depends on the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) guideline. The D-STATCOM infuses a current into the framework to alleviate the voltage lists. LCL Passive Filter Was then added to D-STATCOM to enhance symphonies bending and low power figure. The reproductions were performed utilizing MATLAB SIMULINK.
Machine learning for prediction models to mitigate the voltage deviation in ...IJECEIAES
The voltage deviation is one of the most crucial power quality issues that occur in electrical power systems. Renewable energy plays a vital role in electrical distribution networks due to the high economic returns. However, the presence of photovoltaic systems changes the nature of the energy flow in the grid and causes many problems such as voltage deviation. In this work, several predictive models are examined for voltage regulation in the Jordanian Sabha distribution network equipped with photovoltaic farms. The augmented grey wolf optimizer is used to train the different predictive models. To evaluate the performance of models, a value of one for regression factor and a low value for root mean square error, mean square error, and mean absolute error are used as standards. In addition, a comparison between nineteen predictive models has been made. The results have proved the capability of linear regression and the gaussian process to restore the bus voltages in the distribution network accurately and quickly and to solve the shortening in the voltage dynamic response caused by the iterative nature of the heuristic algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Development of Class D Inverter for Acoustics Energy Transfer Implantable Dev...IJPEDS-IAES
The working principle of half-bridge Class D Parallel-Resonant Inverter
(PRI) as power amplifier is presented in this paper. Simulation of the model
is carried out using Proteus. In order to verify the simulation results, an
experimental verification is done. This inverter used to excite PZT
transducers at suggested resonant frequency of 416 kHz with power level
transferred through Acoustics Energy Transfer (AET) concept at about 80
mW. As experimental outcome result, the system managed to transfer energyof 66 mW to the receiver side.
Transmission Congestion and Voltage Profile Management Using TCSC and TCPAR i...IJERA Editor
In present days all our basic needs are relates with electricity. As the population increases, the demand for electricity is also tremendously increases. In the past, the entire electricity industry is under the control of government and also monopolized. But now, the power industry in many countries is moving rapidly from regulated conventional setup to deregulated environment. The transmission congestion is one of the technical problems that particularly appear in the deregulated power system. If congestion is not managed we face the problems of electricity price improvement and security and stability problems. Congestion relief can be handled using FACTS device such as TCSC, TCPAR where transmission capability will be improved. These FACTS devices are optimally placed on transmission system using Sensitivity approach method. The proposed method is carried out on Modified IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-24 bus system Using Power World Simulator17 software.
Harmonic enhancement in microgrid with applications on sensitive loadsIJECEIAES
Power quality issues are an important and growing problem in microgrid. There are two reasons; the more active consumer is participating in the power sector, the use of renewable energy which having a great impact on voltage variation. This paper discusses power quality disturbance and especially harmonic distortion issues in microgrid, and suggests a solution to maintain the operation of the distribution system within power quality standard. To protect sensitive loads from harmonics produced by the grid and by renewable energy sources, passive harmonic filter has been proposed in this paper. The electrical system of a nuclear research reactor as sensitive loads is designed by using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. The results show these technical issues are presented with their influence on electrical voltage and harmonic specter.
An inverter system applied with the PV source typically has a problem of lower input voltage due to constraint in the PV strings connection. As a countermeasure a DC-DC boost converter is placed in between to achieve a higher voltage at the inverter DC link for connection to the grid and to realize the MPPT operation. This additional stage contributes to losses and complexity in control thus reducing the overall system efficiency. This work discussed on the design and development of a grid-connected quasi-Z-source PV inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter and able to overcome the above disadvantages. Modelling and performance analysis of the voltage and current controller to achieve a good power transfer from the PV source, as well sycnchronization with the grid are presented in detail. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrate the designed and developed grid-connected qZSI PV inverter works successfully equivalent to the conventional voltage source inverter system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Carbon nano tube based delay model for high speed energy efficient on chip da...elelijjournal
Speed is a major concern for high density VLSI networks. In this paper the closed form delay model for current mode signalling in VLSI interconnects has been proposed with resistive load termination.RLC interconnect line is modelled using characteristic impedance of transmission line and inductive effect.The inductive effect is dominant at lower technology node is modelled into an equivalent resistance. In this model first order transfer function is designed using finite difference equation, and by applying the boundary conditions at the source and load termination. It has been observed that the dominant pole determines system response and delay in the proposed model. Using CNIA tool (carbon nanotube interconnect analyzer) the interconnect line parameters has been estimated at 45nm technology node. The novel proposed current mode model superiority has been validated for CNT type of material. It superiority factor remains to 66.66% as compared to voltage mode signalling. And current mode dissipates 0.015pJ energy where as VM consume 0.045pJ for a single bit transmission across the interconnect over CNT
material. Secondly the damping factor of a lumped RLC circuit is shown to be a useful figure of merit.
