Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
Network Reconfiguration of Distribution System for Loss Reduction Using GWO A...IJECEIAES
This manuscript presents a feeder reconfiguration in primary distribution networks with an objective of minimizing the real power loss or maximization of power loss reduction. An optimal switching for the network reconfiguration problem is introduced in this article based on step by step switching and simultaneous switching. This paper proposes a Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to solve the feeder reconfiguration problem through fitness function corresponding to optimum combination of switches in power distribution systems. The objective function is formulated to solve the reconfiguration problem which includes minimization of real power loss. A nature inspired Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm is utilized to restructure the power distribution system and identify the optimal switches corresponding minimum power loss in the distribution network. The GWO technique has tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems and the results are presented.
Optimal Siting of Distributed Generators in a Distribution Network using Arti...IJECEIAES
Distributed generation (DG) sources are being installed in distribution networks worldwide due to their numerous advantages over the conventional sources which include operational and economical benefits. Random placement of DG sources in a distribution network will result in adverse effects such as increased power loss, loss of voltage stability and reliability, increase in operational costs, power quality issues etc. This paper presents a methodology to obtain the optimal location for the placement of multiple DG sources in a distribution network from a technical perspective. Optimal location is obtained by evaluating a global multi-objective technical index (MOTI) using a weighted sum method. Clonal selection based artificial immune system (AIS) is used along with optimal power flow (OPF) technique to obtain the solution. The proposed method is executed on a standard IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system. The results justify the choice of AIS and the use of MOTI in optimal siting of DG sources which improves the distribution system efficiency to a great extent in terms of reduced real and reactive power losses, improved voltage profile and voltage stability. Solutions obtained using AIS are compared with Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) solutions for the same objective function.
VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT AND LINE LOSSES REDUCTION USING DG USING GSA AND ...Journal For Research
In recent years, the power industry has experienced significant changes on the power distribution systems primarily due to the implementation of smart-grid technology and the incremental implementation of distributed generation. Distributed Generation (DG) is simply defined as the decentralization of power plants by placing smaller generating units closer to the point of consumption, traditionally ten mega-watts or smaller. The distribution power system is generally designed for radial power flow, but with the introduction of DG, power flow becomes bidirectional. Therefore this thesis focuses on testing various indices and using effective techniques for the optimal placement and sizing of the DG unit by minimizing power losses and voltage deviation. A 14-bus radial distribution system has been taken as the test system. The feasibility of the work lies on the fast execution of the programs as it would be equipped with the real time operation of the distribution system and it is seen that execution of the DG placement is quite fast and feasible with the optimization techniques used in this work.
Network Reconfiguration of Distribution System for Loss Reduction Using GWO A...IJECEIAES
This manuscript presents a feeder reconfiguration in primary distribution networks with an objective of minimizing the real power loss or maximization of power loss reduction. An optimal switching for the network reconfiguration problem is introduced in this article based on step by step switching and simultaneous switching. This paper proposes a Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to solve the feeder reconfiguration problem through fitness function corresponding to optimum combination of switches in power distribution systems. The objective function is formulated to solve the reconfiguration problem which includes minimization of real power loss. A nature inspired Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm is utilized to restructure the power distribution system and identify the optimal switches corresponding minimum power loss in the distribution network. The GWO technique has tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems and the results are presented.
Optimal Siting of Distributed Generators in a Distribution Network using Arti...IJECEIAES
Distributed generation (DG) sources are being installed in distribution networks worldwide due to their numerous advantages over the conventional sources which include operational and economical benefits. Random placement of DG sources in a distribution network will result in adverse effects such as increased power loss, loss of voltage stability and reliability, increase in operational costs, power quality issues etc. This paper presents a methodology to obtain the optimal location for the placement of multiple DG sources in a distribution network from a technical perspective. Optimal location is obtained by evaluating a global multi-objective technical index (MOTI) using a weighted sum method. Clonal selection based artificial immune system (AIS) is used along with optimal power flow (OPF) technique to obtain the solution. The proposed method is executed on a standard IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system. The results justify the choice of AIS and the use of MOTI in optimal siting of DG sources which improves the distribution system efficiency to a great extent in terms of reduced real and reactive power losses, improved voltage profile and voltage stability. Solutions obtained using AIS are compared with Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) solutions for the same objective function.
VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT AND LINE LOSSES REDUCTION USING DG USING GSA AND ...Journal For Research
In recent years, the power industry has experienced significant changes on the power distribution systems primarily due to the implementation of smart-grid technology and the incremental implementation of distributed generation. Distributed Generation (DG) is simply defined as the decentralization of power plants by placing smaller generating units closer to the point of consumption, traditionally ten mega-watts or smaller. The distribution power system is generally designed for radial power flow, but with the introduction of DG, power flow becomes bidirectional. Therefore this thesis focuses on testing various indices and using effective techniques for the optimal placement and sizing of the DG unit by minimizing power losses and voltage deviation. A 14-bus radial distribution system has been taken as the test system. The feasibility of the work lies on the fast execution of the programs as it would be equipped with the real time operation of the distribution system and it is seen that execution of the DG placement is quite fast and feasible with the optimization techniques used in this work.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Improvement of voltage profile for large scale power system using soft comput...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In modern power system operation, control, and planning, reactive power as part of power system component is very important in order to supply electrical load such as an electric motor. However, the reactive current that flows from the generator to load demand can cause voltage drop and active power loss. Hence, it is essential to install a compensating device such as a shunt capacitor close to the load bus to improve the voltage profile and decrease the total power loss of transmission line system. This paper presents the application of a genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and artificial bee colony (ABC)) to obtain the optimal size of the shunt capacitor where those capacitors are located on the critical bus. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is examined by utilizing Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) 500 kV power system grid as the test system. From the simulation results, the PSO and ABC algorithms are providing satisfactory results in obtaining the capacitor size and can reduce the total power loss of around 15.873 MW. Moreover, a different result is showed by the GA approach where the power loss in the JAMALI 500kV power grid can be compressed only up to 15.54 MW or 11.38% from the power system operation without a shunt capacitor. The three soft computing techniques could also maintain the voltage profile within 1.05 p.u and 0.95 p.u.
