The ppt is a short description about how to ascertain the validity, ie; sensitivity and specificity of a screening test as well as their predictive powers. you can also find the technique to ascertain the best possible screening test through the help of an ROC curve...
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
The ppt is a short description about how to ascertain the validity, ie; sensitivity and specificity of a screening test as well as their predictive powers. you can also find the technique to ascertain the best possible screening test through the help of an ROC curve...
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
A principal aim of epidemiology is to assess the cause of disease. However, since most epidemiological studies are by nature observational rather than experimental, a number of possible explanations for an observed association need to be considered before we can infer a cause-effect relationship exists.
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery, which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
Introduction to Epidemiology
At the end of this session the participants will be able to:
Discuss the historical evolution of epidemiology
Explain the usage of epidemiology
List the core epidemiological functions
Explain types of epidemiological studies
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
A principal aim of epidemiology is to assess the cause of disease. However, since most epidemiological studies are by nature observational rather than experimental, a number of possible explanations for an observed association need to be considered before we can infer a cause-effect relationship exists.
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery, which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
Introduction to Epidemiology
At the end of this session the participants will be able to:
Discuss the historical evolution of epidemiology
Explain the usage of epidemiology
List the core epidemiological functions
Explain types of epidemiological studies
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Defined by John M.Last in 1988.
Definition:
The study of the distribution and determinants of health
related states or events in specified populations, and
the application of this study to the control of health
problems.
3. DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY
• First phase of an epidemiological investigation.
• Concerned with observing the distribution of disease
or health-related characteristics in human population
and identifying the characteristics with which the
disease in question seems to be associated .
• When ,where ,who??
4. Procedures in descriptive epidemiology
1. Defining population to be studied
2. Defining disease under study
3. Describing the disease by:
Time
Place
Person
4. Measurement of disease
5. Comparing with known indices
6. Formulation of aetiological hypothesis
5. 1)Defining the population
• The 'defined population' can be the whole
population in the geographic area or more often a
representative sample taken from it .
• The defined population needs to be large enough so
that age ,sex and other specific rates are
meaningful.
• Stable without migration
6. 2)Defining disease under study
Both precise and valid, sufficient to differentiate diseased
from non diseased.
Operational definition:
Definition by which the disease or condition can be
identified and measured in the defined population
with accuracy.
• Give criteria by which disease is measured
7. 3)Describing the disease
Describe the occurence and distribution of disease
by time,place and person and identifying those
characteristics associated with presence or absence
of disease in individuals.
Involves systematic collection and analysis of data.
9. TIME DISTRIBUTION
3 kinds of time trends or fluctuations in disease
occurance:
Short term fluctuation
Periodic fluctuation
Long –term or secular trends
10. Short term fluctuation
Best known - Epidemic
Epidemic is defined as “the occurance in a
community or region of cases of illness or other
health related events clearly in excess of normal
expectancy."
11. Types of epidemics
A. Common source epidemics
a) Single exposure or point source epidemics
b) Continuous or multiple exposure epidemics
B. Propagated epidemics
a) Person to person
b) Arthropod vector
c) Animal reservoir
C. Slow(modern) epidemics
13. COMMON SOURCE EPIDEMICS
A)Single exposure epidemics
• Brief and simultaneous exposure to agent.
• Main features:
i. Epidemic curve rise and fall rapidly with no secondary waves
ii. The epidemic tends to be explosive,there is clustering of
cases in narrow interval of time.
iii. All cases develop within one incubation period of disease
Median incubation period
17. B)Continuous or repeated exposure
• Exposure from same source may be prolonged-
continuous,repeated or intermittent - not necessarily
at same point of time
Eg Outbreak of Legionnare’s disease in summer of
1976 in Philadelphia.
• Water borne cholera
18. PROPOGATED EPIDEMICS
• Infectious origin
• Person to person transmission of an infectious
agent.(Hepatitis A and polio).
• Transmission continues until the number of
susceptibles is depleted or susceptible individuals
are no longer exposed to infected persons or
intermediary vectors.
• Speed of spread depend on herd immunity
oppurtunity for contact and secondary attack rate.
20. Periodic fluctuations
Seasonal trend:
Many communicable diseases-Measles, Varicella…
Cyclic trend:
Diseases occur in cycles spread over short periods of time
Eg: Influenza pandemics are known to occur at intervals of
7-10 yrs,due to antigenic variations
22. Long term or secular trends
• Changes in the occurrence of disease over a long
period of time.
• Consistent tendency to change in a particular
direction or a definite movement in one direction.
• Coronary heart disease, lung cancer and diabetes.
Interpretation of time trends
Epidemiologist seeks which diseases are increasing
,decreasing and which are the emerging health
problems and of the effectiveness of measures to
control old ones.
Tries to formulate aetiological hypothesis.
23. PLACE DISTRIBUTION
Geographical comparisons
International variation
National variation
Rural variation
Local distribution:
Inner and outer city variation
Spot maps or shaded maps –Shows at a glance areas
of high or low frequency the boundaries and patterns of
disease distribution.
24.
25. Migration studies
To evaluate the role of the possible genetic and
environmental factors in the occurance of disease in the
population.
Can be carried out in 2 ways:
Comparison of disease and death rates for migrants with those
of their kin who have stayed at home.
Comparison of migrants with local population of host country
provides information of genitically different group under same
environment.
Example: Japanese immigrants to USA
26. PERSON DISTRIBUTION
Age
Sex
Ethinicity
Marital status
Occupation
Social class
Behaviour
Stress
Migration
Disease is further characterized by defining the persons
who develop the disease by:
28. 4)Measurement of disease
Disease load in the population.
Mortality ,morbidity,disability
Incidence(Longitudinal study)
Morbidity
Prevalence(Cross-sectional studies)
29. CROSS SECTIONAL STUDIES
Single examination of cross section of population at one
point of time.
For chronic than short lived disease
Study tells about distribution of a disease in population
rather than aetiology.
Time sequence cannot be deduced from cross sectional
data.
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
Observations are repeated in the same population over a
prolonged period of time by means of follow up
examinations
Useful to:
Study natural history of disease and its future outcome
Identifying risk factors
Finding out incidence rate
30. 5)Comparison with known indices
Arrive at clues to disease aetiology
Identify groups at increased risk for certain diseases.
31. 6)Formulation of a hypothesis
A hypothesis is a supposition arrived at from
observation or reflection.
An epidemiological hypothesis should specify:
The population
The specific cause being considered
The expected outcome
The dose response relationship
The time response relationship
32. Example:
“Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer” is
incomplete hypothesis.
“The smoking of 30-40 cigarettes per day causes
lung cancer in 10 per cent of smokers after 20 years
of exposure” is a complete hypothesis
33. Uses of descriptive epidemology
Provides data regarding the magnitude of disease load
and types of disease problem in community in terms of
morbidity and mortality rates and ratios.
Provides clues to disease aetiology and help in
formulation of an aetiological hypothesis.
Provide background data for planning, organizing ,and
evaluating preventive and curative services.
Contribute to research by describing variations in disease
occurence by time, place and person.