Similar to Design and Analysis of Capacitive Power Transfer System with and without the Impedance Matching Circuit (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
More from International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (20)
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Switching (ZVS). During time interval, the switch current and voltage waveforms must not be overlapped
throughout the switching time intervals thus produce highly efficient system since switching losses are
virtually zero, provided the components’ values are suitably chosen. The basic idea of a CPT system is as
sketched in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Basic CPT System
Apart from its advantages, CPT is currently having major issue on the efficiency as separation
distance is increasing. This can be clearly shown in [15] whereby in order to achieve efficiency of 98.44%,
the gap between the capacitive coupling is as near as less than 1mm for basic circuit configuration with class
E inverter. Besides, there was also an analysis regarding gap distance which concluded that as distance
increases, the efficiency of the system represented by output voltage is tremendously decreases exponentially
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Output voltage decreases tremendously and distance increases [15]
Realising the issue of system’s efficiency, this work intended to propose class E circuit with the
addition of an impedance matching circuit. This circuit is mainly added to improve efficiency of the
particular system by stabilising it and eventually sustain higher output power. Impedance matching of work
in [16] used to maximise the amount of power extracted in a power conditioning circuit. In another
work [17], by using impedance matching, the particular work achieved efficiency as high as 95.44% while
still able to produce a stable sinusoidal signal to drive the capacitive coupling based on flat rectangular
copper plates, and operated at 1MHz. The contribution of this paper can be brief as follows:
a. This paper focuses on designing a CPT system based on Class-E resonant inverter topology with
aluminum sheets acting as capacitive plates. The obtained efficiency is 95.1% with 12V dc input supply,
and operated at 1MHz to produce a stable sinusoidal signal across the load. The Class-E resonant
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inverter with impedance matching network is also proposed to allow load variation in the range of 20%
from its nominal value.
b. Efficiency of the CPT system is maintained over 90% with smaller plates’ size with the introduction of
the π1a impedance matching network.
c. The effects on output power performance are analysed and being proved by comparing both conditions
of the circuit i.e non-matching and with matching network.
2. IMPEDANCE MATCHING NETWORK
A good system design is defined as a system which has a high output power and is able to achieve
almost 100% efficiency. Thus the purpose of an impedance matching in an ordinary circuit is to provide
maximum power transfer between the source and its load [18]. This is especially vital if one deals with low
amplitude signals. The work also highlighted two main reasons of having an impedance matching circuit.
First, is to have better power efficiency, and second, is to act as a device protection. The impedance matching
circuit is added before the resistive load, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Block diagram of the Class E amplifier with impedance matching resonant circuit [8]
According to [19], [20] there are four types of impedance matching networks namely and
; see Figure 4.
Figure 4. Different types of impedance matching networks introduced by Marian et.al. (a) Resonant
circuit . (b) Resonant circuit . (c) Resonant circuit . (d) Resonant circuit [19], [20].
All of these designs have different characteristics in terms of circuit configurations and also the
measurement for the components values. Figure 4 (a) and (c) focus on the reactance of the capacitor C,
while (b) and (d) are concerning on the reactance of the inductor L. In [17], authors utilized as their
matching circuit to enhance output power of the existing capacitive power transfer system. As a result, when
powered by 12V dc, the Class-E resonant inverter with matching network efficiency yields 95.44%. To note
here, the authors in [17] used copper plates as their coupling.
On top of the above type of impedance matching techniques, realizing the need to achieve automatic
current sharing for multi-phase resonant converters through matching the input impedance of each phase,
authors in [21] proposed Passive Impedance Matching (PIM) in their work. Thorough this PIM approach, the
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input impedances of each phase are more balance under virtual positive and negative resistor’s function. With
the integration of PIM into the CPT systems, the experimental results showed that the resonant current
sharing error reduced by 63 times which is around 0.44% at 600W total load power.