Multi-objective optimal placement of distributed generations for dynamic loadsIJECEIAES
Large amount of active power losses and low voltage profile are the two major issues concerning the integration of distributed generations with existing power system networks. High R/X ratio and long distance of radial network further aggravates the issues. Optimal placement of distributed generators can address these issues significantly by alleviating active power losses and ameliorating voltage profile in a cost effective manner. In this research, multi-objective optimal placement problem is decomposed into minimization of total active power losses, maximization of bus voltage profile enhancement and minimization of total generation cost of a power system network for static and dynamic load characteristics. Optimum utilization factor for installed generators and available loads is scaled by the analysis of yearly load-demand curve of a network. The developed algorithm of N-bus system is implemented in IEEE-14 bus standard test system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in different loading conditions.
Optimal planning of RDGs in electrical distribution networks using hybrid SAP...IJECEIAES
The impact of the renewable distributed generations (RDGs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems can be positive or negative on the system, based on the location and size of the DG. So, the correct location and size of DG in the distribution network remain an obstacle to achieving their full possible benefits. Therefore, the future distribution networks with the high penetration of DG power must be planned and operated to improve their efficiency. Thus, this paper presents a new methodology for integrated of renewable energy-based DG units with electrical distribution network. Since the main objective of the proposed methodology is to reduce the power losses and improve the voltage profile of the radial distribution system (RDS). In this regard, the optimization problem was formulated using loss sensitivity factor (LSF), simulated annealing (SA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a combination of loss sensitivity index (LSI) with SA and PSO (LSISA, LSIPSO) respectively. This paper contributes a new methodology SAPSO, which prevents the defects of SA and PSO. Optimal placement and sizing of renewable energy-based DG tested on 33-bus system. The results demonstrate the reliability and robustness of the proposed SAPSO algorithm to find the near-optimal position and size of the DG units to mitigate the power losses and improve the radial distribution system's voltage profile.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and transmission in ...IJECEIAES
Hybrid medium access control (MAC) scheme is one of the prominent mechanisms to offer energy efficiency in wireless sensor network where the potential features for both contention-based and schedule-based approaches are mechanized. However, the review of existing hybrid MAC scheme shows many loopholes where mainly it is observed that there is too much inclusion of time-slotting or else there is an inclusion of sophisticated mechanism not meant for offering flexibility to sensor node towards extending its services for upcoming applications of it. Therefore, this manuscript introduces a novel hybrid MAC scheme which is meant for offering cost effective and simplified scheduling operation in order to balance the performance of energy efficiency along with data aggregation performance. The simulated outcome of the study shows that proposed system offers better energy consumption, better throughput, reduced memory consumption, and faster processing in contrast to existing hybrid MAC protocols.
This paper presents the implementation of multiple distributed generations planning in distribution system using computational intelligence technique. A pre-developed computational intelligence optimization technique named as Embedded Meta EP-Firefly Algorithm (EMEFA) was utilized to determine distribution loss and penetration level for the purpose of distributed generation (DG) installation. In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used in order to solve the complexity of the multiple DG concepts. EMEFA-ANN was developed to optimize the weight of the ANN to minimize the mean squared error. The proposed method was validated on IEEE 69 Bus distribution system with several load variations scenario. The case study was conducted based on the multiple unit of DG in distribution system by considering the DGs are modeled as type I which is capable of injecting real power. Results obtained from the study could be utilized by the utility and energy commission for loss reduction scheme in distribution system.
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
Performance comparison of distributed generation installation arrangement in ...journalBEEI
Placing Distributed Generation (DG) into a power network should be planned wisely. In this paper, the comparison of having different installation arrangement of real-power DGs in transmission system for loss control is presented. Immune-brainstorm-evolutionary programme (IBSEP) was chosen as the optimization technique. It is found that optimizing fixed-size DGs locations gives the highest loss reduction percentage. Apart from that, scattered small-sized DGs throughout a network minimizes transmission loss more than allocating one biger-sized DG at a location.
Cost Aware Expansion Planning with Renewable DGs using Particle Swarm Optimiz...IJERA Editor
This Paper is an attempt to develop the expansion-planning algorithm using meta heuristics algorithms. Expansion Planning is always needed as the power demand is increasing every now and then. Thus for a better expansion planning the meta heuristic methods are needed. The cost efficient Expansion planning is desired in the proposed work. Recently distributed generation is widely researched to implement in future energy needs as it is pollution free and capability of installing it in rural places. In this paper, optimal distributed generation expansion planning with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) for identifying the location, size and type of distributed generator for future demand is predicted with lowest cost as the constraints. Here the objective function is to minimize the total cost including installation and operating cost of the renewable DGs. MATLAB based `simulation using M-file program is used for the implementation and Indian distribution system is used for testing the results.
Performance based Comparison of Wind and Solar Distributed Generators using E...Editor IJLRES
Distributed Generation (DG) technologies have become more and more important in power systems. The objective of the paper is to optimize the distributed energy resource type and size based on uncertainties in the distribution network. The three things are considered in stand point of uncertainties are listed as, (i) Future load growth, (ii) Variation in the solar radiation, (iii) Wind output variation. The challenge in Optimal DG Placement (ODGP) needs to be solved with optimization problem with many objectives and constraints. The ODGP is going to be done here, by using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). NSGA II is one among the available multi objective optimization algorithms with reduced computational complexity (O=MN2). Because of this prominent feature of NSGA II, it is widely applicable in all the multi objective optimization problems irrespective of disciplines. Hence it is selected to be employed here in order to obtain the reduced cost associated with the DG units. The proposed NSGA II is going to be applied on the IEEE 33-bus and the different performance characteristics were compared for both wind and solar type DG units.
