Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Heuristic remedial actions in the reliability assessment of high voltage dire...IJECEIAES
Planning of high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids requires inclusion of reliability assessment of alternatives under study. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the adequacy of voltage source converter/VSCHVDC networks. The methodology analyses the performance of the system using N-1 and N-2 contingencies in order to detect weaknesses in the DC network and evaluates two types of remedial actions to keep the entire system under the acceptable operating limits . The remedial actions are applied when a violation of these limits on the DC system occurs; those include topology changes in the network and adjustments of power settings of VSC converter stations. The CIGRE B4 DC grid test system is used for evaluating the reliability/adequacy performance by means of the proposed methodology in this paper. The proposed remedial actions are effective for all contingencies; then, numerical results are as expected. This work is useful for planning and operation of grids based on VSC-HVDC technology.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
Resource aware wind farm and D-STATCOM optimal sizing and placement in a dist...IJECEIAES
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) based wind farms are capable of providing reactive power compensation. Compensation capability enhancement using reactors such as distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) while connecting distribution generation (DG) systems to grid is imperative. This paper presents an optimal placement and sizing of offshore wind farms in a coastal distribution system that is emulated on an IEEE 33 bus system. A multi-objective formulation for optimal placement and sizing of the offshore wind farms with both the location and size constraints is developed. Teaching learning algorithm is used to optimize the multi-objective function constraining on the capacity and location of the offshore wind farms. The proposed formulation is a multi-objective problem for placement of the wind generator in the power system with dynamic wind supply to the power system. The random wind speed is generated as the input and the wind farm output generated to perform the optimal sizing and placement in the distributed system. MATLAB based simulation developed is found to be efficient and robust.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
Decentralised PI controller design based on dynamic interaction decoupling in...IJECEIAES
An enhanced method for design of decenralised proportional integral (PI) controllers to control various variables of flotation columns is proposed. These columns are multivariable processes characterised by multiple interacting manipulated and controlled variables. The control of more than one variable is not an easy problem to solve as a change in a specific manipulated variable affects more than one controlled variable. Paper proposes an improved method for design of decentralized PI controllers through the introduction of decoupling of the interconnected model of the process. Decoupling the system model has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce the influence of the interactions in the closed-loop control and consistently to keep the system stable. The mathematical derivations and the algorithm of the design procedure are described in detail. The behaviour and performance of the closed-loop systems without and with the application of the decoupling method was investigated and compared through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the decouplers - based closedloop system has better performance than the closed-loop system without decouplers. The highest improvement (2 to 50 times) is in the steady-state error and 1.2 to 7 times in the settling and rising time. Controllers can easily be implemented.
Investigation of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grid...IJECEIAES
Ground grid system is important for preventing the hazardous effects of overvoltage in high voltage substations due to fault current perhaps from lightning strike or device malfunction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grids with ground rods being distributed in mesh-pattern by using alternate transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) program. The models were simulated in the cases that 25 kAfault current being injected into the center or one of the corners of ground grids. The results showed that the highest level of overvoltage (6.3349 kV) was detected at the corner of rectangular ground grid when the fault current was injected into its corner. However, the lowest level of overvoltage was found when the fault current was injected into the center of square ground grid. The results from this study indicated that ATP/EMTP program was useful for preliminary investigation of overvoltage on ground grids of different shapes. The obtained knowledge could be beneficial for further designing of ground grid systems of high voltage substations to receive the minimal damages due to fault current.
Heuristic remedial actions in the reliability assessment of high voltage dire...IJECEIAES
Planning of high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids requires inclusion of reliability assessment of alternatives under study. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the adequacy of voltage source converter/VSCHVDC networks. The methodology analyses the performance of the system using N-1 and N-2 contingencies in order to detect weaknesses in the DC network and evaluates two types of remedial actions to keep the entire system under the acceptable operating limits . The remedial actions are applied when a violation of these limits on the DC system occurs; those include topology changes in the network and adjustments of power settings of VSC converter stations. The CIGRE B4 DC grid test system is used for evaluating the reliability/adequacy performance by means of the proposed methodology in this paper. The proposed remedial actions are effective for all contingencies; then, numerical results are as expected. This work is useful for planning and operation of grids based on VSC-HVDC technology.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
Resource aware wind farm and D-STATCOM optimal sizing and placement in a dist...IJECEIAES
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) based wind farms are capable of providing reactive power compensation. Compensation capability enhancement using reactors such as distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) while connecting distribution generation (DG) systems to grid is imperative. This paper presents an optimal placement and sizing of offshore wind farms in a coastal distribution system that is emulated on an IEEE 33 bus system. A multi-objective formulation for optimal placement and sizing of the offshore wind farms with both the location and size constraints is developed. Teaching learning algorithm is used to optimize the multi-objective function constraining on the capacity and location of the offshore wind farms. The proposed formulation is a multi-objective problem for placement of the wind generator in the power system with dynamic wind supply to the power system. The random wind speed is generated as the input and the wind farm output generated to perform the optimal sizing and placement in the distributed system. MATLAB based simulation developed is found to be efficient and robust.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
Decentralised PI controller design based on dynamic interaction decoupling in...IJECEIAES
An enhanced method for design of decenralised proportional integral (PI) controllers to control various variables of flotation columns is proposed. These columns are multivariable processes characterised by multiple interacting manipulated and controlled variables. The control of more than one variable is not an easy problem to solve as a change in a specific manipulated variable affects more than one controlled variable. Paper proposes an improved method for design of decentralized PI controllers through the introduction of decoupling of the interconnected model of the process. Decoupling the system model has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce the influence of the interactions in the closed-loop control and consistently to keep the system stable. The mathematical derivations and the algorithm of the design procedure are described in detail. The behaviour and performance of the closed-loop systems without and with the application of the decoupling method was investigated and compared through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the decouplers - based closedloop system has better performance than the closed-loop system without decouplers. The highest improvement (2 to 50 times) is in the steady-state error and 1.2 to 7 times in the settling and rising time. Controllers can easily be implemented.
Investigation of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grid...IJECEIAES
Ground grid system is important for preventing the hazardous effects of overvoltage in high voltage substations due to fault current perhaps from lightning strike or device malfunction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grids with ground rods being distributed in mesh-pattern by using alternate transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) program. The models were simulated in the cases that 25 kAfault current being injected into the center or one of the corners of ground grids. The results showed that the highest level of overvoltage (6.3349 kV) was detected at the corner of rectangular ground grid when the fault current was injected into its corner. However, the lowest level of overvoltage was found when the fault current was injected into the center of square ground grid. The results from this study indicated that ATP/EMTP program was useful for preliminary investigation of overvoltage on ground grids of different shapes. The obtained knowledge could be beneficial for further designing of ground grid systems of high voltage substations to receive the minimal damages due to fault current.
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
A novel method for determining fixed running time in operating electric train...IJECEIAES
Tracking the optimal speed profile in electric train operation has been proposed as a potential solution for reducing energy consumption in electric train operation, at no cost to improve infrastructure of existing Metro lines as well. However, the optimal speed profile needs to meet fixed running time. Therefore, this paper focuses on a new method for determining the fixed running time complied with the scheduled timetable when trains track the optimal speed profile. The novel method to ensure the fixed running time is the numerical-analytical one. Calculating accelerating time ta, coasting time tc, braking time tb via values of holding speed vh, braking speed vb of optimal speed profile with the constraint condition: the running time equal to the demand time. The other hands, vh and vb are determined by solving nonlinear equations with constraint conditions. Additionally, changing running time suit for each operation stage of metro lines or lines starting to conduct schedules by the numerical-analytical method is quite easy. Simulation results obtained for two scenarios with data collected from electrified trains of Cat Linh-Ha Dong metro line, Vietnam show that running time complied with scheduled timetables, energy saving by tracking optimal speed profile for the entire route is up to 8.7%, if the running time is one second longer than original time, energy saving is about 11.96%.