In this work, we proposed π1a impedance matching circuit since the matching provides downward
impedance transformation, and the added capacitor which is in parallel with the resistive load can maintain
the efficiency of the circuit as series capacitor C2 later modified to capacitive coupling plates to fit the actual
CPT system.
3. MAIN RESULTS
3.1. CPT System without Impedance Matching Network
The CPT system is first designed without any impedance matching circuit. This is important in order
to study and analyze the performance of the circuit without impedance matching. If the performance is not
satisfactory then the matching circuit can be proposed to the system. The CPT system with Class E inverter is
as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. CPT system with Class E inverter
The components value of the circuit are derived from [19] and given as follows:
Load resistor, RL: RL= * + (1)
Series inductor, L: L= (2)
Shunt capacitor, Cp: Cp= (3)
The series capacitor, C: C=
[ ]
(4)
The choke inductor, Lf : Lf= * + (5)
Based on Figure 5, the basic circuit configuration of class E inverter consists of a power MOSFET operates
as a switch, a L-C-RL series-resonant circuit, a shunt capacitor C1, and a choke inductor Lf. The switch turns
on and off at the frequency f = determined by a MOSFET driver. The transistor output capacitance, the
choke parasitic capacitance, and stray capacitances are included in the shunt capacitance C1. All of the
capacitance C1 can be supplied by the overall shunt parasitic capacitance for high operating frequencies.
Besides, resistor Ri is an AC load. The choke inductance Lf is assumed to be high enough so that the
AC ripple on the DC supply current II can be ignored. A small inductance with a large current ripple is also
possible. When the switch is ON, the resonant circuit consists of L, C, and Ri because the capacitance C1is
short-circuited by the switch. However when the switch if OFF, the resonant circuit consists of C1, L, C, and
Ri are connected in series [19]. Furthermore, in this work, the series capacitors are placed at both sides
(forward and reverse) in order to ensure the resonant composition network [11]. Furthermore, the function of
a choke inductor in the Class E circuit is to distinguish DC and the AC. Other than that, in order to
determine the performance of the circuit, the output voltage and power can be determined as follows:
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Amplitude of the output voltage,
√
[ ]
(6)
Output power of the system is given by,
(7)
3.1.1. Simulation Works for Circuit without Impedance Matching
Figure 6 shows the simulation of a complete system without impedance matching network.
Figure 6. Complete CPT system without impedance matching circuit
Based on Equations 1-5, the following components’ values are obtained, shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Calculated components’ values for Class E Design Specification for CPT System without impedance
matching network
Specification Value
Load resistance, RL 8.31Ω
Series inductor, L
Shunt capacitor, Cs 3.74nF
Series capacitor, C1 and C2 4.356nF
Choke inductor, Lf 57.6
Table 1 tabulated the calculated the value of parameters for basic class E CPT system in which no
impedance matching network is existed. Besides, following Table 2 shows the comparison of components’
values for the basic CPT system.
Table 2. Comparison for values of components used for CPT circuit without matching network
CPT System without impedance matching
Calculation Simulation Experimental work
Lchoke 57.6µH 57.6µH 100µH
CShunt 3.52nF 3.75nF 0.91nF
LSeries 13.23µH 13.26µH 33µH
CSeries (C1and C2) 2.17nF 2.178nF Capacitive coupling
0.21m x 0.24m (4.07nF)
RL 8.31Ω 8.3Ω 8.2Ω
Coupling plates
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From Table 2, it can be seen that experimentally, the values of series capacitors C1 and C2 is 4.07nF
(been multiplied since the capacitors are at both forward and reverse side of the system) and represented by a
capacitive coupling of 0.21m x 0.24m. As part of the work, the simulation results for ZVS and the output
voltage of the CPT system is also tabulated and labeled as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Simulation results for ZVS waveform and the output voltage for circuit without matching
network
Simulation Work for ZVS and output voltage for CPT system without impedance matching
Voltage gate-to-source Voltage drain-to-source
a. ZVS of the system b. Output Voltage
Referring to the ZVS condition of the simulation is achieved with the Vds value of 43.81V.
Meanwhile the output voltage of the simulation as shown in Table 3(b) is a DC waveform.