Solar PV parameter estimation using multi-objective optimisationjournalBEEI
The estimation of the electrical model parameters of solar PV, such as light-induced current, diode dark saturation current, thermal voltage, series resistance, and shunt resistance, is indispensable to predict the actual electrical performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, this paper first considers the various methods of parameter estimation of solar PV to highlight their shortfalls. Thereafter, a new parameter estimation method, based on multi-objective optimisation, namely, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), is proposed. Furthermore, to check the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, conventional methods, such as, ‘Newton-Raphson’, ‘Particle Swarm Optimisation, Search Algorithm, was tested on four solar PV modules of polycrystalline and monocrystalline materials. Finally, a solar PV module photowatt PWP201 has been considered and compared with six different state of art methods. The estimated performance indices such as current absolute error matrics, absolute relative power error, mean absolute error, and P-V characteristics curve were compared. The results depict the close proximity of the characteristic curve obtained with the proposed NSGA-II method to the curve obtained by the manufacturer’s datasheet.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Improvement of voltage profile for large scale power system using soft comput...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In modern power system operation, control, and planning, reactive power as part of power system component is very important in order to supply electrical load such as an electric motor. However, the reactive current that flows from the generator to load demand can cause voltage drop and active power loss. Hence, it is essential to install a compensating device such as a shunt capacitor close to the load bus to improve the voltage profile and decrease the total power loss of transmission line system. This paper presents the application of a genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and artificial bee colony (ABC)) to obtain the optimal size of the shunt capacitor where those capacitors are located on the critical bus. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is examined by utilizing Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) 500 kV power system grid as the test system. From the simulation results, the PSO and ABC algorithms are providing satisfactory results in obtaining the capacitor size and can reduce the total power loss of around 15.873 MW. Moreover, a different result is showed by the GA approach where the power loss in the JAMALI 500kV power grid can be compressed only up to 15.54 MW or 11.38% from the power system operation without a shunt capacitor. The three soft computing techniques could also maintain the voltage profile within 1.05 p.u and 0.95 p.u.
Multi-objective optimal placement of distributed generations for dynamic loadsIJECEIAES
Large amount of active power losses and low voltage profile are the two major issues concerning the integration of distributed generations with existing power system networks. High R/X ratio and long distance of radial network further aggravates the issues. Optimal placement of distributed generators can address these issues significantly by alleviating active power losses and ameliorating voltage profile in a cost effective manner. In this research, multi-objective optimal placement problem is decomposed into minimization of total active power losses, maximization of bus voltage profile enhancement and minimization of total generation cost of a power system network for static and dynamic load characteristics. Optimum utilization factor for installed generators and available loads is scaled by the analysis of yearly load-demand curve of a network. The developed algorithm of N-bus system is implemented in IEEE-14 bus standard test system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in different loading conditions.
Optimal planning of RDGs in electrical distribution networks using hybrid SAP...IJECEIAES
The impact of the renewable distributed generations (RDGs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems can be positive or negative on the system, based on the location and size of the DG. So, the correct location and size of DG in the distribution network remain an obstacle to achieving their full possible benefits. Therefore, the future distribution networks with the high penetration of DG power must be planned and operated to improve their efficiency. Thus, this paper presents a new methodology for integrated of renewable energy-based DG units with electrical distribution network. Since the main objective of the proposed methodology is to reduce the power losses and improve the voltage profile of the radial distribution system (RDS). In this regard, the optimization problem was formulated using loss sensitivity factor (LSF), simulated annealing (SA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a combination of loss sensitivity index (LSI) with SA and PSO (LSISA, LSIPSO) respectively. This paper contributes a new methodology SAPSO, which prevents the defects of SA and PSO. Optimal placement and sizing of renewable energy-based DG tested on 33-bus system. The results demonstrate the reliability and robustness of the proposed SAPSO algorithm to find the near-optimal position and size of the DG units to mitigate the power losses and improve the radial distribution system's voltage profile.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and transmission in ...IJECEIAES
Hybrid medium access control (MAC) scheme is one of the prominent mechanisms to offer energy efficiency in wireless sensor network where the potential features for both contention-based and schedule-based approaches are mechanized. However, the review of existing hybrid MAC scheme shows many loopholes where mainly it is observed that there is too much inclusion of time-slotting or else there is an inclusion of sophisticated mechanism not meant for offering flexibility to sensor node towards extending its services for upcoming applications of it. Therefore, this manuscript introduces a novel hybrid MAC scheme which is meant for offering cost effective and simplified scheduling operation in order to balance the performance of energy efficiency along with data aggregation performance. The simulated outcome of the study shows that proposed system offers better energy consumption, better throughput, reduced memory consumption, and faster processing in contrast to existing hybrid MAC protocols.
This paper presents the implementation of multiple distributed generations planning in distribution system using computational intelligence technique. A pre-developed computational intelligence optimization technique named as Embedded Meta EP-Firefly Algorithm (EMEFA) was utilized to determine distribution loss and penetration level for the purpose of distributed generation (DG) installation. In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used in order to solve the complexity of the multiple DG concepts. EMEFA-ANN was developed to optimize the weight of the ANN to minimize the mean squared error. The proposed method was validated on IEEE 69 Bus distribution system with several load variations scenario. The case study was conducted based on the multiple unit of DG in distribution system by considering the DGs are modeled as type I which is capable of injecting real power. Results obtained from the study could be utilized by the utility and energy commission for loss reduction scheme in distribution system.