A hybrid algorithm for voltage stability enhancement of distribution systems IJECEIAES
This paper presents a hybrid algorithm by applying a hybrid firefly and particle swarm optimization algorithm (HFPSO) to determine the optimal sizing of distributed generation (DG) and distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) device. A multi-objective function is employed to enhance the voltage stability, voltage profile, and minimize the total power loss of the radial distribution system (RDS). Firstly, the voltage stability index (VSI) is applied to locate the optimal location of DG and D-STATCOM respectively. Secondly, to overcome the sup-optimal operation of existing algorithms, the HFPSO algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal size of both DG and D-STATCOM. Verification of the proposed algorithm has achieved on the standard IEEE 33-bus and Iraqi 65-bus radial distribution systems through simulation using MATLAB. Comprehensive simulation results of four different cases show that the proposed HFPSO demonstrates significant improvements over other existing algorithms in supporting voltage stability and loss reduction in distribution networks. Furthermore, comparisons have achieved to demonstrate the superiority of HFPSO algorithms over other techniques due to its ability to determine the global optimum solution by easy way and speed converge feature.
Hybrid bypass technique to mitigate leakage current in the grid-tied inverterIJECEIAES
The extensive use of fossil fuel is destroying the balance of nature that could lead to many problems in the forthcoming era. Renewable energy resources are a ray of hope to avoid possible destruction. Smart grid and distributed power generation systems are now mainly built with the help of renewable energy resources. The integration of renewable energy production system with the smart grid and distributed power generation is facing many challenges that include addressing the issue of isolation and power quality. This paper presents a new approach to address the aforementioned issues by proposing a hybrid bypass technique concept to improve the overall performance of the grid-tied inverter in solar power generation. The topology with the proposed technique is presented using traditional H5, oH5 and H6 inverter. Comparison of topologies with literature is carried out to check the feasibility of the method proposed. It is found that the leakage current of all the proposed inverters is 9 mA and total harmonic distortion is almost about 2%. The proposed topology has good efficiency, common mode and differential mode characteristics.
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
Disturbance observer-based controller for inverted pendulum with uncertaintie...IJECEIAES
A new approach based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique for stabilizing the inverted pendulum is developed in this article. The unknown states are estimated as well as the system is stabilized simultaneously by employing the observer-based controller. In addition, the impacts of the uncertainties are taken into consideration in this paper. Unlike the previous studies, the uncertainties in this study are unnecessary to satisfy the bounded constraints. These uncertainties will be converted into the unknown input disturbances, and then a disturbance observer-based controller will be synthesized to estimate the information of the unknown states, eliminate completely the effects of the uncertainties, and stabilize inverted pendulum system. With the support of lyapunov methodology, the conditions for constructing the observer and controller under the framework of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are derived in main theorems. Finally, the simulations for system with and without uncertainties are exhibited to show the merit and effectiveness of the proposed methods.
IMPROVED SWARM INTELLIGENCE APPROACH TO MULTI OBJECTIVE ED PROBLEMSSuganthi Thangaraj
Electrical power industry restructuring has created highly vibrant and competitive market that altered many aspects of the power industry. In this changed scenario, scarcity of energy resources, increasing power generation cost, environment concern, ever growing demand for electrical energy necessitate optimal economic dispatch. Practical economic dispatch (ED) problems have nonlinear, non-convex type objective function with intense equality and inequality constraints. The conventional optimization methods are not able to solve such problems as due to local optimum solution convergence. Metaheuristic optimization techniques especially Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) has gained an incredible recognition as the solution algorithm for such type of ED problems in last decade. The application of IPSO in ED problem, which is considered as one of the most complex optimization problem has been summarized in present paper. This paper illustrates successful implementation of the Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) to Economic Load Dispatch Problem (ELD). Power output of each generating unit and optimum fuel cost obtained using IPSO algorithm has been compared with conventional techniques. The results obtained shows that IPSO algorithm converges to optimal fuel cost with reduced computational time when compared to PSO and GA for the three, six and IEEE 30 bus system.
A probabilistic multi-objective approach for FACTS devices allocation with di...IJECEIAES
This study presents a probabilistic multi-objective optimization approach to obtain the optimal locations and sizes of static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) in a power transmission network with large level of wind generation. In this study, the uncertainties of the wind power generation and correlated load demand are considered. The uncertainties are modeled in this work using the points estimation method (PEM). The optimization problem is solved using the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to find the best position and rating of the flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. The objective of the problem is to maximize the system loadability while minimizing the power losses and FACTS devices installation cost. Additionally, a technique based on fuzzy decision-making approach is employed to extract one of the Pareto optimal solutions as the best compromise one. The proposed approach is applied on the modified IEEE 30bus system. The numerical results evince the effectiveness of the proposed approach and shows the economic benefits that can be achieved when considering the FACTS controller.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Deep segmentation of the liver and the hepatic tumors from abdomen tomography...IJECEIAES
A pipelined framework is proposed for accurate, automated, simultaneous segmentation of the liver as well as the hepatic tumors from computed tomography (CT) images. The introduced framework composed of three pipelined levels. First, two different transfers deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are applied to get high-level compact features of CT images. Second, a pixel-wise classifier is used to obtain two outputclassified maps for each CNN model. Finally, a fusion neural network (FNN) is used to integrate the two maps. Experimentations performed on the MICCAI’2017 database of the liver tumor segmentation (LITS) challenge, result in a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 93.5% for the segmentation of the liver and of 74.40% for the segmentation of the lesion, using a 5-fold cross-validation scheme. Comparative results with the state-of-the-art techniques on the same data show the competing performance of the proposed framework for simultaneous liver and tumor segmentation.
Comparison of backstepping, sliding mode and PID regulators for a voltage inv...IJECEIAES
In the present paper, an efficient and performant nonlinear regulator is designed for the control of the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage inverter that can be used in a standalone photovoltaic microgrid. The main objective of our control is to produce a sinusoidal voltage output signal with amplitude and frequency that are fixed by the reference signal for different loads including linear or nonlinear types. A comparative performance study of controllers based on linear and non-linear techniques such as backstepping, sliding mode, and proportional integral derivative (PID) is developed to ensure the best choice among these three types of controllers. The performance of the system is investigated and compared under various operating conditions by simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control methods. Our investigation shows that the backstepping controller can give better performance than the sliding mode and PID controllers. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed backstepping controller are verified experimentally in terms of tracking objectives.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
Impact analysis of actuator torque degradation on the IRB 120 robot performan...IJECEIAES
Actuators in a robot system may become faulty during their life cycle. Locked joints, free-moving joints, and the loss of actuator torque are common faulty types of robot joints where the actuators fail. Locked and free-moving joint issues are addressed by many published articles, whereas the actuator torque loss still opens attractive investigation challenges. The objectives of this study are to classify the loss of robot actuator torque, named actuator torque degradation, into three different cases: Boundary degradation of torque, boundary degradation of torque rate, and proportional degradation of torque, and to analyze their impact on the performance of a typical 6-DOF robot (i.e., the IRB 120 robot). Typically, controllers of robots are not pre-designed specifically for anticipating these faults. To isolate and focus on the impact of only actuator torque degradation faults, all robot parameters are assumed to be known precisely, and a popular closed-loop controller is used to investigate the robot’s responses under these faults. By exploiting MATLAB-the reliable simulation environment, a simscape-based quasi-physical model of the robot is built and utilized instead of an actual expensive prototype. The simulation results indicate that the robot responses cannot follow the desired path properly in most fault cases.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
Bulk power system availability assessment with multiple wind power plants IJECEIAES
The use of renewable non-conventional energy sources, as wind electric power energy and photovoltaic solar energy, has introduced uncertainties in the performance of bulk power systems. The power system availability has been employed as a useful tool for planning power systems; however, traditional methodologies model generation units as a component with two states: in service or out of service. Nevertheless, this model is not useful to model wind power plants for availability assessment of the power system. This paper used a statistical representation to model the uncertainty of power injection of wind power plants based on the central moments: mean value, variance, skewness and kurtosis. In addition, this paper proposed an availability assessment methodology based on application of this statistical model, and based on the 2m+1 point estimate method the availability assessment is performed. The methodology was tested on the IEEE-RTS assuming the connection of two wind power plants and different correlation among the behavior of these plants.