3.1.2. Experimental Works for Circuit without Impedance Matching Network
CPT system without impedance matching circuit is as shown in Figure 7. For this section, the size of
the capacitance plate represented by two pairs of aluminum sheets is 0.21m x 0.24m which is equal to
4.07nF, as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 7. Class E circuit without impedance matching network, together with the resistive load, RL
Resistive load, RL
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Figure 8. Whole circuit configuration including the capacitive coupling
The aluminium sheet is separated by a sheet of regular A4 paper with thickness of 0.1mm. Besides, the
results for this experimental work is as tabulated in Table 4.
Table 4. Results of experimental works for CPT system without matching circuit
Experimental Work
a. ZVS of the system b. Output Voltage
By referring to Table 5, ZVS of the built system is recorded in (a) while the outcome of the system
represented by the output voltage is as shown in (b). Furthermore, there are also detailed results in Table 5
which has been made by comparing the results for all three parts done for this work, as follows:
Table 5. Details for the results of CPT circuitry system without impedance matching network
Calculation Experimental work
Vin ,V 12.00 12.00
Vout , V (pk-pk) 25.78 25.50
Pout ,W 9.98 9.79
Efficiency, % 99.90 97.90
Table 5 explained the results comparison between calculation and experimental works. The
experimental work has shown the reliability of Class E CPT system as it achieved almost perfect results,
nearly 98% efficiency. The Vout tabulated in the table is concerning on the peak-to-peak values, and measured
at the resistive load. The output power, Pout for the work is measured by the formula in Equation (7), and the
experimental work yields 9.79W instead of 9.98W desired by calculation. This is due to environmental
condition as the experiment done in a normal laboratory. Besides, the components also have their ratings
which contributes to the lower output yielded. Moreover, the simulation works of the system displayed a
complete system including the rectifier thus the DC waveform of the output voltage. Whereas for
Transmitting unit
with resistive load
Capacitive coupling
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experimental side, this work is prepared without inserting rectifier part in order to focus on the ZVS
condition and the output voltage, and that explained the AC shape of the waveform.
3.2. CPT System with Impedance Matching Network
This enhanced CPT system is begun with the simulation work. In order to do this, the π1a
impedance matching circuit has been utilized by adding a capacitor parallel to the load. As mentioned before,
there are several types of matching outlined by [19] and one of them is by tapping the resonant capacitance C
to accomplish the impedance transformation, as shown in circuit configuration of π1a impedance matching
circuit as in Figure 4(a). The circuit configuration of class E inverter with the π1a impedance matching
network is as in Figure 9.
Figure 9. CPT system consisting of class E inverter with π1a impedance matching network
Besides, as the circuit enhanced, components’ values for this circuit, together with the value of the
newly-added capacitor C3 which acted as an impedance matching network, also have to be calculated by
using new series of Equations [19], as explained in (8) to (15):
The series equivalent resistance RS:
(8)
The reactance factor for the Ri-C3 and RS-CS equivalent two-terminal networks is
(9)
Besides, resistances Rs and Ri as well as the reactance and are also interrelated by
( )
(10)
And
( )
(11)
Rearrangement of (10) yield to
√ (12)
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Substitution of (12) into (9) gives
√ (13)
Later, one arrives at
[ ] [ √ ] (14)
From (9) and (12),
√
(15)
It follows from (15) that the resistances of circuit shown in Figure 4(a) can satisfy the inequality
Suboptimum operation is obtained for
0 .
This corresponds to
.
By referring to Equation 8, VI, PRi, and Ri are dependent quantities. The load resistance is given and
is different from that given in (8) for many applications available in the market. Therefore, there is a need for
matching circuits that provide impedance transformation, as the purpose of an impedance matching circuit is
to ensure and to provide impedance transformation downwards or upwards regardless the load
resistances [22]. After all new values of the components including impedance matching network, capacitor
C3 has been figured out, they were all been tabulated as in Table 6.
Table 6. Calculated components’ values for Class E design specification with the existence of π1a impedance
matching network
Specification Value
Load resistance, RL 8.31Ω
Series inductor, L
Shunt capacitor, Cs 3.7nF
Series capacitor, C1 and C2 4.6nF
Choke inductor, Lf 57.6
Impedance Matching, C3 1nF
The calculated impedance matching network value of C3 is 1nF. Moreover, as Table 1 and Table 6
to be compared, there are different values for the same components of series inductor L, the shunt capacitor
Cs, and the series capacitor C1 and C2. This is due to different equations that have been used to calculate the
components’ values, as displayed in Equations (8) to (15).