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
Performance comparison of distributed generation installation arrangement in ...journalBEEI
Placing Distributed Generation (DG) into a power network should be planned wisely. In this paper, the comparison of having different installation arrangement of real-power DGs in transmission system for loss control is presented. Immune-brainstorm-evolutionary programme (IBSEP) was chosen as the optimization technique. It is found that optimizing fixed-size DGs locations gives the highest loss reduction percentage. Apart from that, scattered small-sized DGs throughout a network minimizes transmission loss more than allocating one biger-sized DG at a location.
Cost Aware Expansion Planning with Renewable DGs using Particle Swarm Optimiz...IJERA Editor
This Paper is an attempt to develop the expansion-planning algorithm using meta heuristics algorithms. Expansion Planning is always needed as the power demand is increasing every now and then. Thus for a better expansion planning the meta heuristic methods are needed. The cost efficient Expansion planning is desired in the proposed work. Recently distributed generation is widely researched to implement in future energy needs as it is pollution free and capability of installing it in rural places. In this paper, optimal distributed generation expansion planning with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) for identifying the location, size and type of distributed generator for future demand is predicted with lowest cost as the constraints. Here the objective function is to minimize the total cost including installation and operating cost of the renewable DGs. MATLAB based `simulation using M-file program is used for the implementation and Indian distribution system is used for testing the results.
Performance based Comparison of Wind and Solar Distributed Generators using E...Editor IJLRES
Distributed Generation (DG) technologies have become more and more important in power systems. The objective of the paper is to optimize the distributed energy resource type and size based on uncertainties in the distribution network. The three things are considered in stand point of uncertainties are listed as, (i) Future load growth, (ii) Variation in the solar radiation, (iii) Wind output variation. The challenge in Optimal DG Placement (ODGP) needs to be solved with optimization problem with many objectives and constraints. The ODGP is going to be done here, by using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). NSGA II is one among the available multi objective optimization algorithms with reduced computational complexity (O=MN2). Because of this prominent feature of NSGA II, it is widely applicable in all the multi objective optimization problems irrespective of disciplines. Hence it is selected to be employed here in order to obtain the reduced cost associated with the DG units. The proposed NSGA II is going to be applied on the IEEE 33-bus and the different performance characteristics were compared for both wind and solar type DG units.
Solar PV parameter estimation using multi-objective optimisationjournalBEEI
The estimation of the electrical model parameters of solar PV, such as light-induced current, diode dark saturation current, thermal voltage, series resistance, and shunt resistance, is indispensable to predict the actual electrical performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, this paper first considers the various methods of parameter estimation of solar PV to highlight their shortfalls. Thereafter, a new parameter estimation method, based on multi-objective optimisation, namely, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), is proposed. Furthermore, to check the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, conventional methods, such as, ‘Newton-Raphson’, ‘Particle Swarm Optimisation, Search Algorithm, was tested on four solar PV modules of polycrystalline and monocrystalline materials. Finally, a solar PV module photowatt PWP201 has been considered and compared with six different state of art methods. The estimated performance indices such as current absolute error matrics, absolute relative power error, mean absolute error, and P-V characteristics curve were compared. The results depict the close proximity of the characteristic curve obtained with the proposed NSGA-II method to the curve obtained by the manufacturer’s datasheet.
Enhancing radial distribution system performance by optimal placement of DST...IJECEIAES
In this paper, A novel modified optimization method was used to find the optimal location and size for placing distribution Static Compensator in the radial distribution test feeder in order to improve its performance by minimizing the total power losses of the test feeder, enhancing the voltage profile and reducing the costs. The modified grey wolf optimization algorithm is used for the first time to solve this kind of optimization problem. An objective function was developed to study the radial distribution system included total power loss of the system and costs due to power loss in system. The proposed method is applied to two different test distribution feeders (33 bus and 69 bus test systems) using different Dstatcom sizes and the acquired results were analyzed and compared to other recent optimization methods applied to the same test feeders to ensure the effectiveness of the used method and its superiority over other recent optimization mehods. The major findings from obtained results that the applied technique found the most minimized total power loss in system, the best improved voltage profile and most reduction in costs due power loss compared to other methods.
Comparison of FACTS Devices for Two Area Power System Stability Enhancement u...IJAPEJOURNAL
Modern Power Transmission networks are becoming increasingly stressed due to growing demand and restrictions on building new lines. Losing stability is one of the major threat of such a stressed system following a disturbance. Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices are found to be very effective in a transmission network for better utilization of its existing facilities without sacrificing the desired stability margin. The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and Static Var Compensator (SVC) are the shunt devices of the flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) family. When system voltage is low, STATCOM generates reactive power and when system voltage is high it absorbs reactive power whereas the Static Var compensator provides the fast acting dynamic compensation in case of severe faults. In this Paper, the performance of SVC is compared with the performance of STATCOM. Proposed controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results indicate that the STATCOM controller installed with two machine systems provides better damping characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine system installed with SVC. Thus, transient stability enhancement of the two machine system installed with STATCOM is better than that installed with SVC.
Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFCijtsrd
Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) are used. Load flow analysis is done to analyze the transients introduced in the system due to the occurrence of faults. The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power. This paper considers a power system as a case study for investigating the performance of UPFC is achieving stability. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the voltage deviations and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their voltage deviations and reactive power support in this paper. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. Navneet Kaur | Gagan Deep Yadav"Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7139.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/7139/power-quality-improvement-in-power-system-using-upfc/navneet-kaur
Optimum reactive power compensation for distribution system using dolphin alg...IJECEIAES
The distribution system represents the connection between the consumers and entire power network. The radial structure is preferred for distribution system due to its simple design and low cost. It suffers from problems of rising power losses higher than the transmission system and voltage drop. One of the important solutions to evolve the system voltage profile and to lower system losses is the reactive power compensation which is based on the optimum choice of position and capacitor size in the network. Different models of loads such as constant power (P), constant current (I), constant impedance (Z), and composite (ZIP) are implemented with comparisons among them in order to identify the most effective load type that produces the optimal settlement for minimization loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and cost savings. Dolphin Optimization Algorithm (DOA) is applied for selecting the sizes and locations of capacitors. Two case studies (IEEE 16-bus and 33-bus) are employed to evaluate the different load models with optimal reactive power compensation. The results show that ZIP model is the best to produce the optimal solution for capacitors position and sizes. Comparison of results with literature works shows that DOA is the most robust among the other algorithms.
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS DeviceIJAPEJOURNAL
Making of smart grids puts mounting pressure on the nation’s aging electric power transmission system. Just planting additional towers and stringing more line won’t practice the nation’s electric power transmission infrastructure to meet up the energy challenges ahead. Smart grids stand geared up to play a much larger role in the energy equation for reduction of transmission line losses. The FACTS controllers come out with the capability of enhancing transmission system control, reliability, and operation. This paper will discuss and express how Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) has effectively been applied to power system for efficiently regulating system voltage and thus increase system load ability. This paper investigates the effects of (STATCOM) on voltage stability of a power system at different positions.The simulation analysis of this paper can be used as guideline for power industry. The study is thereby simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software and simulation results show that STATCOM is effective in midpoint voltage regulation on transmission line. In this paper comparison is also performed between STATCOM and SVC under fault condition and it is proved that STATCOM have the capacity to provide more capacitive power for the period of a fault than SVC.
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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2. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
A review on optimal placement and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS ... (V. Tejaswini)
901
system, while custom power devices are used in distribution [5]. Custom power devices are especially
effective in the system reliability and power quality.
Custom power devices/FACTS devices having high installation cost, however these devices are used
in both transmission and distribution systems because of the better performance of these devices, in view of
this it is necessary to determine the optimal placement of Custom Power devices/FACTS devices [6]. Custom
power devices/FACTS devices are more effective devices to minimize power losses, voltage stability margin
enhancement, cost of energy savings, improving reliability and security of the power system. FACTS devices
are DVR, DSTATCOM, UPQC, UPFC, SVC etc. There exist less research work on optimal location and
sizing of custom power devices in the distribution system rather than research work on optimal placement of
FACTS devices in the transmission systems [7]. Figures 1 & 2 shows the representation of Custom Power
Devices/FACTS devices in power system. This paper presents metahuristic methods for distribution and
transmission system, further sensitivity index methods are reviewed in detail. Finally an overall review will
represented for future research will be suggested.
Figure 1. Optimal placement of FACTS devices in transmission systems
Figure 2. Optimal placement of costum power devices in distribution systems
2. REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON CUSTOM POWER/FACTS DEVICES ALLOCATION:
All existing methods for optimal allocation of Custom power/FACTS devices can be divided in to
categories. Meta-heuristic methods, sensitivity index methods and Combination of sensitivity approach and
meta-heuristics.
2.1. Meta-heuristic methods
These methods are efficient and flexible methods. Discrete and constraint optimization problems can
be easily solved by using Meta-heuristic approaches [8]. Problems related to multimodal, multi objective
functions can also be solved by using these methods.
2.1.1. Algorithms for transmission systems
In [9] Jan 2019, P. Lokender Reddy, G. Yesuratnam interdicted modified Bacterial foraging
algorithm for optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The main objective functions are minimization of
real power loss and voltage stability L-index this method is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. In [10] Dec 2018,
Salman and Ali used genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location and sizing of UPFC. The main
objective functions are voltage profile improvement, power losses reduction, treatment of power flow in
3. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019: 900 – 908
902
overloaded transmission lines and minimize total cost of power system. In [11] Aug 2018, Sirote Khunkitti,
Apirat Siritaratiwat Proposed Hybrid DA-PSO Optimization Algorithm to solve multi objective optimal
power flow (OPF) problems in a power system. This new hybrid DA-PSO algorithm provides exploration
phase of DA and the exploitation phase of PSO, to improve its performance for finding solution of the OPF
problems. The main objective is to minimize fuel cast and transmission losses.
In [12] Sep 2016, Elazim and Ali used Cuckoo search algorithm to find optimal location of
STATCOM in multi mission power system. It is inspired from life of bards. By using STATCOM the overall
voltage profile and system load ability can be improved. PV curves are used to determine location of
STATCOM and CS algorithm is used to solve optimization problems. Compare to GA, CS provides good
damping characters to the system oscillations over a wide range of loading conditions. In [13] 2016, Sai Ram
and Venkanna implemented PSO adaptive GSA hybrid algorithm and it is used to find the optimal location,
power ratings of the FACTS devices based on voltages and minimum power losses. Gravitational constants
are optimized by using PSO algorithm to improve the searching performance of the GSA. UPFC & IPFC are
used for system stability analysis. Voltage, power loss values can be calculated by placing IPFC in between
two busses and magnitudes of voltage, power loss can be evaluated by placing UPFC in between two busses.
PSO-GSA provides better stability margin and reducing power losses compare to GA & GSA. In [14] March
2016, Susanta and Roy developed chemical reaction optimization for optimal location of STATCOM, in
order to solve optimal reaction power dispatch problems. STATCOM can minimize transmission losses and
voltage deviations and improves voltage profile, voltage stability of the system. This CRO method is more
efficient than PSO and DE.