Critical Review of Different Methods for Siting and Sizing Distributed-genera...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Due to several benefits attached to distributed generators such as reduction in line losses,
improved voltage profile, reliable system etc., the study on how to optimally site and size distributed
generators has been on the increase for more than two decades. This has propelled several
researchers to explore various scientific and engineering powerful simulation tools, valid and reliable
scientific methods like analytical, meta-heuristic and hybrid methods to optimally place and size
distributed generator(s) for optimal benefits. This study gives a critical review of different methods
used in siting and sizing distributed generators alongside their results, test systems and gaps in
literature.
Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.
Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with recon...IJECEIAES
The use of non-linear loads and the integration of renewable energy in electricity network can cause power quality problems, especially harmonic distortion. It is a challenge in the operation and design of the radial distribution system. This can happen because harmonics that exceed the limit can cause interference to equipment and systems. This study will discuss the determination of the optimal location and capacity of distributed generation (DG) and network reconfiguration in the radial distribution system to improve the quality of electric power, especially the suppression of harmonic distribution. This study combines the optimal location and capacity of DG and network reconfiguration using the particle swarm optimization method. In addition, this research method is implemented in the distribution system of Bandar Lampung City by considering the effect of using nonlinear loads to improve power quality, especially harmonic distortion. The inverter-based DG type used considers the value of harmonic source when placed. The combination of the proposed methods provides an optimal solution. Increased efficiency in reducing power losses up to 81.17% and %total harmonic distortion voltage (THDv) is below the allowable limit.
Simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations using a novel ...IJECEIAES
Power loss and voltage magnitude fluctuations are two major issues in distribution networks that have drawn a lot of attention. Combining two of the numerous strategies for solving these problems and dealing with them simultaneously to get more effective outcomes is essential. Therefore, this study hybridizes the network reconfiguration and capacitor allocation strategies, proposing a novel dingo optimization algorithm (DOA) to solve the optimization problems. The optimization problems for simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations were formulated and solved using a novel DOA. To demonstrate its effectiveness, DOA’s results were contrasted with those of the other optimization techniques. The methodology was validated on the IEEE 33-bus network and implemented in the MATLAB program. The results demonstrated that the best network reconfiguration was accomplished with switches 7, 11, 17, 27, and 34 open, and buses 8, 29, and 30 were the best places for capacitors with ideal sizes of 512, 714, and 495 kVAr, respectively. The network voltage profile was significantly improved as the least voltage at bus 18 was increased to 0.9530 p.u. Furthermore, the overall real power loss was significantly mitigated by 48.87%, which, when compared to the results of other methods, was superior.
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
A novel method for determining fixed running time in operating electric train...IJECEIAES
Tracking the optimal speed profile in electric train operation has been proposed as a potential solution for reducing energy consumption in electric train operation, at no cost to improve infrastructure of existing Metro lines as well. However, the optimal speed profile needs to meet fixed running time. Therefore, this paper focuses on a new method for determining the fixed running time complied with the scheduled timetable when trains track the optimal speed profile. The novel method to ensure the fixed running time is the numerical-analytical one. Calculating accelerating time ta, coasting time tc, braking time tb via values of holding speed vh, braking speed vb of optimal speed profile with the constraint condition: the running time equal to the demand time. The other hands, vh and vb are determined by solving nonlinear equations with constraint conditions. Additionally, changing running time suit for each operation stage of metro lines or lines starting to conduct schedules by the numerical-analytical method is quite easy. Simulation results obtained for two scenarios with data collected from electrified trains of Cat Linh-Ha Dong metro line, Vietnam show that running time complied with scheduled timetables, energy saving by tracking optimal speed profile for the entire route is up to 8.7%, if the running time is one second longer than original time, energy saving is about 11.96%.
A hybrid algorithm for voltage stability enhancement of distribution systems IJECEIAES
This paper presents a hybrid algorithm by applying a hybrid firefly and particle swarm optimization algorithm (HFPSO) to determine the optimal sizing of distributed generation (DG) and distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) device. A multi-objective function is employed to enhance the voltage stability, voltage profile, and minimize the total power loss of the radial distribution system (RDS). Firstly, the voltage stability index (VSI) is applied to locate the optimal location of DG and D-STATCOM respectively. Secondly, to overcome the sup-optimal operation of existing algorithms, the HFPSO algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal size of both DG and D-STATCOM. Verification of the proposed algorithm has achieved on the standard IEEE 33-bus and Iraqi 65-bus radial distribution systems through simulation using MATLAB. Comprehensive simulation results of four different cases show that the proposed HFPSO demonstrates significant improvements over other existing algorithms in supporting voltage stability and loss reduction in distribution networks. Furthermore, comparisons have achieved to demonstrate the superiority of HFPSO algorithms over other techniques due to its ability to determine the global optimum solution by easy way and speed converge feature.
Hybrid bypass technique to mitigate leakage current in the grid-tied inverterIJECEIAES
The extensive use of fossil fuel is destroying the balance of nature that could lead to many problems in the forthcoming era. Renewable energy resources are a ray of hope to avoid possible destruction. Smart grid and distributed power generation systems are now mainly built with the help of renewable energy resources. The integration of renewable energy production system with the smart grid and distributed power generation is facing many challenges that include addressing the issue of isolation and power quality. This paper presents a new approach to address the aforementioned issues by proposing a hybrid bypass technique concept to improve the overall performance of the grid-tied inverter in solar power generation. The topology with the proposed technique is presented using traditional H5, oH5 and H6 inverter. Comparison of topologies with literature is carried out to check the feasibility of the method proposed. It is found that the leakage current of all the proposed inverters is 9 mA and total harmonic distortion is almost about 2%. The proposed topology has good efficiency, common mode and differential mode characteristics.
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
Disturbance observer-based controller for inverted pendulum with uncertaintie...IJECEIAES
A new approach based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique for stabilizing the inverted pendulum is developed in this article. The unknown states are estimated as well as the system is stabilized simultaneously by employing the observer-based controller. In addition, the impacts of the uncertainties are taken into consideration in this paper. Unlike the previous studies, the uncertainties in this study are unnecessary to satisfy the bounded constraints. These uncertainties will be converted into the unknown input disturbances, and then a disturbance observer-based controller will be synthesized to estimate the information of the unknown states, eliminate completely the effects of the uncertainties, and stabilize inverted pendulum system. With the support of lyapunov methodology, the conditions for constructing the observer and controller under the framework of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are derived in main theorems. Finally, the simulations for system with and without uncertainties are exhibited to show the merit and effectiveness of the proposed methods.