3.2.1. Simulation Works of Circuit with Impedance Matching Network
By using MATLAB Simulink, a simulation of CPT system including an impedance matching
network is constructed as is Figure 10. For this simulation circuit, a capacitor is placed parallel to the
resistive load and acts as an impedance matching network. Besides, there is also a pair of capacitors at the
forward and reserve side of the circuit. These capacitors are being modified into two pairs of capacitive
couplings in the experimental works, shown in Figure 11(b). Moreover, after the simulation work is being
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accomplished by inserting suitable values of the components, the desired results are tabulated in Table 7. The
two main concern of the simulation work is the waveforms of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) condition, and
the output voltage of the system.
Figure 10. Simulation diagram for a complete CPT system including π1a impedance matching network
Table 7. Simulation results for ZVS waveform and the output voltage for circuit with matching network
Simulation Work
Voltage gate-to-source Voltage drain-to-source
a. ZVS of the system b. Output Voltage
As mentioned previously, the waveform for output voltage is in DC since the system is completely
constructed with the rectifier. However the experimental work, as shown in Table 8, is prepared up to the
impedance matching network without the rectifier part since this work is focusing on the ZVS condition and
the output voltage, thus the AC waveform presented.
3.2.2. Experimental Works of the CPT System with Impedance Matching
Moreover, the work is later advanced by adding an impedance matching circuit represented by a
capacitor. Figure 11 shows the experimental work of the system with the existence of π1a impedance
matching network. By referring to Figure 11, after adding the impedance matching, the size of capacitor
plates becoming smaller to 0.15m x 0.16m which is equivalent to 2.44nF, almost half of the value before.
This shows that the impedance matching is able to reduce the size of capacitive coupling while still
Impedance matching
network
Coupling plates
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maintaining the output of the system by allowing power transmission through them. The impedance matching
network has enhanced several things including the output values for the circuit of the CPT system. Table 8
explained the results of the experiment by taking into account the values of components for the system.
(a)
(b)
Figure 11(a) and (b). Circuit representation of CPT system with an existence of impedance
matching network
Table 8. Results of experimental works for CPT system with matching circuit
Experimental Work
a. ZVS of the system b. Output Voltage
By referring to Table 8, ZVS condition of the CPT system is recorded in (a) while the outcome of
the system represented by the output voltage is as shown in (b- upper part). In conjunction to the impedance
matching network, the detailed components’ values for calculation, simulation, and experimental works for
CPT system with π1a impedance matching network is as explained in Table 9.
Transmitter circuit
with an impedance
matching network
and resistive load
Capacitive
coupling
π1a impedance
matching network
Resistive load
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Table 9. Values of components used for CPT circuit with π1a impedance matching network
CPT System with impedance matching network
Calculation Simulation Experimental work
Lchoke 57.63µH 57.6µH 100µH
CShunt 3.52nF 3.52nF 52.1pF
LSeries 13.23µH 13.12µH 60.3µH
CSeries (C2) 2.16nF 2.3nF Capacitive coupling
0.15m x 0.16m (2.44nF)
RL 16.6Ω 20Ω 18Ω
Impedance matching (C3) 9.6nF 1nF 9.8nF
Based on Table 9, for experimental work, the aluminium sheets were utilized to replace the series
capacitors as the forward and reverse capacitive couplings respectively. Moreover, as for results comparison,
the calculated values are almost the same as simulated ones, except for the impedance matching C3.
However, when compared with the experimented values, they displayed huge difference due to imperfect
environmental situation since it is not vacuumed and the components ratings. The experiment is also done by
using a breadboard which may contribute to the significant values difference. Finally, the output results of the
CPT system with π1a impedance matching circuit are as tabulated in Table 10.
Table 10. Details for the results of CPT circuitry system with impedance matching network
Calculation Experimental
Vin, V 12.00 12.00
Vout, V (pk-pk) 37.44 37.00
Pout, W 9.73 9.51
Efficiency, % 97.30 95.10
By referring to Table 10, the experimental part of the CPT system produced 37V, which is 0.44V
lesser than the calculated value. This situation more or less affected the output power of the system
experimentally to be 0.22W lesser than calculation value which is 9.73W.