In [15] 2016, Imperialistic competitive algorithm inspired form socio-political phenomenon of
imperialistic computation is used for optimal design of STATCOM in power systems. Optimization problems
can be solved by using IC. The proposed ICA STATCOM provides good damping characteristic to the
system oscillations and also improves overall voltage profile, system load ability. In [16] 2015, Rezaee
Jaordehi developed Brainstorm optimization algorithm for optimal placement of FACTS devices, it is
heuristic algorithm, which is inspired from Brainstorming process in human being. SVC and TCSC devices
are used for voltage profile enhancement, over load minimization and loss reduction. Compare to
enhancement GA, PSO and DE, this BSOA provides better voltage profile and less power losses. In [17]
2014, Thanh long, Jian used mini cut algorithm for finding the location, quantity and size of TCSC. It
improves system loadability through changing line reactance by installing the TCSC on transmission line.
This method improves system loadability, minimize the installation cost and reduce search space. This will
be tested on IEEE 6 bus, 13 bus, and 118 bus systems.
In [18] Sep 2013, Edward and Rajasekar proposed an enhanced bacterial foraging algorithm to
determine suitable location and sizing for SVC and TCSC devices, in order to minimize power flow
problems enhanced EBFA is combination of BF and Nelder-Mead algorithm so it is called as hybrid
algorithm. Compare BF, EBF provides better optimal parameter selection, reduces the generation cost and
improves voltage stability limit. In [19] 2013, Safari and Ahmadaian proposed honey bee mating
optimization algorithm for optimal design of STATCOM. It is inspired from birds’ life. This proposed
method provides good damping characteristics to low frequency oscillations and improves system stability.
In [20] 2011, ES ali and S.M abd Elazin;intro introduced an improved bacterial swarm optimization
algorithm for coordinated design of PSSs and TCSC in a multi machine power system. This BSO is hybrid
algorithm and it is combination of BF and PSO. Over a wide range of load conductions the coordinated
design problems of PSS & TCSC is excited, that problem consider as optimization problem. BSO provides
better damping characteristics to system oscillations over wide range of load conductions and different
disturbances. When compare to BF & PSO, BSO provides faster and more efficient convergence, prevent
trappings in local areas.
2.1.2. Algorithms for distribution Systems
In [21] Apr 2019, Srider and Prakash proposed whale optimization algorithm for finding optimal
location and sizing of the DG. Main objective function is minimization of power loss and cost with maximum
voltage stability index, this method is tested for IEEE 69 bus system. In [22] Feb 2018, M. Laxmidevi
Ramanaiah, M. Damodar Reddy introduces moth flame optimization method to determine the optimal
location of UPQC in distribution system. In large distribution systems UPQC’s steady state compensation
capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation. Main objectives are to real power
loss reduction, voltage profile improvement. In [23] Nov 2017, Laxmi & Damodar used Gray Wolf
optimization for optimal allocation of UPQC in Distribution system. This gray wolf optimization inspired by
the hunting mechanism of grey wolves. The main objective function is to reduce power loss and voltage
profile improvement of the system. This can be tested on standand IEEE 33 and 69 bus systems.
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In [24] another research work 2015, harmony search algorithm is used to find optimal location &
sizing of DSTATCOM. This algorithm is inspired from improvisation process in music. The main objective
is to minimize total power losses. This method is tested on IEE-33 bus system. Harmony algorithm will
reduce power losses more than immune algorithm. In [26] 2014 Devi and Gethanjali introduced PSO for
finding the optimal location and sizing of DG and DSTATCOM , in order to reduce power losses & improve
voltage profile.PSO is inspired by fish schooling and bird flocks. The study is done with five different cases.
In all cases performance of DG&DSTATCOM can be analyzed by using LSF method. In [27] 2014 taher,
Afsari used immune algorithm for optimization problems of DSTATCOM in radial distribution system.
It reduces power losses, cost of DSTATCOM and improve voltage of buses. Compare to GA, IA provides
minimum DSTATCOM size and CPU time.
In [28] 2013, Masoud and Azah used firefly algorithm to find optimal location and sizing of
DSTATCOM in distribution system, for power quality enhancement. A newly defined objective function is
interdicted, which include total harmonic distortion, voltage deviations and total investment cost of
DSTATCOM. This firefly algorithm provides better results than GA and PSO. In [29] 2012, Abas and Afsari
used Differential evaluation algorithm to determine optimal location of UPQC considering its size. In the
radial distribution system, Objective function defined for voltage and current profile improvement, power
loss reduction, minimization of investment cost. Compared with IA and GA, DC converges faster & smother,
it provides minimum UPQC size, CPU time and objective function.
2.2. Sensitive approach
In sensitive approach or method, first an index is explained and computation for different potential
locations of Custom power devices/FACTS devices determined based on the computed indices, most
commonly two types of indices are used for allocation problems those indices are voltage sensitivity index,
power loss index.