IMPROVED SWARM INTELLIGENCE APPROACH TO MULTI OBJECTIVE ED PROBLEMSSuganthi Thangaraj
Electrical power industry restructuring has created highly vibrant and competitive market that altered many aspects of the power industry. In this changed scenario, scarcity of energy resources, increasing power generation cost, environment concern, ever growing demand for electrical energy necessitate optimal economic dispatch. Practical economic dispatch (ED) problems have nonlinear, non-convex type objective function with intense equality and inequality constraints. The conventional optimization methods are not able to solve such problems as due to local optimum solution convergence. Metaheuristic optimization techniques especially Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) has gained an incredible recognition as the solution algorithm for such type of ED problems in last decade. The application of IPSO in ED problem, which is considered as one of the most complex optimization problem has been summarized in present paper. This paper illustrates successful implementation of the Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) to Economic Load Dispatch Problem (ELD). Power output of each generating unit and optimum fuel cost obtained using IPSO algorithm has been compared with conventional techniques. The results obtained shows that IPSO algorithm converges to optimal fuel cost with reduced computational time when compared to PSO and GA for the three, six and IEEE 30 bus system.
A probabilistic multi-objective approach for FACTS devices allocation with di...IJECEIAES
This study presents a probabilistic multi-objective optimization approach to obtain the optimal locations and sizes of static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) in a power transmission network with large level of wind generation. In this study, the uncertainties of the wind power generation and correlated load demand are considered. The uncertainties are modeled in this work using the points estimation method (PEM). The optimization problem is solved using the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to find the best position and rating of the flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. The objective of the problem is to maximize the system loadability while minimizing the power losses and FACTS devices installation cost. Additionally, a technique based on fuzzy decision-making approach is employed to extract one of the Pareto optimal solutions as the best compromise one. The proposed approach is applied on the modified IEEE 30bus system. The numerical results evince the effectiveness of the proposed approach and shows the economic benefits that can be achieved when considering the FACTS controller.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Deep segmentation of the liver and the hepatic tumors from abdomen tomography...IJECEIAES
A pipelined framework is proposed for accurate, automated, simultaneous segmentation of the liver as well as the hepatic tumors from computed tomography (CT) images. The introduced framework composed of three pipelined levels. First, two different transfers deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are applied to get high-level compact features of CT images. Second, a pixel-wise classifier is used to obtain two outputclassified maps for each CNN model. Finally, a fusion neural network (FNN) is used to integrate the two maps. Experimentations performed on the MICCAI’2017 database of the liver tumor segmentation (LITS) challenge, result in a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 93.5% for the segmentation of the liver and of 74.40% for the segmentation of the lesion, using a 5-fold cross-validation scheme. Comparative results with the state-of-the-art techniques on the same data show the competing performance of the proposed framework for simultaneous liver and tumor segmentation.
Comparison of backstepping, sliding mode and PID regulators for a voltage inv...IJECEIAES
In the present paper, an efficient and performant nonlinear regulator is designed for the control of the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage inverter that can be used in a standalone photovoltaic microgrid. The main objective of our control is to produce a sinusoidal voltage output signal with amplitude and frequency that are fixed by the reference signal for different loads including linear or nonlinear types. A comparative performance study of controllers based on linear and non-linear techniques such as backstepping, sliding mode, and proportional integral derivative (PID) is developed to ensure the best choice among these three types of controllers. The performance of the system is investigated and compared under various operating conditions by simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control methods. Our investigation shows that the backstepping controller can give better performance than the sliding mode and PID controllers. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed backstepping controller are verified experimentally in terms of tracking objectives.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
Impact analysis of actuator torque degradation on the IRB 120 robot performan...IJECEIAES
Actuators in a robot system may become faulty during their life cycle. Locked joints, free-moving joints, and the loss of actuator torque are common faulty types of robot joints where the actuators fail. Locked and free-moving joint issues are addressed by many published articles, whereas the actuator torque loss still opens attractive investigation challenges. The objectives of this study are to classify the loss of robot actuator torque, named actuator torque degradation, into three different cases: Boundary degradation of torque, boundary degradation of torque rate, and proportional degradation of torque, and to analyze their impact on the performance of a typical 6-DOF robot (i.e., the IRB 120 robot). Typically, controllers of robots are not pre-designed specifically for anticipating these faults. To isolate and focus on the impact of only actuator torque degradation faults, all robot parameters are assumed to be known precisely, and a popular closed-loop controller is used to investigate the robot’s responses under these faults. By exploiting MATLAB-the reliable simulation environment, a simscape-based quasi-physical model of the robot is built and utilized instead of an actual expensive prototype. The simulation results indicate that the robot responses cannot follow the desired path properly in most fault cases.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
Bulk power system availability assessment with multiple wind power plants IJECEIAES
The use of renewable non-conventional energy sources, as wind electric power energy and photovoltaic solar energy, has introduced uncertainties in the performance of bulk power systems. The power system availability has been employed as a useful tool for planning power systems; however, traditional methodologies model generation units as a component with two states: in service or out of service. Nevertheless, this model is not useful to model wind power plants for availability assessment of the power system. This paper used a statistical representation to model the uncertainty of power injection of wind power plants based on the central moments: mean value, variance, skewness and kurtosis. In addition, this paper proposed an availability assessment methodology based on application of this statistical model, and based on the 2m+1 point estimate method the availability assessment is performed. The methodology was tested on the IEEE-RTS assuming the connection of two wind power plants and different correlation among the behavior of these plants.
Critical Review of Different Methods for Siting and Sizing Distributed-genera...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Due to several benefits attached to distributed generators such as reduction in line losses,
improved voltage profile, reliable system etc., the study on how to optimally site and size distributed
generators has been on the increase for more than two decades. This has propelled several
researchers to explore various scientific and engineering powerful simulation tools, valid and reliable
scientific methods like analytical, meta-heuristic and hybrid methods to optimally place and size
distributed generator(s) for optimal benefits. This study gives a critical review of different methods
used in siting and sizing distributed generators alongside their results, test systems and gaps in
literature.
Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.
Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with recon...IJECEIAES
The use of non-linear loads and the integration of renewable energy in electricity network can cause power quality problems, especially harmonic distortion. It is a challenge in the operation and design of the radial distribution system. This can happen because harmonics that exceed the limit can cause interference to equipment and systems. This study will discuss the determination of the optimal location and capacity of distributed generation (DG) and network reconfiguration in the radial distribution system to improve the quality of electric power, especially the suppression of harmonic distribution. This study combines the optimal location and capacity of DG and network reconfiguration using the particle swarm optimization method. In addition, this research method is implemented in the distribution system of Bandar Lampung City by considering the effect of using nonlinear loads to improve power quality, especially harmonic distortion. The inverter-based DG type used considers the value of harmonic source when placed. The combination of the proposed methods provides an optimal solution. Increased efficiency in reducing power losses up to 81.17% and %total harmonic distortion voltage (THDv) is below the allowable limit.
Simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations using a novel ...IJECEIAES
Power loss and voltage magnitude fluctuations are two major issues in distribution networks that have drawn a lot of attention. Combining two of the numerous strategies for solving these problems and dealing with them simultaneously to get more effective outcomes is essential. Therefore, this study hybridizes the network reconfiguration and capacitor allocation strategies, proposing a novel dingo optimization algorithm (DOA) to solve the optimization problems. The optimization problems for simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations were formulated and solved using a novel DOA. To demonstrate its effectiveness, DOA’s results were contrasted with those of the other optimization techniques. The methodology was validated on the IEEE 33-bus network and implemented in the MATLAB program. The results demonstrated that the best network reconfiguration was accomplished with switches 7, 11, 17, 27, and 34 open, and buses 8, 29, and 30 were the best places for capacitors with ideal sizes of 512, 714, and 495 kVAr, respectively. The network voltage profile was significantly improved as the least voltage at bus 18 was increased to 0.9530 p.u. Furthermore, the overall real power loss was significantly mitigated by 48.87%, which, when compared to the results of other methods, was superior.
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
Multi-objective optimal placement of distributed generations for dynamic loadsIJECEIAES
Large amount of active power losses and low voltage profile are the two major issues concerning the integration of distributed generations with existing power system networks. High R/X ratio and long distance of radial network further aggravates the issues. Optimal placement of distributed generators can address these issues significantly by alleviating active power losses and ameliorating voltage profile in a cost effective manner. In this research, multi-objective optimal placement problem is decomposed into minimization of total active power losses, maximization of bus voltage profile enhancement and minimization of total generation cost of a power system network for static and dynamic load characteristics. Optimum utilization factor for installed generators and available loads is scaled by the analysis of yearly load-demand curve of a network. The developed algorithm of N-bus system is implemented in IEEE-14 bus standard test system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in different loading conditions.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Network loss reduction and voltage improvement by optimal placement and sizin...nooriasukmaningtyas
Minimization of real power loss and improvement of voltage authenticity of
the network are amongst the key issues confronting power systems owing to
the heavy demand development problem, contingency of transmission and
distribution lines and the financial costs. The distributed generators (DG) has
become one of the strongest mitigating strategies for the network power loss
and to optimize voltage reliability over integration of capacitor banks and
network reconfiguration. This paper introduces an approach for the
optimizing the placement and sizes of different types of DGs in radial
distribution systems using a fine-tuned particle swarm optimization (PSO).
The suggested approach is evaluated on IEEE 33, IEEE 69 and a real
network in Malaysian context. Simulation results demonstrate the
productiveness of active and reactive power injection into the electric power
system and the comparison depicts that the suggested fine-tuned PSO
methodology could accomplish a significant reduction in network power loss
than the other research works.
Optimal placement of facts devices to reduce power system losses using evolu...nooriasukmaningtyas
The rapid and enormous growths of the power electronics industries have made the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices efficient and viable for utility application to increase power system operation controllability as well as flexibility. This research work presents the application of an evolutionary algorithm namely differential evolution (DE) approach to optimize the location and size of three main types of FACTS devices in order to minimize the power system losses as well as improving the network voltage profile. The utilized system has been reactively loaded beginning from the base to 150% and the system performance is analyzed with and without FACTS devices in order to confirm its importance within the power system. Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) and static var compensator (SVC) are used in this research work to monitor the active and reactive power of the carried out system. The adopted algorithm has been examined on IEEE 30-bus test system. The obtained research findings are given with appropriate discussion and considered as quite encouraging that will be valuable in electrical grid restructuring.
Economic Dispatch using Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm in Electrical Power S...IJECEIAES
Unpredictable increase in power demands will overload the supply subsystems and insufficiently powered systems will suffer from instabilities, in which voltages drop below acceptable levels. Additional power sources are needed to satisfy the demand. Small capacity distributed generators (DGs) serve for this purpose well. One advantage of DGs is that they can be installed close to loads, so as to minimise loses. Optimum placements and sizing of DGs are critical to increase system voltages and to reduce loses. This will finally increase the overall system efficiency. This work exploits Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) for the placements and sizing. This optimisation targets the cheapest generation cost. Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm is an Evolutionary Algorithm running on quantum computing, which works based on qubits and states superposition of quantum mechanics. Evolutionary algorithm with qubit representation has a better characteristic of diversity than classical approaches, since it can represent superposition of states.
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
To eliminate the adverse effect from parameter variations as well as distorted grid conditions, a current control scheme of an LCL-filtered grid-connected inverter using a discrete integral sliding mode control (ISMC) and resonant compensation is presented. The proposed scheme is constructed based on the cascaded multiloop structure, in which three control loops are composed of grid-side current control, capacitor voltage control, and inverter-side current control. An active damping to suppress the resonance caused by LCL filter can be effectively realized by means of the inverter-side feedback control loop. Furthermore, the seamless transfer operation between the grid-connected mode and islanded mode is achieved by the capacitor voltage control loop. To retain a high tracking performance and robustness of the ISMC as well as an excellent harmonic compensation capability of the resonant control (RC) scheme at the same time, two control methods are combined in the proposed current controller. As a result, the proposed scheme yields a high quality of the injected grid currents and fast dynamic response even under distorted grid conditions. Furthermore, to reduce the number of sensors, a discrete-time reduced-order state observer is introduced. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Fuzzy logic method-based stress detector with blood pressure and body tempera...IJECEIAES
In this study, using the fuzzy logic method, a stress detection tool was created with body temperature and blood pressure parameters as indicators to determine a person's stress level. This tool uses the LM35DZ sensor to detect body temperature, the MPX5100GP sensor to read blood pressure values, and Arduino Uno as a data processor from sensor readings which are then calculated using the fuzzy logic method as a stress level decisionmaker. The resulting output measures blood pressure, body temperature, and the stress level experienced by a person, which will be displayed on the liquid crystal display. Based on the results of testing the body temperature parameter, the highest error generated was 1.17%, and for the blood pressure parameter, the highest error was 2.5% for systole and 0.93% for diastole. Furthermore, testing the stress level displayed on the tool is compared to the depression, anxiety, and stress scales 42 (DASS 42), a psychological stress measuring instrument. From the results of testing the tool with the questionnaire, the average conformity level is 74%.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
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Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlinear load in radial distribution system
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 6, December 2021, pp. 4610~4621
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp4610-4621 4610
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering
the use of nonlinear load in radial distribution system
Muhira Dzar Faraby1
, Ontoseno Penangsang2
, Rony Seto Wibowo3
, Andi Fitriati4
1,2,3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia
1,4
Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Polytechnic of Bosowa, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 4, 2020
Revised Apr 28, 2021
Accepted May 11, 2021
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy.
The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce
the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of
coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement,
capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize
active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation
as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This
optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form
33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the
proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of
simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed
method.