3.2.3. Aluminium Sheets as Capacitive Couplings
This work uses aluminium sheet as the capacitive coupling. The reason of utilizing this type of
material is because aluminium has advantages in terms of its excellent corrosion resistance, and good thermal
and electrical conductivity. As proved and explained in previous sections, the aluminium sheets’ size for the
CPT system is getting smaller by the existence of an impedance matching network, as shown in Figure 12.
This is due to the recalculation of components values by using equations (8-15) and by adding an extra
capacitor as impedance matching, the desired output is achieved and maintained with smaller size of
capacitive plates. The value of the capacitive coupling is initially 0.21m x 0.24m, which is equal to 4.07nF.
However, after inserting the extra capacitor as impedance matching network, the value of capacitive coupling
is 0.15m x 0.16m that is equal to 2.44nF.
Figure 12. Comparison of couplings’ size between CPT circuit without π1a impedance matching network (a)
and the circuit with π1a impedance matching network (b).
(a) (b)
13. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
Design and Analysis of CPT System with and without the Impedance Matching Circuit (F.K.A Rahman)
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It can be seen that there is major difference by referring to Figure 12, as the diameter of the
couplings is being compared. This shows that the presence of an impedance matching network has significant
change towards the whole CPT system particularly on the maintainance of ZVS and also the output voltage
and power which are the two concerns in this work.
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
This paper proposes an impedance matching circuit for a CPT system. The power output for both
conditions is analyzed, which indicate the circuit without impedance matching and with the extra circuitry
part. A prototype of the CPT system with an impedance matching network is designed and implemented to
validate the theoretical results of the improvised circuit system. Finally, the normal circuit and with
impedance matching circuit topologies are compared in terms of power, size of capacitive plates, and
efficiency. The efficiency of the system after the introduction of matching is 95.10%. It shows that the
installation of matching circuit can maintain the efficiency while using smaller size of capacitive plates.
For future works, the self-tuning circuit will be proposed into the CPT system in order to enhance the power
output and the efficiency by using phase locked-loop (PLL) and later with a PID controller.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)
[RAGS/1/2014/TK03/FKEKK/B00062] and Malaysian Ministry of Education
[FRGS/2/2014/TK03/FKEKK/03/F00243] grants.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
F.K.A Rahman was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1992. She obtained her Bachelor Degree
in Applied Physics from Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia in
November 2015. She had her internship at Significant Technologies Sdn Bhd for five months
until June 2015 before pursuing her Masters Degree in Electronic Engineering at Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, UTeM since September 2015. Now, she is working on her Masters
project in Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka which is focusing on the capacitive power transfer system.
Shakir Saat obtained his B.Eng and Master in Electrical Engineering from UTM in 2002 and
2006, respectively. Then, he obtained his PhD from The University of Auckland in the field of
nonlinear control theory in 2013. He is now a senior lecturer and Head of Department of
Industrial Electronic Department, Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, UTeM. His
research interest is on nonlinear systems control theory and wireless power transfer technologies.
He has published one monograph (published by Springer Verlag) on polynomial control systems
and many journals and mostly published in the high quality journal International Journal of
Robust and Nonlinear Control, and IET Control.
Yusmarnita Yusop was born in Melaka, Malaysia in 1979. She received the B.Eng in Electrical
Engineering (Mechatronic) from University of Technology, Malaysia, in 2001, the M.Eng
degree in Electrical Engineering from Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia, in 2004. From
2005 to 2014, she was a Lecturer in the Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. Since that time, she has been involved in teaching for
many subjects such as Power Electronics, Advanced Power Electronics, Electronic Systems and
Manufacturing Automation. She is currently working on her PhD. Her area of research interests
include electronic system design, wireless power transfer and power electronics.
Siti Huzaimah Husin received the B.Eng (2000) from Multimedia University, M.Eng (2005)
from Kolej Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia respectively. First appointed as Engineering
Instructor (2001) at Kolej Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka and promoted as Lecturer (2005)
and Senior Lecturer (2008) in the Department of Industrial Electronics, Faculty of Electronic and
Computer Engineering at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. She is currently pursuing her
PhD in Advanced Control Technology since September 2014 that focused on acoustics energy
transfer.
Aziz Yahya is a senior lecturer at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. His research expertise is
on human technology interaction mainly focusing on relationship between technology,
leadership and communication. He is also a certified Neuro Linguistic Trainer and has published
in the area of critical and creative thinking, individual and group peak performance, modelling
best digital performance, and other related human and technology ineraction aspects. He can be
contacted through aziz@utem.edu.my.