2.2.1. Voltage sensitivity index
To determine optimal location of Custom power devices/FACTS devices, voltage stability index
(VSI) is calculated for different buses, the bus which is having highest VSI value then that bus chosen for
custom power devices/FACTS device placement.
a) Algorithms for Transmission Systems
In [30] 2016,mutegi & Kihato proposed a voltage stability based method to find optimal placement
of FACTS devices in the weak & heavily loaded buses for voltage stability improvement two voltage
stability indices, namely the Fast voltage stability index & the line stability index are used to determine best
location of FACTS devices. In [31] 2015, Albast& Ahmad Proposed, voltage sensitivity based method is
used to determine optimal location of UPQC for security constrained voltage stability improvement. Initially
the voltage stability of all buses was determined by calculating voltage collapse proximity indicates (VCPI),
VSI & LLSI values and most unstable bus was selected for UPFC placement. 39 bus systems is used for
testing of results. Placement of unified power flow controllers to improve dynamic voltage stability using
power system variable based voltage stability indices. In [32] 2014, nurdin and fathin proposed sensitivity
analysis for placement of shunt DVR compensator & STATCOM in the power system. Reactive power losses
can be reduced by using STATCOM and voltage instability can be prevented by using shunt DVR
compensators. Three sensitivity indices are used namely, voltage stability index, voltage sensitivity index,
angle sensitivity index to select best bus locations for shunt DVR compensator and STATCOM.
b) Algorithms for Distribution System
In [33] 2018, Bushra Weqar, Mohd Tauseef Khan used voltage stability index and loss sensitivity
factor, to determine the optimal location and size of DG and DSTATCOM. This is tested on 33-bus radial
distribution system. changes in voltage profile and active power losses were compared before and after
installation of these devices. Optimal placement of DG, DSTATCOM reduces the power losses and improves
the voltage profile. In [34] 2015, Penkita Mehta, Praghnesh Bhatta presents the analysis for selection of the
best D.G units from different categories in Distribution systems for voltage stability improvement and loss
reduction. Voltage stability indices are used to investigate the impact of location D.G units for the power
losses, voltage profile and voltage stability. In [35] 2014 Jain and Gupta used voltage sensitivity index for
determine the optimal placement of DSTATCOM to enhance the voltage profile & reduce power losses. First
voltage stability index values should calculate for all buses, in order to determine unstable bus for placement
of DSTATCOM. Finally the results have been presented for IEEE 33 bus system. In [36] 2012 Hussain and
Visali proposed a voltage sensitivity based method for determine the weakest bus of distribution network.
Voltage profile is improved by placing DSTATCOM on the weakest bus. The efficiency of the proposed VSI
have been tested on IEEE 33 bus system.
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2.3. Power loss index
Power loss index (PLI) is another approach to select suitable location for custom power
devices/FACTS devices, power loss are calculated based on load flow studies. At all nodes except for source
node, reactive power is injected, and the total power losses & loss reduction at each node are calculated. The
node which is having highest value of PLI, that node will be the best place for installation of custom power
device/FACTS devices.
a) Algorithms for Transmission System
In [37] April 2018, loss sensitivity indices are used for placement of TCSC and TCPAR devices.
The objective function is minimization of line losses this approach is implemented on IEEE 57-bus system.
In [38], 2017, another research work, power loss sensitivity index is used to determine optimal placement pf
STATCOM then optimal parameters setting of STATCOM has been done by Newton Raphson power flow
technique. The objective function is minimization of system power losses, this approach is implemented on
14 bus test system, before and after placing the STATCOM, voltage and power losses have been compared.
In [39] 2013, Manikandan and Arul proposed power loss index method to determine optimal placement of
TCSC and UPFC, for controlling power loss and enhancing the usable capacity of transmission line. Two
indices are used namely power loss sensitivity index and sensitivity of over loadability index (SOL).
b) Algorithms for Distribution System
In [40] march 2017, Fahad, Mohd khan introduced new methodology for finding optimal placement
of DG and DSTATCOM for loss reduction and voltage profile improvement. Loss sensitivity factor (LSF)
used for finding the best location of DG. All the operational and system constraints must be considered and
verified to find the optimal location of DSTATCOM. Optimal size of DG and DSTATCOM can be
determined by using direct load flow analysis. In [41] 2016 Atma Ram Gupta, Ashwari kumar proposed “
performance analysis of Radial Distribution with UPQC & DSTATCOM. Proposed power loss index method
for finding optimal location of DSTATCOM & UOQC in radial distribution system. The bus which is having
the minimum losses, that bus is selected as the candidate bus for UPQC placement and optimal location of
DSTATCOM is found by PLT. The main objective is to reduce power losses, investment cost and improving
voltage profile of the system.
In [42] 2016 Gupta and Kumar proposed sensitivity indices for optimal location of D-STATCOM’s.
fast voltage stability index, the combined power loss index, voltage stability index, voltage sensitivity index
and proposed stability index are used. The new voltage sensitivity index is used to determine the optimal
location of D-STATCOM. Optimal size of D-STATCOM found in summer and winter times, consider load
improvement. the efficiency of different sensitivity-based approaches in optimal allocation of
D-STATCOM’s were compare, and the impact of the optimal placement of D-STATCOM’s to improve
voltage stability margin, reduce energy losses and increase energy cost savings were investigated.
In [43] 2015, power loss index method is used for placement of DSTATCOM in radial distribution
system for reduction of line losses and improvement of voltage profile. Bus parameters can be calculated by
using load flow methods. Mathematical modeling is used to calculate reactive power injection of
DSTATCOM for all he buses. Based on reactive power values optimal location of DSTATCOM can be
selected by using PLI.
2.4. Combination of meta-heuristic & sensitivity approach
In some research work, sensitivity index methods and meta-heuristic techniques has been hybridized
and applied to custom power devices/FACTS devices allocation problems to get better solutions compared to
individual methods.
a) Algorithms for Transmission System
In [44] Feb 2018, Sravana kumar, Suryakalavathi proposed a new method for optimal placement of
TCSC & optimal tuning of generators in power system. Combined index is used for optimal generator
reallocation with optimal placement of TCSC. Krill Herd algorithm is used for optimal tuning of TCSC.