Keywords:
Capacitor
Coordinated planning
Distributed generation
Particle swarm optimization
Reconfiguration This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ontoseno Penangsang
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember
ITS Highway, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60117, Indonesia
Email: zenno_379@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The economic and technological improvement followed by increasing the use of electricity is a
major challenge that carries complex problems especially in the case of power quality. The smarter
distribution system is expected to drive the good power quality in the distribution system. Nowadays, non-
linear load on control devices and power switching apparatus increase rapidly due to the high efficiency and
easy operation and control [1]. The harmonic problems are mainly due to the substantial increase of non-
linear load because of technological advances such as the use of power electronic circuit and devices and
AC/DC transmission links or the control of power system using power electronics or microprocessor
controllers. Increase in harmonic spread will result in additional heating losses, shorter insulation lifetime,
higher temperature and insulation stress, reduced power factor, and error on measurement [2], [3]. Modern
appliances are increasingly adopting power electronic devices faced nowadays due to energy efficiency
considerations. This trend has generated the increased harmonic distortion in the power residential
distribution system now that harmonic distortion by residential load has apparently become an increasing
concern due to the extensive adoption of power electronic-based home appliances [4]. The harmonic source
produces a non-sinusoidal current which flaws where each periodic wave is not a sinus form containing
harmonic. Reviewing the consequences arising from the distribution of harmonics, harmonic load flow
method is used to determine and analyze the spread and magnitude of harmonic in the distribution system
[5]-[8]. Backward-forward method for a power flow analysis is applied to obtain a voltage profile on each
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlinear .... (Muhira Dzar Faraby)
4611
bus and the real power losses at fundamental frequencies, and harmonic load flow is practiced obtaining the
distortion voltage profile on each bus and the harmonic losses caused by the use of non-linear loads [9]-[11].
The use and development of small-scale electric power plants integrated into radial distribution
systems is a new breakthrough known as distributed generation (DG). The DG operation process is relatively
simple, and DG is able to improve power quality and easily obtain environmentally friendly and primary
energy sources [12], [13]. The placement of DG can comply with the harmonic limits discussed in [14]-[16].
Harmonic resonance problems have been minimized by the use of the smart DG in distribution systems [17].
The distorted current injected by the DG based renewable source can make a harmonic problem more severe
if the placement of DGs is applied with the non-optimal size [18], [19]. The capacitors are reactive power
compensators. However, the similar ones can magnify the effect of harmonics of the load due to the existence
of resonance with the inductive elements. The effects of capacitor integration on voltage largely depend on
their size and placement. However, they can increase or reduce the spread of harmonics in the distribution
system [20], [21]. Distribution network reconfiguration is a technique that has been identified as an
effectively helpful method for improving the performance of systems by minimizing active power losses,
balancing load, improving service, and increasing the voltage profile on each bus in radial distribution
systems [22]. Distribution system reconfiguration primarily proposed for the loss minimization has been
recently considered an effective solution for many power quality problems in the grids. New reconfiguration
solution strategies for the harmonic minimization are proposed [23]. Distributed energy resources (DERs) are
some energy sources that can enhance the performance system and can be operated in on and off grid modes.
DERs are usually connected at the distribution system due to their power and voltage range. DERs provide an
additional opportunity for mitigation of harmonics spreads in distribution systems [24].
The spread of harmonics in distribution systems requires a special attention to the planning and
design of distribution system expansion. Inadequate planning and operation can worsen the condition of the
system and result in the damage to the equipment due to the spread of harmonics. An intelligent planning is
able to maintain and improve the performance summarized in a coordinated planning. Coordinated planning
is a planning activity that coordinates several optimization techniques to achieve the stated objective
function. Several previous studies on the combination of optimization techniques overcome the spread of
harmonics in the distribution system. A combination of network reconfiguration and DG placement uses the
branch exchange technique method. Reconfiguration is less effective after DERs are placed, and the
combination of optimization techniques had better be simultaneously carried out [22]. Evaluation of network
reconfiguration for several types of loads uses the non-iterative harmonic load flow method by forward
backward sweep. The reconfiguration result is influenced by the load model in the system tested by IEEE 69-
bus standard test system. [25]. Capacitor placement and network reconfiguration done simultaneously using
the New-PSO, ACO, and HS methods generate a better numerical result better than those done sequentially
with multi objective functions such as minimum PLoss and % THDv [26]. Optimization of placement of DERs
(DG and Capacitor) uses the BBO, PSO, ABC, and DE Method. Investigation of the uses of metaheuristic
methods results in different performances tested in the IEEE 33-bus test standard system. The DG placement
done with and without capacitors installed in the system significantly influences power quality on each used
method. Power factor value consideration on the capacitors impacts the effect of harmonic distortion, and the
simultaneous application of two optimization techniques is highly recommended [27] and teaching learning
based optimization method needs applying to optimize the power injection of the DERs on the particular
places in the distribution system considering nonlinear loads for the power quality improvement [28].
A smarter distribution system is expected to control good power quality to the system. However, this
case is a complicated demand to maintain according to the needs and increase the existing load. Especially
with the use of semiconductor equipment or the switching process which is increasing rapidly due to high
efficiency and ease of operation and control [29]. Coordinated planning in the form of planning activities to
coordinate optimization techniques from DG placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration on
a radial distribution system to produce the best strategy in finding solutions to combinatory optimization
problems that have a single or multiple objective function according to the constraints determined by
sequentially or simultaneously [30]. The combination of three optimization techniques namely DG
placement, Capacitor placement and network reconfiguration using the genetic algorithm method which is
summarized in a coordinated plan to maximize optimal power flow that obtains a better result than two
techniques [31], [32]. In order to obtain the best benefit regarding power quality considering the harmonic
spread, the combination of three optimization techniques is implemented. A few studies have confirmed that
the use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods is considered capable of the best solution. Particle swarm
optimization (PSO) is one of the AI types considered being able to offer the best solution in solving issues on
the optimization technique used [33]. This research will discuss the development of previous research related
to the optimization of a combination of three optimization techniques that aim to improve power quality to
the distribution of harmonics by considering the use of non-linear loads in a radial distribution system using
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the particle swarm optimization method with a harmonic load flow method by forward backward sweep
method.
2. METHOD
2.1. Objective function
Objective function used to optimize the optimization technique performed in coordinated planning
in this study is in the form of a multi objective function, i.e.
1) Minimum active power losses (𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)
The fundamental active power losses component and the harmonic component are defined.
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
(1)
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 + ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
(ℎ)
ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
ℎ=ℎ0
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 (1)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)1 = min 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (2)
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = Total active power losses
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
(1)
= Fundamental active power losses
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
(ℎ)
= Harmonic component active power losses
ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = the maximum harmonic orders
ℎ0 = the minimum harmonic orders
2) Minimum total harmonic distortion (THD)
THD of voltage is one of principal indexes of distortion considered by IEEE519-1992 Standard.
Reducing THD enhances power quality standards and allows the finding of solution with lower
distortion indexes.
%𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,𝑖𝑖 =
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑,𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟,𝑖𝑖
∗ 100% (3)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)2 = min %𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖
(4)
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,𝑖𝑖 = total harmonic distortion voltage
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑,𝑖𝑖 = absolute voltage on fundamental frequency
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟,𝑖𝑖 = total rms voltage
3) Minimum voltage deviation (∆𝑉𝑉)
Voltage deviation is defined as a difference between the maximum (swing bus) and other voltage bus on
each bus. By reducing voltage deviation, the optimization process can improve the voltage condition in
all system nodes and for all the load level.
∆𝑉𝑉 = �
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖−𝑉𝑉1
𝑉𝑉1
� (5)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)3 = min ∆𝑉𝑉 (6)
∆𝑉𝑉 = Voltage deviation
𝑉𝑉1 = Swing bus voltage
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 = Voltage bus on each bus
The next step is to calculate the objective function. So, the equation of the multi objective function is,
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)1 + 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑥𝑥)3 (7)
where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑐𝑐 are penalty factors that determine the sizing of the priority scale and find the objective
function based on statistical information on losses, total harmonic distortion, and voltage deviation.
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2.2. Constrain
1) Bus voltage limit
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and 𝑉𝑉
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 represent the lower and the upper limits of the voltage at each bus 𝑖𝑖.
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(0.95 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) ≤ 𝑉𝑉
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖
≤ 𝑉𝑉
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(1.05 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) (8)
2) Total harmonic distortion limit
The THD on each bus of the system should not exceed its maximum permissible value according to
IEEE 519-1992 standard.
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖(%) ≤ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (9)
3) Number and sizing of DG
The number of DGs to be placed is 4 and the size are.
0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ≤ 200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 for IEEE 33-bus test system (10)
0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ≤ 250 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 for IEEE 69-bus test system (11)
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = Active power injected by DG
4) Number and sizing of capacitor
The number of capacitors to be placed is 4 and the size are.
0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ≤ 50 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 for IEEE 33-bus test system (12)
0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ≤ 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 for IEEE 69-bus test system (13)
𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = Reactive power injected by capacitor
5) The new distribution network topology remains in a radial condition after activating tie switch and
opening sectional switch.
2.3. Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
In PSO, each particle that is roaming through the D-dimensional problem hyperspace represents the
potential solution for a specific problem. For each of I two vectors 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 is position vector and 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 is velocity
vector. In addition, each particle 𝑖𝑖 can memorise its personal best experience ever encountered, represented
by personal best position vector 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖. The position attained by the best particle in the society is represented as
𝑃𝑃
𝑔𝑔. Mathematically, at iteration (𝑡𝑡 + 1) of the searching process, the 𝑑𝑑th dimention of particle 𝑖𝑖’s velocity,
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡 + 1) and position 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖,𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡 + 1) are updated as follows [34].
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡 + 1) = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) + 𝑐𝑐1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟1(𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) − 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)) + 𝑐𝑐2𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟2�𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡) − 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)� (14)
𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡 + 1) = 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) + 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡 + 1) (15)
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = Particle speed
𝑐𝑐1, 𝑐𝑐2 = Coefficient of acceleration
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟1, 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟2 = Random particle position
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = Local best position
𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = Particle position
𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = Global best position
Parameter PSO used is the population=100, iteration=100, 𝑎𝑎=0.5, 𝑏𝑏=0.5, 𝑐𝑐=0.5, 𝑐𝑐1=2 and
𝑐𝑐2=2. The stages of the research carried out is shown in Figure 1. In this study, the sizing 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and c is made
equivalent in finding multi objective function on the constrain determined.
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Start
Stop
Radial Distribution System Data
Generate initial population
Implement Planning According to the Scenario
DG Placement, Capacitor Placement
Network Reconfiguration
Run
Forward/Backward Sweep
Harmonic Load Flow
Constrain ?
Calculate Objective Function
Run PSO-Method
Generate New Population
Condition is met ?
Yes
No
Figure 1. Flowchart of research stages
2.4. Object data and study case
2.4.1. Harmonic source
The harmonic sources from nonlinear load will be given to load bus which aims to generate the
distribution of harmonics in radial distribution system which is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Injection of harmonic source in load bus [35]
Orde Magnitude (%) Angle
5 98 140
7 39.86 113
11 18.85 -158
13 9.79 -178
17 2.5 -94
2.4.2. IEEE 33-bus
In IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system, the main feeder originates from the substation and passes
through different costumer load. There are 32 sectional switches and 5 tie switches that is shown in
Figure 2. Harmonic source will be injected on bus 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 20, 24, 27, 29, 31 and 33. The total peak
demand of system is 4.37 MVA, and power factor is 0.85. All data on this system is in per-unit (pu) form
where the best values of power and voltage are 100 MVA and 12.66 kV.
Slack
Bus
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22
23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
TieSwitch
TieSwitch
TieSwitch
TieSwitch
TieSwitch
Figure 2. IEEE-33 bus test system
2.4.3. IEEE 69-bus
On IEEE-69 bus, there are 47 sectional switches and 5 tie switches that is shown in Figure 3.
Harmonic source will be injected on bus 6, 9, 14, 17, 22, 27, 33, 37, 40, 43, 49, 55, 61, and 69. On the IEEE
69-bus test system, the total peak demand of system is 4.66 MVA, and the power factor is 0.81. All data on
this system are in per-unit (pu) form where the best values of power and voltage are 100 MVA and 12.66 kV.
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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Slack
Bus
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26
25 27
47 48 49 50 65 66
51 52 68 69
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Tie Switch
Tie Switch
Tie Switch
Tie
Switch
Tie
Switch
Figure 3. IEEE-69 bus test system
2.4.4. Study case
This research conducted a simulation of several study cases to determine the effect of optimization
techniques on coordinated planning in finding the objective function. To test the effectiveness of the
optimization technique proposed in this study, a simulation of combination of optimization techniques that
has been proposed by previous studies is carried out using the PSO method.
1. Scenario 1 (S-1). Normal case
2. Scenario 2 (S-2). Network reconfiguration
3. Scenario 3 (S-3). DG placement
4. Scenario 4 (S-4). Capacitor Placement
5. Scenario 5 (S-5). DG placement and capacitor placement
6. Scenario 6 (S-6). DG placement and network reconfiguration
7. Scenario 7 (S-7). Capacitor placement and network reconfiguration
8. Scenario 8 (S-8). DG placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Harmonic current injection on load bus by placing harmonic source will generate harmonics spread
on the system. The searching results of the optimization techniques carried out in coordinated planning based
on a predetermined scenario use the particle swarm optimization method.
3.1. IEEE 33-bus test system
The result of the optimization technique performed is shown in Table 2, Figure 4, Figure 5, and
Figure 6. Table 2 shows the simulation results for all scenarios for the IEEE 33-bus test system. The use of
PSO Algorithm is able to provide the best solution for the planning carried out. Simulation results for all
scenarios vary based on the ability of the optimization techniques used in finding desired solutions that are
seen by decreasing the value of fitness. Scenario 8 provides the best solution in this plan that can reduce total
active power losses by 67.89% or 82.85 kW both in terms of fundamental and each order of harmonic
distortion.
Reviewing the spread of harmonic distortion also improved with a decrease in the THDv value (%)
on each bus that does not pass IEEE Standard 519-1992 as shown in Figure 4. Each scenario has its own
performance in reducing the spread of harmonic distortion to the use or combination of optimization
techniques used. Figure 5 shows that all the techniques used are able to improve the voltage profile better
than the baseline condition (Scenario 1) without exceeding the allowable limit so that the voltage deviation
value in each load bus decreases as shown in Figure 6.