Combined index having line utilization factor (LUF) and fast voltage stability index (FVSI). The main
objective function is minimization of line loss and voltage deviation. In [45] 2015, gravitational search
algorithm is presented to determine the optimal placement of FACTS devices (TCSC, SVC, UPFC). Voltage
security index (VSI), line security index (LSI) are used for performance analysis. The main aim is to reduce
power losses and enhancement of system security. In [46] 2012, a new method is proposed for optimal
placement of TCSC and STATCOM in power system. Real power flow sensitivity index and combination
voltage sensitivity index are used for finding optimal placement of TCSC and STATCOM. The optimal
rating of TCSC and best sizing of STATCOM is optimized by using the Genetic algorithm. The objective
function is to reduce severity of the system loadings and enhancement of voltage stability of the system.
In [47] 2009, Parizad and Khazali proposed heuristic methods and sensitivity index for optimal
placement of FACTS devices. HSA and GA have used to determine optimal location of TCPAR, UPFC and
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SVC devices. For system analysis, Three different cases are considered: 1) TCPAR, UPFC, SVC are placed
individually 2) any two devices placed randomly 3) three devices are placed simultaneously. In all three
cases voltage indices and losses should be calculated to select the better places for the devices. The main
objective function is to improve voltage profile, reduce power losses, increasing power transfer capacity,
maximum loading and voltage stability margin.
b) Algorithms for Distribution System
In [48] Nov 2018, Selva Raj, Rajangam introduced multi objective modified flower pollination
algorithm (Mo-MFPA) for power loss reduction, minimum load balancing index and maximum voltage
profile in radial distribution. PV array used as distributed generator (DG), pre identify the most candidate
busses for placing PV and DSTATCOM by using voltage stability index. Then the MO-MFPA is used to
reduce the size and locations of PV arrays and DSTATCOM from the selected busses. In [49] VSI is used to
find the placement of D-STATCOM devices and optimal size of D-STATCOM is determined by using bat
swarm optimization algorithm. In [50] 2016, Safari and Ahmad used discrete imperialistic competition &
nelder-mead algorithm to solve D-STATCOM placement problem in distribution systems, while DG’s are
previously installed in it. Voltage stability index (VSI) is applied to identify the weak buses in the network.
Objective function is minimizing the sum of normalized active power losses and D-STATCOM installation
cost. Coordination of DG’s and D-STATCOM’s will give better results compare to D-STATCOM’s without
DG’s in distribution feeder. New DICA-NM hybrid algorithm is provide more accuracy compare to
evolutionary methods such as GA, PSO, ACO etc.
In [51] 2015, loss sensitivity factor (LSI) and bacterial foraging optimization algorithm have been
hybridized for D-STATCOM’s and DG’s placement in distribution system. It is used to reduce power loss
and improves the voltage profile of the system. The five loss sensitivity factor values were sorted in
descending order, the trial and error method is used to determine optimal location between five buses. The
bus which is having least amount of power loss, that bus is selected as candidate bus for placement of DG’s
or D-STATCOM’s.
Meta-heuristic optimization techniques are simple and easier to find optimal solution to the
problems. Compare to analytical methods and Artificial Neural network based methods, Meta-heuristic
methods are easy to define and used for multi objective function by considering many constraints. But this
technique is suffered from premature convergence and lack of accuracy [52-57].
Sensitivity approaches are simple and most suitable for the placement problem, but it is consider
only one objective problem [58-61]. Any sensitivity approach is designed to find the critical location of
custom power devices/FACTS devices from a specific point of view, and it is difficult to consider many
constraints for the problem. The combination of sensitivity approaches and meta-heuristic methods are
mostly used to solve the problems. Sensitivity approaches are used for finding most critical nodes, to make
the problem smaller. Optimization techniques can be applied to nodes, to determine the few specific nodes
for the best size of custom power/FACTS devices. Using this process, there exist balance between the
accuracy and speed, and it is possible to use multi objective functions and consider many constraints. Review
of different research works on custom power devices/FACTS devices allocation as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Review of Different Research Works on Custom Power Devices/FACTS Devices Allocation.
S.no Objectives Devices Algorithm Remarks
1 Power loss reduction, Good damping
characteristics
STATCOM &
PSS
Genetic Run time, Require long revisiting of optimal
solutions.
2 Reactive power dispatch problem, minimum
transmission losses and voltage deviation
STATCOM Chemical
Reaction
Its local search ability of is weak, It is often
traps into local optima
3 Overall voltage profile imprudent, system
load ability.
STATCOM Cuckoo
search
Difficult to Solve multi objective problems
4 Minimization of power flow problems SVC & TCSC BF + NMA Delay in reaching the global solution
5 Power loss reduction & better voltage
stability margin
UPFC & IPFC PSO + GSA Slow convergence, getting trapped in local
areas
6 Voltage profile enhancement, system
laudability improvement
STATCOM ICA Required to determine total power.
Required more setting time.
7 Power loss reduction & voltage profile
improvement
STATCOM PSO Slow convergence, can’t work out the
problem of scattering & optimization.
8 Harmonic distortion & voltage deviation
reduction
D-STATCOM Firefly Delay in reaching the global solution
9 Power loss reduction, voltage profile
improvement
D-STATCOM Immune Require more Computing time
10 Minimum total power losses D-STATCOM Harmony Each objective function has been handled
separately as a single objective optimization
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3. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented Meta heuristic methods, sensitive index methods and their hybrid
combination for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. An
extensive and comprehensive survey of published literatures on this field is presented. From the analysis of
comparison, it is inferred that only a fewer research work is done on distribution system compared to
transmission system. There is very slight improvement in optimization techniques that are used for placement
and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. A comparative study on the application of different
optimization techniques are done in terms of accuracy and speed. It is also concluded that for power loss
minimization in power systems, most of the research has concentrated only on single device placement rather
than placement of multi devices. After review of different types of meta-heuristic algorithms & sensitivity
index methods, still there is a scope for implementation of different types of new hybrid algorithms for
optimal placement and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems.
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