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Table 2. Result of study case IEEE 33-bus test system
Parameter S.1 S.2 S.3 S.4 S.5 S.6 S.7 S.8
Fitness - 38.722 41.508 66.208 38,193 37.670 40.219 25.456
DG
(kW)
Loc - -
7, 9, 17,
31
-
13, 17, 29,
31
9, 12, 10,
20
-
7, 16, 29,
31,
Sizing - -
200, 200,
200,200
-
200, 200,
200, 200
200, 200,
70.21, 200
-
200, 200,
200, 200
Cap
(kVar)
Loc - - -
8, 15, 17,
26
3, 17, 25,
29
-
6, 7, 14,
32
5, 8, 31,
33
Sizing - - -
50, 50,
50, 50
50, 50, 50,
50
-
50, 50,
50, 50
50, 50,
50, 50
Active Tie - 8-21 - - - 12-22 12-22 8-21
Sec Tie Open - 6-7 - - - 10-11 8-9 7-8
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (kW) 122.03 64.16 68.75 114.81 63.08 65.43 71.60 39.18
𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (kVAr) 87.86 55.19 38.63 82.7 35.54 46.99 50.77 27.39
THD max 5.116 3.368 2.568 4..793 2.161 3.363 3.632 2.636
THD min 0.456 0.300 0.272 0.451 0.295 0.011 0.007 0.197
Figure 4. THDv value on each bus for all scenarios for IEEE 33-bus test system
Figure 5. Level of voltage bus on each bus for all scenario for IEEE 33-bus test system
Figure 6. Voltage deviation value on each bus for all scenario for IEEE 33-bus test system
0
2
4
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
THDv
(%)
Number of Bus
THDv to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8
0,955
0,965
0,975
0,985
0,995
1,005
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Voltage
Level
(pu)
Number of Bus
Voltage Level to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Voltage
Deviation
Number of Bus
Voltage Deviation to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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The use of optimization techniques that are single from the three optimization techniques that
provide the best solution is reconfiguration network (S-2). Network reconfiguration is able to change the
value of network impedance that can change the electric current flowing and repair voltage levels followed
by reduced active power losses. The magnitude of the spread of Harmonic distortion in the system is very
dependent on the current flowing on the load and the voltage level on each bus so that the spread of harmonic
distortion can be reduced by network reconfiguration techniques as in research [22], [36], [37]. The size of
DG placement and capacitor placement resulting in the use of the PSO algorithm are at the maximum limit.
Thus, the performance of the system will be better in improving the quality of power with a size of DG
>200 kWatt and capacitors >50 kVAr. The combination of three optimization techniques can simultaneously
provide the best performance to improve power quality in reducing the spread of harmonic distortion.
3.2. IEEE 69-bus test system
The result of the optimization technique performed is shown in Table 3, Figure 7, Figure 8, and
Figure 9. Table 3 shows the simulation results for all scenarios for the IEEE 69-bus test system. In contrast to
the IEEE 33-bus test system, with almost the same total load, the IEEE 69-bus test system has a larger
number of load buses so that the network impedance is greater that makes the spread of harmonic distortion
in the form of THDv exceed the allowable limit of up to 7.673% on bus 65. In addition, the reactive power
losses value in the 5th order is 128.41 kVar, which is greater than its fundamental value. The use of the PSO
method from all existing scenarios can increase power quality where there is a decrease in active power
losses by 39.62% or 107.01 kWatt in scenario 8 and 37.54% or 101.39 kWatt in scenario 2.
Table 3. Result of study case IEEE 69-bus test system
Parameter S.1 S.2 S.3 S.4 S.5 S.6 S.7 S.8
Fitness - 77.5693 99.6067 113.6014 93,2101 79.3485 83.6948 76.1402
DG
(kW)
Loc - -
23, 51,
61, 63
-
27, 36, 59,
65
2, 20, 24,
45
-
10, 11,
37, 56
Sizing - -
231, 193,
241, 214
-
192, 95,
219, 232
163, 157,
190, 122
-
29, 120,
170, 87
Cap
(kVar)
Loc - - -
14, 17,
21, 27
9, 32, 36,
65
-
5, 43, 50,
66
29, 47,
60, 69
Sizing - - -
65, 62,
93, 77
47, 26, 87,
81
-
60, 25,
76, 38
6, 71, 6,
91
Active Tie - 50-59 - - - 11-43 11-43 50-59
Sec Tie Open - 58-59 - - - 8-9 8-9 55-56
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (kW) 270.05 168.66 208.30 255.16 214.59 192.32 202.46 163.04
𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (kVAr) 248.32 258.26 199.41 235.79 212.59 177.75 180.85 251.21
THD max 7.673 7.663 6.827 7.561 7.384 6.414 6.372 7.539
THD min 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.005
Figure 7. THDv value on each bus for all scenarios for IEEE 69-bus test system
The reduction in the spread of harmonic distortion occurs in every scenario that is shown in Figure 7
but still exceeds the allowed limit. The improvement of the voltage level on each bus and the reduced voltage
deviation that is shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9. The use of optimization techniques, both single and plural,
has been said to improve the performance of the system in terms of improving the quality of power against
the spread of harmonic distortion but not yet maximized.
0
2
4
6
8
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
THDv
(%)
Number of Bus
THDv to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8
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Figure 8. Level of voltage bus on each bus for all scenario for IEEE 69-bus test system
Figure 9. Voltage deviation value on each bus for all scenario for IEEE 69-bus test system
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the use of the PSO algorithm is able to provide solutions to all scenarios carried out in
finding the objective function in increasing power quality to the spread of harmonics. The simulation results
verify that the effectiveness of the proposed method and also the solution to all scenarios carried out.
Planning that gives maximum result is in scenario 8 in the form of a combination of three simultaneous
optimization techniques between DG placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration of the two
objects used. Taking into account harmonic distortion resulting from the use of non-linear loads in the radial
distribution system as a multi-objective function provides the appropriate criteria in carrying out this
planning. Further planning is needed regarding the handling of harmonics distribution in a larger distribution
system and real distribution systems in Indonesia which will be discussed in the next paper with other
method.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you very much for my lovely mother and father for their encouragement and financial
support to my doctoral study at ITS-Surabaya and Doctoral Dissertation Research Fund (Hibah-PDD) from
Ministry of Higher Education, and thank you to my big family on Department of Mechatronic Engineering,
Polytechnic of Bosowa, Thank you very much.
REFERENCES
[1] P. Bagheri, W. Xu, and T. Ding, “A Distributed Filtering Scheme to Mitigate Harmonic in Residential Distribution
System,” IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 648–656, 2016,
doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2460460.
0,95
0,96
0,97
0,98
0,99
1
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
Voltage
Level
(pu)
Number of Bus
Voltage Level to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
Voltage
Deviation
Number of Bus
Voltage Deviation to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Muhira Dzar Faraby received the S.T degree in 2012 and M.T degree in 2014 from department
of Electrical Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. Currently he is a doctoral student
of Electrical Engineering, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya,
Indonesia. His research interest includes power quality, power system optimization, power
electronics, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy resources.
Email : muhira16@mhs.ee.its.ac.id
Ontoseno Penangsang received the Ir. degree in 1974 from the department of Electrical
Engineering ITS-Surabaya, Indonesia, the M.Sc. in 1976 and Ph.D. degree in 1983 from the
department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. Currently, he is a
lecturer and professor in Electrical Engineering, ITS-Surabaya, Indonesia. His research interest
includes GIS for Power System, power quality, power distribution system, power system
optimization, and renewable energy resources.
Email : zenno_379@yahoo.com
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Rony Seto Wibowo received the S.T degree in 1999 from the department of Electrical
Engineering ITS-Surabaya Indonesia, the M.T degree in 2006 at ITB-Bandung Indonesia and the
D.Eng. degree in 2011 from Electrical Engineering of Hiroshima University, Japan. Currently,
he is a lecturer and head of Power System Simulation Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, ITS-
Surabaya, Indonesia. His research interest includes stability power system, power quality,
FACTS Devices, and renewable energy resources.
Email : ronyseto@ee.its.ac.id
Andi Fitriati received the S.T degree in 2004 from the department of Electrical Engineering and
the M.T degree in 2012 from Informatic Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia.
Currently, she is a lecturer of Mechatronic Engineering, Polytechnic of Bosowa, Indonesia. Her
research interest includes artificial intelligence, big data, machine learning, and digital system.
Email : andi.fitriati@bosowa.co.id